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A be costly B be harmful C save a life D still open to debate E reduce the risk of radiation tri...
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CallingforSafeCelebrationsThisFourthofJulyLastFourthofJulyPetea14-year-oldboywasenjoyingthelit-upskiesandloudboomsfromthefireworksbeingsetoffinhisneighborhood.Suddenlytheeveningtookaterribleturn.Abottlerocketshotintohiseyeimmediatelycausinghimterriblepain.Hisfamilyrushedhimtotheemergencyroomfortreatment.AsaresultoftheinjuryPetedevelopedglaucomaandcataracts.TodayPetehaspermanentvisionlossinhisinjuredeyebecauseofhisbottlerocketinjury.JuneisFireworksEyeSafetyAwarenessMonthandthroughitsEyeSmartcampaigntheAmericanAcademyofOphthalmologywantstoremindconsumerstoleavefireworkstoprofessionals.ThereisnothingworsethanaFourthofJulycelebrationruinedbysomeonebeinghitintheeyewithabottlerocketsaidDr.JohnC.HaganclinicalcorrespondentfortheAcademyandanophthalmologistatDiscoverVisionCentersinKansasCity.Asafecelebrationmeanslettingtrainedprofessionalshandlefireworkswhileyouenjoytheshow.AccordingtotheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommissionmorethan9000fireworksrelatedinjurieshappeneachyear.Ofthesenearlyhalfarehead-relatedinjurieswithnearly30percentoftheseinjuriestotheeye.One-fourthoffireworkseyeinjuriesresultinpermanentvisionlossorblindness.Childrenarethemostcommonvictimsoffireworkabusewiththosefifteenyearsoldoryoungeraccountingfor50percentoffireworkseyeinjuriesintheUnitedStates.Dr.Haganestimatesthathispracticeseesmorethan30injurieseachyearfromfireworks.Evenfireworksthatmanypeopleconsidersaferepresentathreattotheeyes.Forchildrenundertheageoffiveapparentlyharmlesssparklersaccountforone-thirdofallfireworksinjuries.Sparklerscanburnatnearly2000degreesFahrenheit.FireworkseyeinjuriescanresultineachofthefollowingEXCEPT______.
Theteacherswanttodoawaywithcheatingintheirschool.
CallingforSafeCelebrationsThisFourthofJulyLastFourthofJulyPetea14-year-oldboywasenjoyingthelit-upskiesandloudboomsfromthefireworksbeingsetoffinhisneighborhood.Suddenlytheeveningtookaterribleturn.Abottlerocketshotintohiseyeimmediatelycausinghimterriblepain.Hisfamilyrushedhimtotheemergencyroomfortreatment.AsaresultoftheinjuryPetedevelopedglaucomaandcataracts.TodayPetehaspermanentvisionlossinhisinjuredeyebecauseofhisbottlerocketinjury.JuneisFireworksEyeSafetyAwarenessMonthandthroughitsEyeSmartcampaigntheAmericanAcademyofOphthalmologywantstoremindconsumerstoleavefireworkstoprofessionals.ThereisnothingworsethanaFourthofJulycelebrationruinedbysomeonebeinghitintheeyewithabottlerocketsaidDr.JohnC.HaganclinicalcorrespondentfortheAcademyandanophthalmologistatDiscoverVisionCentersinKansasCity.Asafecelebrationmeanslettingtrainedprofessionalshandlefireworkswhileyouenjoytheshow.AccordingtotheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommissionmorethan9000fireworksrelatedinjurieshappeneachyear.Ofthesenearlyhalfarehead-relatedinjurieswithnearly30percentoftheseinjuriestotheeye.One-fourthoffireworkseyeinjuriesresultinpermanentvisionlossorblindness.Childrenarethemostcommonvictimsoffireworkabusewiththosefifteenyearsoldoryoungeraccountingfor50percentoffireworkseyeinjuriesintheUnitedStates.Dr.Haganestimatesthathispracticeseesmorethan30injurieseachyearfromfireworks.Evenfireworksthatmanypeopleconsidersaferepresentathreattotheeyes.Forchildrenundertheageoffiveapparentlyharmlesssparklersaccountforone-thirdofallfireworksinjuries.Sparklerscanburnatnearly2000degreesFahrenheit.TheAmericanAcademyofOphthalmologycallsonconsumersto______.
