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Directions: Suppose you are President of Student Union and are going to recruit some volunteers to p...
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Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwenty-firstcentury;citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas.Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld.Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture.Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems.Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction.Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell.Accordingtotheauthorthemostactiveadvocatesoftelecitiesare______.
Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest.ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.Itshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualweatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMidwesternheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewannestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage.Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases.Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface.In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1Cto3Criseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels.ProofofwarningincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticseaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole.Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently.In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.Incomparisonwithtraditionalhomestheadvantagesofmodemself-sufficienthomesare______.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors.Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead.Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology.Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:Schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop.Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarIIatomicagemadeitcriticaltothinkabouttheunthinkableandprepareforit.PioneeringfuturistsattheRANDCorporationthefirstthinktankbeganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectU.S.security.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture.Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems.Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet.Accordingtothetextthemostimportantforthefuturiststograspis______.
Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors.Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead.Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology.Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:Schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop.Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarIIatomicagemadeitcriticaltothinkabouttheunthinkableandprepareforit.PioneeringfuturistsattheRANDCorporationthefirstthinktankbeganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectU.S.security.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture.Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems.Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet.Whichofthefollowingmayberegardedaspotentialcrises
Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereating-andnot-so-healthyeating-aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseataneverquickeningpace.Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycomeroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld.Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere.Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodawayasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth.TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether.Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime-thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24-hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow.Accordingtothetextthetrendofnewculinarymosaicismostacceleratedby______.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Asignificantportionofindustryandtransportationburnsfossilfuelssuchasgasoline.Whenthesefuelsburnchemicalsandparticulatematterarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughavastnumberofsubstancescontributetoairpollutionthemostcommonairpollutantscontaincarbonsulfurandnitrogen. 41__________. AcidrainformswhensulfurdioxideandnitrousoxidetransformintosulfuricacidandnitricacidintheatmosphereandcomebacktoEarthinprecipitation.Acidrainhasmadenumerouslakessoacidicthattheynolongersupportfishpopulations. 42__________. Estimatessuggestthatnearly1.5billionpeopleworldwidelacksafedrinkingwaterandthatatleast5milliondeathsperyearcanbeattributedtowaterbornediseases.Waterpollutionmaycomefrompointsourcesornonpointsources.Pointsourcesdischargepollutantsfromspecificlocationssuchasfactoriessewagetreatmentplantsandoiltankers.Thetechnologyexiststomonitorandregulatepointsourcesofpollutionalthoughinsomeareasthisoccursonlysporadically.Pollutionfromnonpointsourcesoccurswhenrainfallorsnowmeltmovesoverandthroughtheground. 43__________. Withalmost80percentoftheplanetcoveredbyoceanspeoplehavelongactedasifthosebodiesofwatercouldserveasalimitlessdumpinggroundforwastes.Howeverrawsewagegarbageandoilspillshavebeguntooverwhelmthedilutingcapabilitiesoftileoceansandmostcoastalwatersarenowpollutedthreateningmarinewildlife. 44__________. Waterthatcollectsbeneaththegroundiscalledgroundwater.Worldwidegroundwateris40timesmoreabundantthanfreshwaterinstreamsandlakes.IntheUnitedStatesapproximatelyhalfthedrinkingwatercomesfromgroundwater.Althoughgroundwaterisarenewableresourcereservesreplenishrelativelyslowly.PresentlygroundwaterintheUnitedStatesiswithdrawnapproximately4timesfasterthanitisnaturallyreplaced.45__________. A.Beachesaroundtheworldcloseregularlyoftenbecausethesurroundingwaterscontainhighlevelsofbacteriafromsewagedisposal. B.Thesechemicalsinteractwithoneanotherandwithultravioletradiationinsunlightindangerousways.Smogusuallyfoundinurbanareaswithlargenumbersofautomobilesformswhennitrogenoxidesreactwithhydrocarbonsintheairtoproducealdehydesandketones.Smogcancauseserioushealthproblems. C.AcidrainisalsoresponsibleforthedeclineofmanyforestecosystemsworldwideincludingGermany’sBlackForestandforeststhroughouttheeasternUnitedStates. D.Inadditiontogroundwaterdepletionscientistsworryaboutgroundwatercontaminationwhicharisesfromleakingundergroundstoragetankspoorlydesignedindustrialwastepondsandseepagefromthedeep-wellinjectionofhazardouswastesintoundergroundgeologicformations. E.TheOgallalaAquiferahugeundergroundreservoirstretchingundereightstatesoftheGreatPlainsisdrawndownatratesexceeding100timesthereplacementrate.Agriculturalpracticesdependingonthissourceofwaterneedtochangewithinagenerationinordertosavethisgroundwatersource. F.Astherunoffmovesitpicksupandcarriesawaypollutantssuchaspesticidesandfertilizersdepositingthepollutantsintolakesriverswetlandscoastalwatersandevenundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater.Pollutionarisingfromnonpointsourcesaccountsforamajorityofthecontaminantsinstreamsandlakes. G.Bysomeestimatesonaverage25percentofusablegroundwateriscontaminatedandinsomeareasasmuchas75percentiscontaminate 44
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest.ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.Itshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualweatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMidwesternheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewannestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage.Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases.Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface.In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1Cto3Criseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels.ProofofwarningincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticseaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole.Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently.In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.Accordingtoscientiststokeepdownconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesweshould______.
