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既能潜阳安神，又能纳气平喘的药为
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既能潜阳安神又能纳气平喘的药是
磁石
龙骨
降香
朱砂
琥珀
既能安神又能纳气平喘的药物是
龙骨
首乌藤
磁石
合欢皮
既能潜阳安神又能纳气平喘的药为
龙骨
朱砂
牡蛎
磁石
琥珀
具有潜阳安神纳气平喘功效的药物是
磁石
龙骨
牡蛎
远志
朱砂
既能潜阳安神又能纳气平喘的药是??
磁石
龙骨
降香
朱砂
琥珀
磁石的功效为
平肝潜阳、收敛固涩、纳气平喘
定惊安神、聪耳明日、利尿通淋
潜阳安神、聪耳明目、纳气平喘
养心安神、清热解毒、纳气平喘
潜阳安神、活血散瘀、收湿敛疮
具有潜阳安神纳气平喘功效的药物
磁石
龙骨
牡蛎
远志
朱砂
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ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
我国全国人大组成方式实行
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Inthewriteropinionthevirtualexpositioninthenewerais
FormonthstheJapanesesearchedfitfullyfortherightwordtodescribewhatwashappening.AttheBankofJapanthenation’scentralbankofficialsspokeof"anadjustmentphase.’PrimeMinisteradmittedonlyto"adifficultsituation."TheEconomicPlanningAgencythegovernment’srecordkeeperreferreddelicatelytoa"retreat."Thentwoweeksagoforthefirsttimesince1997theagencydroppeditsboilerplatereferencetothe"expansion"fromitscloselywatchedMonthlyEconomicReportandthewordgamewasover.Japan’seconomytheworld’ssecondlargestconcededtheexpertswasinrecession. Thatadmissionconfirmedthebadnewsbusinessmenhadbeenreadingintheirspreadsheetsforseveralmonths."In2001onemarketafteranotherturnedbad"saysYoshihikoWakamotoseniorvicepresidentofToshibaCorp.whichnowadmitsthatitspretaxprofitsforfiscal2001endingMarch31maybedownawhopping42%.InAprilwhenmanyJapanesecompaniesannouncetheirresultsfor2001fiscalyearmostwillreportdecliningprofits.BluechipslikeSonyNECandMatsushitahaveallexperienceddropsofover40%inpretaxprofits.Japan’ssecurityhouseshitbydecliningcommissionsfromafallingstockmarketwillannounceevenmoredramaticdrops.NomuraSecuritiesonceJapan’smostprofitablecompanyistalkingaboutan80%declineinprofits.Automanufacturersbanksairlinessteelcompaniesdepartmentstores--allareinaslump. TechnicallywhatishappeningtotheJapaneseeconomydoesnotmeetAmericancriteriaforarecessionnormallydefinedasatleasttwoconsecutivequartersofnegativegrowth.WhileeconomicgrowthhasslowedinJapanithasnotceased.Governmenteconomistsarepredictinga3.5%increaseinGNPfor2002.Outsideexpertsarenotsooptimistic.ButnearlyeveryoneagreesthatGNPgrowthinJapanisunlikelytoslipintonegativenumbersasitdidlastyearintheU.S.andBritain."There’snoquestionthatweareinarecession"pronouncesKunioMiyamotochiefeconomistoftheSumitomo-LifeResearchInstitute."ButitisarecessionJapanese-style." Duringthelasthalfofthe1990sJapanesecompaniesbasedmuchoftheirexpansionaroundtheworldonthewildlyinflatedvaluesoftheTokyoStockExchangeandJapan’sfrenziedrealestatemarket.Nowboththosemarketshavecollapsed.Andwithlong-terminterestratesupfrom5%to7%Japanesecompaniesarelessabletosellvastquantitiesofhigh-qualitygoodsatrazor-thinprofitmargins.AddedtothisarepressuresfromshareholdersforagreaterreturnoninvestmentsfromJapan’stradingpartnersforrestraintsonitsaggressivetradepracticesandfromitsowncitizensforareductionintheirworkinghourssotheycanenjoythefruitsof40yearsofrelentlesstoil. WelearnfromthetextthatJapanesedefinitionofwhatwashappeninginJapanis
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresentlycloseddownandifthevariousagreementsareadheredtothosefacilitieswillneverberequiredexceptforonecriticalcapability.Allmodernnuclearweaponsuseuranium铀plutonium钚andtritium氚.Uraniumandplutoniumhaveverylonghalf-livesandthereislargesurplusofthesematerials. Tritiumhoweverhasarelativelyshorthalf-lifeofabout12.6yearssoabout5percentoftheamountonhandmustbereplacedeachyeartomaintainthecurrentinventory.46BecauseofthelargeretirementofnuclearweaponsbytheUnitedStatesincompliancewithearlyagreementsandnationalpolicytritiumfromretiredweaponshasbeenusedtomakeupthatlostthroughnaturaldecay.47Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon. InanticipationofthisfutureneedtoproducetritiumDefenseOfficeExecutiveispursuingtwotechnologies.Oneusesanuclearreactorthatcouldalsoproduceelectricitywhosesalewouldrecovernotonlythecapitalcostofthereactorbutalsoitsannualoperationalcost.48UnfortunatelythepresentAdministrationhasadefinitebiasagainstnuclearpowersoanalternativemethodisalsobeingpursuedeventhoughitisagreedthatitwillcosttwiceasmuchasareactoranduseasmuchelectricityasareactorwouldproduce.Thistechnologyusesanacceleratortoproducehigh-energyprotonsthatinturnproduceneutrons. Themainargumentfortheacceleratoristhatitproducesnoconventionalnuclearwastes.49Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel.Thefactthattheacceleratorwillrequiretheequivalentofanuclearpowerplanttosupplyitselectricityisignored. 50Proponents’alsoneglecttomentionthatabout22percentofallelectricalenergygeneratedintheUnitedStatescomesfromnuclearpowerplantssothat22percentofthepowerusedbytheacceleratorwillgenerateconventionalnuclearwastesinadditiontothosetheacceleratorproduces.ThereisanalternativetoeitherthereactorortheacceleratorwhichissimplytobuytherequiredtritiumfromCanadaorRussia. Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon.
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Directions: YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemesterandyouwanttoapplyforajobasanEnglishteacherinauniversity.Nowwritealettertoitspersonneldepartmentsendingyourresumeandmakingaself-recommendation. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
据左传昭公六年载周有乱政而作
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresentlycloseddownandifthevariousagreementsareadheredtothosefacilitieswillneverberequiredexceptforonecriticalcapability.Allmodernnuclearweaponsuseuranium铀plutonium钚andtritium氚.Uraniumandplutoniumhaveverylonghalf-livesandthereislargesurplusofthesematerials. Tritiumhoweverhasarelativelyshorthalf-lifeofabout12.6yearssoabout5percentoftheamountonhandmustbereplacedeachyeartomaintainthecurrentinventory.46BecauseofthelargeretirementofnuclearweaponsbytheUnitedStatesincompliancewithearlyagreementsandnationalpolicytritiumfromretiredweaponshasbeenusedtomakeupthatlostthroughnaturaldecay.47Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon. InanticipationofthisfutureneedtoproducetritiumDefenseOfficeExecutiveispursuingtwotechnologies.Oneusesanuclearreactorthatcouldalsoproduceelectricitywhosesalewouldrecovernotonlythecapitalcostofthereactorbutalsoitsannualoperationalcost.48UnfortunatelythepresentAdministrationhasadefinitebiasagainstnuclearpowersoanalternativemethodisalsobeingpursuedeventhoughitisagreedthatitwillcosttwiceasmuchasareactoranduseasmuchelectricityasareactorwouldproduce.Thistechnologyusesanacceleratortoproducehigh-energyprotonsthatinturnproduceneutrons. Themainargumentfortheacceleratoristhatitproducesnoconventionalnuclearwastes.49Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel.Thefactthattheacceleratorwillrequiretheequivalentofanuclearpowerplanttosupplyitselectricityisignored. 50Proponents’alsoneglecttomentionthatabout22percentofallelectricalenergygeneratedintheUnitedStatescomesfromnuclearpowerplantssothat22percentofthepowerusedbytheacceleratorwillgenerateconventionalnuclearwastesinadditiontothosetheacceleratorproduces.ThereisanalternativetoeitherthereactorortheacceleratorwhichissimplytobuytherequiredtritiumfromCanadaorRussia. Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhoWouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathoftheman--Stonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking.’WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracy-mongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpubliclife
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. TheorganizersthinksthattheeffectonNetuseoftheg006world’sfairis
