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我国过渡时期总路线最显著的特点是
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简述党在过渡时期总路线的内容和特点
过渡时期总路线是社会主义建设与改造同时并举的路线
过渡时期总路线的最显著特点是
社会主义改造和工业化同时并举
社会主义改造和社会主义改革同时并举
民主革命和社会主义革命同时并举
先合作化，后工业化
1953年__指出过渡时期总路线是照耀我们各项工作的灯塔各项工作离开了它就要犯右倾或左倾的错误试述
举出我国过渡时期总路线的内容
怎样理解党在过渡时期总路线
1953年中国__提出了我国过渡时期的总路线并在过渡时期总路线的指引下我国社会主义工业化迈着坚守的
党在过渡时期总路线是一化三改一体两翼的总路线
简述过渡时期总路线的提出和基本内容
我国实现在过渡时期总路线的历史条件有哪些
我国过渡时期总路线最显著的特点是
“先合作化，后机械化”
社会主义建设与社会主义改造同时并举
社会主义改造与社会主义改革同时并举
把消灭剥削制度与改造剥削者相结合
党在过渡时期总路线的内容是什么
党的过渡时期总路线的基本内容是什么
试论述过渡时期总路线反映了历史的必然性
党在过渡时期总路线的核心是什么
党在过渡时期总路线的显著特点是
社会主义建设和改造同时并举
经济建设和社会建设并举
农业、手工业和工商业改造并举
工业化与城市化并举
总路线大跃进人民公社被称为三面红旗其中总路线是指过渡时期总路线
过渡时期总路线
1953年__指出过渡时期总路线是照耀我们各项工作的．灯塔各项工作离开了它就要犯右倾或左倾的错误
1953年__指出过渡时期总路线是照耀我们各项工作的．灯塔各项工作离开了它就要犯右倾或左倾的错误试
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GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 20
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests. Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors. TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated. AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945."Isthatreallysoimplausible"Dr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld."Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovens"Dr.Greenfieldsaid"IsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatintelligence
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. SirJoshuaWaddiloveismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 8
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice-thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 44
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 14
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests. Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors. TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated. AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945."Isthatreallysoimplausible"Dr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld."Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovens"Dr.Greenfieldsaid"IsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury. Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheintelligenceincreaseaccordingtothetext
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 18
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 16
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.WhichofthefollowingquestionsisnotincludedinthosequestionsPara5Line1[A]Howfastdoseedstrainsgrow[B]Howmuchprotectiondoesasmalldoseprovide[C]Areadjuvantsneededandprovetobesafe[D]Howmuchwillsuchdosescost
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.Whatmeasureswillbetakenduetothepotentialinsufficiencyofswinefludoses[A]Urgethefactorytoaccelerateproduction.[B]Speeduptheclinictrials.[C]Distributethevaccinestopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerable.[D]Stillencouragepeopletoreducetheirpublicactivitiesandremainathome.
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthegloballabourarbitrageismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext[A]Businessconsulting.[B]Blue-collarjobs.[C]Non-tradableservices.[D]White-collarblues.
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 2
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 12
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Describethepicture 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 14
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthegloballabourarbitrageismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.AccordingtothetextForresterResearchPredictionmightbedifferentif______.[A]outsourcingabroadislargeenoughtomattermuch[B]theproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillrise[C]morecomprehensivefactorsaretakenintoaccount[D]educationimprovementinemergingeconomiesplaysarole
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice-thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]Thehour-longdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 42
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad.48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose.Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad.48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose.Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 6
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 12
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthegloballabourarbitrageismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition.Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies.Tooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradableresultsfrom______.[A]theblue-collarjobmarket[B]thegeographiclocationoftheunderdevelopedworld[C]thefiercecompetitionamongskilledworkers[D]thediveoftelecomsfee
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 10
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway.47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad.48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose.Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 16
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 10
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels3heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes. 6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown. Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow. Althoughsadnessalso14tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround20thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood. 4
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