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingtableInyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethetabletheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. StudythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteacompositiononChangesinPeople’sDiet.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest.ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.Itshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualweatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMidwesternheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewannestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage.Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases.Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface.In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1Cto3Criseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels.ProofofwarningincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticseaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole.Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently.In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.ItisimpliedthattheozoneholeoverAntarcticais______.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyisbecominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthiereating-andnot-so-healthyeating-aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffoodchoicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseataneverquickeningpace.Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodintheyearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywillbeabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniquesfromeverycomeroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace.Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinarymosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld.Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthegreatinternationalhotelchains.VirtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedforHiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperienceinlocalesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstoptheycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouseelsewhere.Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumasambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreatingbroaderfoodawayasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeoplewillneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsandculturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeandsuccess.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisinewillmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnowcomingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskeyelementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividualgrowth.TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterofroutine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustryincludingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesinfarawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformationaltogether.Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobeafactorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedtooperateonglobaltime-thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecomethenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe24-hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobethree-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusinesscapitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnightbreakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraisingasingleeyebrow.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes"One-On-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes"One-On-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwenty-firstcentury;citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas.Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld.Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture.Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems.Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction.Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawingInyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes"One-On-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Asignificantportionofindustryandtransportationburnsfossilfuelssuchasgasoline.Whenthesefuelsburnchemicalsandparticulatematterarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughavastnumberofsubstancescontributetoairpollutionthemostcommonairpollutantscontaincarbonsulfurandnitrogen. 41__________. AcidrainformswhensulfurdioxideandnitrousoxidetransformintosulfuricacidandnitricacidintheatmosphereandcomebacktoEarthinprecipitation.Acidrainhasmadenumerouslakessoacidicthattheynolongersupportfishpopulations. 42__________. Estimatessuggestthatnearly1.5billionpeopleworldwidelacksafedrinkingwaterandthatatleast5milliondeathsperyearcanbeattributedtowaterbornediseases.Waterpollutionmaycomefrompointsourcesornonpointsources.Pointsourcesdischargepollutantsfromspecificlocationssuchasfactoriessewagetreatmentplantsandoiltankers.Thetechnologyexiststomonitorandregulatepointsourcesofpollutionalthoughinsomeareasthisoccursonlysporadically.Pollutionfromnonpointsourcesoccurswhenrainfallorsnowmeltmovesoverandthroughtheground. 43__________. Withalmost80percentoftheplanetcoveredbyoceanspeoplehavelongactedasifthosebodiesofwatercouldserveasalimitlessdumpinggroundforwastes.Howeverrawsewagegarbageandoilspillshavebeguntooverwhelmthedilutingcapabilitiesoftileoceansandmostcoastalwatersarenowpollutedthreateningmarinewildlife. 44__________. Waterthatcollectsbeneaththegroundiscalledgroundwater.Worldwidegroundwateris40timesmoreabundantthanfreshwaterinstreamsandlakes.IntheUnitedStatesapproximatelyhalfthedrinkingwatercomesfromgroundwater.Althoughgroundwaterisarenewableresourcereservesreplenishrelativelyslowly.PresentlygroundwaterintheUnitedStatesiswithdrawnapproximately4timesfasterthanitisnaturallyreplaced.45__________. A.Beachesaroundtheworldcloseregularlyoftenbecausethesurroundingwaterscontainhighlevelsofbacteriafromsewagedisposal. B.Thesechemicalsinteractwithoneanotherandwithultravioletradiationinsunlightindangerousways.Smogusuallyfoundinurbanareaswithlargenumbersofautomobilesformswhennitrogenoxidesreactwithhydrocarbonsintheairtoproducealdehydesandketones.Smogcancauseserioushealthproblems. C.AcidrainisalsoresponsibleforthedeclineofmanyforestecosystemsworldwideincludingGermany’sBlackForestandforeststhroughouttheeasternUnitedStates. D.Inadditiontogroundwaterdepletionscientistsworryaboutgroundwatercontaminationwhicharisesfromleakingundergroundstoragetankspoorlydesignedindustrialwastepondsandseepagefromthedeep-wellinjectionofhazardouswastesintoundergroundgeologicformations. E.TheOgallalaAquiferahugeundergroundreservoirstretchingundereightstatesoftheGreatPlainsisdrawndownatratesexceeding100timesthereplacementrate.Agriculturalpracticesdependingonthissourceofwaterneedtochangewithinagenerationinordertosavethisgroundwatersource. F.Astherunoffmovesitpicksupandcarriesawaypollutantssuchaspesticidesandfertilizersdepositingthepollutantsintolakesriverswetlandscoastalwatersandevenundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater.Pollutionarisingfromnonpointsourcesaccountsforamajorityofthecontaminantsinstreamsandlakes. G.Bysomeestimatesonaverage25percentofusablegroundwateriscontaminatedandinsomeareasasmuchas75percentiscontaminate 42
Thetelecityisacitywhoselifedirectionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwenty-firstcentury;citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphiaArkansas.Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergyconservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld.Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexamplehasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.LikewisethereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture.Thesecurityriskseconomicexpensesandenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhereandtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportationsystemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems.Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerrorsuchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsandearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction.Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadbandelectronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthereconstructionofThePentagonandtheWorldTradeCenter
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
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