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhoWouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathoftheman--Stonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking.’WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracy-mongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. Shakespeare’screationisusedinthetexttointroduce
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhoWouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathoftheman--Stonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking.’WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracy-mongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. ThewordharanguePara.5connotes
FormonthstheJapanesesearchedfitfullyfortherightwordtodescribewhatwashappening.AttheBankofJapanthenation’scentralbankofficialsspokeof"anadjustmentphase.’PrimeMinisteradmittedonlyto"adifficultsituation."TheEconomicPlanningAgencythegovernment’srecordkeeperreferreddelicatelytoa"retreat."Thentwoweeksagoforthefirsttimesince1997theagencydroppeditsboilerplatereferencetothe"expansion"fromitscloselywatchedMonthlyEconomicReportandthewordgamewasover.Japan’seconomytheworld’ssecondlargestconcededtheexpertswasinrecession. Thatadmissionconfirmedthebadnewsbusinessmenhadbeenreadingintheirspreadsheetsforseveralmonths."In2001onemarketafteranotherturnedbad"saysYoshihikoWakamotoseniorvicepresidentofToshibaCorp.whichnowadmitsthatitspretaxprofitsforfiscal2001endingMarch31maybedownawhopping42%.InAprilwhenmanyJapanesecompaniesannouncetheirresultsfor2001fiscalyearmostwillreportdecliningprofits.BluechipslikeSonyNECandMatsushitahaveallexperienceddropsofover40%inpretaxprofits.Japan’ssecurityhouseshitbydecliningcommissionsfromafallingstockmarketwillannounceevenmoredramaticdrops.NomuraSecuritiesonceJapan’smostprofitablecompanyistalkingaboutan80%declineinprofits.Automanufacturersbanksairlinessteelcompaniesdepartmentstores--allareinaslump. TechnicallywhatishappeningtotheJapaneseeconomydoesnotmeetAmericancriteriaforarecessionnormallydefinedasatleasttwoconsecutivequartersofnegativegrowth.WhileeconomicgrowthhasslowedinJapanithasnotceased.Governmenteconomistsarepredictinga3.5%increaseinGNPfor2002.Outsideexpertsarenotsooptimistic.ButnearlyeveryoneagreesthatGNPgrowthinJapanisunlikelytoslipintonegativenumbersasitdidlastyearintheU.S.andBritain."There’snoquestionthatweareinarecession"pronouncesKunioMiyamotochiefeconomistoftheSumitomo-LifeResearchInstitute."ButitisarecessionJapanese-style." Duringthelasthalfofthe1990sJapanesecompaniesbasedmuchoftheirexpansionaroundtheworldonthewildlyinflatedvaluesoftheTokyoStockExchangeandJapan’sfrenziedrealestatemarket.Nowboththosemarketshavecollapsed.Andwithlong-terminterestratesupfrom5%to7%Japanesecompaniesarelessabletosellvastquantitiesofhigh-qualitygoodsatrazor-thinprofitmargins.AddedtothisarepressuresfromshareholdersforagreaterreturnoninvestmentsfromJapan’stradingpartnersforrestraintsonitsaggressivetradepracticesandfromitsowncitizensforareductionintheirworkinghourssotheycanenjoythefruitsof40yearsofrelentlesstoil. WhichofthefollowingcanbestsubstitutethewordTechnicallyPara.3withoutchangingitsfunctioninthecontext
不是从固定的范畴出发而是对各种价值利益政策进行综合平衡和选择是
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates."Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 41
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates."Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 43
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Fromthetextwelearnthatthe’68Warwasbestcharacterizedby
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Thetechnologicalfairisintendedbyitsorganizerstobe
元朝管理全国fó jiāo 和受理僧侣诉讼的中央机关是
中国历史上第一部近代意义上的专门刑法典是
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates."Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 45
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Towhichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagree
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