HowaTerribleBattleHelpedtoChangeEuropeNinetyyearsagoonasunnymorninginNorthernFrancesomethinghappenedthatchangedBritainandEuropeforever.AthalfpastsevenonthemorningofJuly11916whistlesblewandthousandsofBritishsoldierslefttheirpositionstoattacktheirGermanenemies.Bytheendoftheday20000ofthemweredeadandanother30000woundedormissing.TheBattleoftheSomme51itiscalledlastedforsixmonths.Whenitended125000Britishsoldiersweredead.Theyhadgainedfivekilometersofground.ThiswasoneofaseriesofgreatbattlesduringtheWWI.TheattackontheSommewasstagedtorelieve52ontheFrenchwhowereengagedinagreatbattleoftheirownataplacecalledVerdun.BythetimethebattleendedoveramillionFrenchandGermantroopshadbeenkilled.About17millionpeoplewerekilledinWWI.Therehavebeenwarswithgreaternumbersofdead.Buttherehasneverbeenone53mostofthedeadwereconcentratedinsuchasmallarea.OntheSommebattlefieldtwomendiedforeverymeterofspace.Localfarmersworkinginthelandstill54thebodiesofthosewhodiedinthatbattle.Thedeadofallnationswereburiedinaseriesofgiantgraveyardsalongthelineoftheborder55FranceandBelgium.Relativesanddescendantsofthosewhodiedstillvisitthesegraveyardstoday.WhattheFrenchcallthetourismofdeath56animportantcontributiontothelocaleconomy.IttookasecondgreatconflictbeforeEuropewastoturn57waritself.Twenty-eightyearsaftertheSommebattlealiberatingarmyofBritishAmericanandCanadiantroopstookback58fromanotherGermaninvasion.Morethan500000peoplewerekilled.New59werebuilt.TwogreatconflictsacrosstwogenerationshelpedtochangetheEuropeanmindaboutwar.GermanyoncethemostwarlikecountryinEuropeisnowprobablymorein60ofpeacethananyother.OnemajorcauseofwarinEuropewasrivalrybetweenFranceandGermany.TheEuropeanUnionwasspecificallyformedtoendthat61.AccordingtoUScommentatorWilliamPfaffEuropeansareinterestedinaslowdevelopmentofcivilizedandtolerantinternationalrelations62onproblemswhileavoidingcatastrophesalongtheway.Theyhavethemselvesonlyrecently63fromthecatastrophesoftheWWIandWWIIwhentensofmillionsofpeopleweredestroyed.Theydon’twant64.ThelastBritishveteranoftheSommebattlediedin2005aged108.AndtheWWIispassingoutofmemoryandintohistory.ButforanyonewhowantstounderstandhowEuropeans65itisstillimportanttoknowalittleabouttheterribleeventsofJuly11916.
FoodforLearningInEritreaasmallcountryinnortheastAfricaapproximately80percentofthepopulationisilliterate.Thatpercentageisevenhigherinwoman.AsinmanydevelopingcountriesmanyEritreanshavetraditionalideasabouttheroleofwomen.Theybelievethatwomenshouldstayhomeandtakecareofthefamilyandshouldnotgetaneducationorlookforajob.ThesebeliefsareoneofthefactorsthatpreventEritrieaandotherdevelopingcountriesfromimprovingtheireconomicsituation.Experienceinmanydevelopingcountrieshasshownthateducatedwomenhavefewerchildrenandhavemoreopportunitiesforimprovingtheirlivesandthelivesoftheirfamilies.InEritreainfactthereisgreatneedforimprovement.Itisoneofthepoorestcountriesintheworld.FormanyEritreanfamiliesgettingenoughfoodisadailyproblem.TodealwiththeseproblemstheEritreangovernmenttogetherwiththeWorldFoodProgramhasanewprogramthatoffersfoodasarewardforlearning.Inprimaryschoolsallthechildrenreceivefoodpackagestotakehometotheirfamilies.Howeverwiththenewprogramthegirlsreceivemorefoodthantheboys.Thiswayparentsareencouragedtosendtheirdaughtertoschoolratherthankeepingthemathome.AnothergovernmentprogramthataimstoeducatewomenisFoodforTraining.ManagedbytheNationalUnionofEritreanWomenthisprogramofferfoodrewardsalsofromWorldFoodOrganizationtowomenandeldergirlswhoarewillingtojointheprogram.Becauseofthe-warwithEthiopiamanywomenarebringinguptheirfamiliesontheirown.Theyoftenliveinrefugeecampswithnolandoftheirownandnowaytoearnmoney.Mostofthesewomenareilliterateandhavenoskillstofindajob.Theyspendmostoftheirdaylookingforfoodandpreparingitfortheirfamilies.TheFoodforTrainingprogramhelpstheteenagersandwomenchangetheirlives.Iftheyagreetojointheprogramtheyreceivealargepackageoffoodeachmonth.Inreturnthewomenarerequiredtoattendfreeliterateclassesfortwohourseveryday.WhenFoodforTrainingclasseswereopenintworegionsofEritrea5000girlsandwomenjoinedinthefirsttwomonths.Itisespeciallypopularwithteenagegirlsagedfourteentosixteenwhohaveneverhadachancetogotoschoolbefore.TheorganizersofFoodforTrainingalsoplanstoofferotherkindsofcoursesforwomenusingthesamesystemoffoodrewards.Inthesecoursestheywillteachwomenjobskillsandcraftssuchasbasketweaving.Thesewomenwillnotonlylearntoreadandwrite.Theywillbecomeawareofwhatisgoingonintheircountry.Accordingtothepassagetraditionalideasaboutwomen______.
Whensnowcollectsontopofabuildingduringthewintertheweightsometimesweakenstheconstructionandoccasionallycausestherooftocollapse.
AtofindjobsBtodolow-skilljobsCtofeeditspeopleDtohandledisputesEtomakeaprofitFtoworryabouttheBritisheconomyThecreativeindustriesfinditdifficult______.
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WinnersandLosersWhyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftradeglobalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersaremostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfricaHistoryisapartialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionlatelyreinvigoratedbytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUnionontheotherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.InAfricasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure;manycountrieshavelittletotradebutcommoditiesthepricesofwhichhavefalleninrecentyears.InsomeregionscertaincountrieshavesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefromInternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthatmakecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusinesslawandalladequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFtheWorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’sregimeprivatizedthestateownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassofoligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknewhowunstableconditionswereathomesenttheirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.IncontrastChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.OftheformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungarymanagedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionaryplansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUgandaarealsoSuccessstories.DespitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachievedvigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeandimplementingreformsthatrancountertoIMFprescriptions.ChinadidnottakeIMF’sadvice.
LessIsMoreItsoundsallwrong--drillingholesinapieceofwoodtomakeitmoreresistanttoknocks.Butitworksbecausetheenergyfromtheblowgetsdistributedthroughoutthewoodratherthanfocusingononeweakspot.Thediscoveryshouldleadtomoreeffectiveandlighterpackagingmaterials.Carpentershaveknown51centuriesthatsomewoodsaretougherthanothers.Hickory山核桃木forexamplewasturnedintoaxehandlesandcartwheelspokes轮辐becauseitcanabsorbshockswithoutbreaking.Whiteoakforexampleismuchmoreeasilydamaged52itisalmostasdense.JulianVincentatBatheUniversityandhisteamwereconvincedthewood’sinternalstructurecouldexplainthedifferences.Manytreeshavetubularvesselsthatrun53thetrunkandcarrywatertotheleaves.Inoaktheyarelargeandarrangedinnarrowbandsbutinhickorytheyaresmallerandmoreevenlydistributed.Theresearchers54thislayoutmightdistributeablow’senergythroughoutthewoodsoakingupabiggerhit.Totesttheideatheydrilledholes0.65millimetresacrossintoablockofspruce云杉awoodwith55vesselsandfoundthat56withstoodaharderknock.57whenthereweremorethanabout30holespersquarecentimetredidthewood’sperformancedropoff.Auniformsubstancedoesn’tcopewellwithknocksbecauseonlyasmallproportionofthematerialisactually58.Alltheenergyfromtheblowgoestowardsbreakingthematerialinoneortwoplacesbutoftenthepiecesleft59arepristine未经破坏的.ButinsteadoftheenergybeingconcentratedinoneplacetheholesprovidemanyweakspotsthatallabsorbenergyastheybreaksaysVincent.Youarecontrollingtheplaces60thewoodbreaksanditcanthenabsorbmore61moresafely.Theresearchersbelievetheprinciplecouldbeappliedtoanymaterial62exampletomanufacturelighterandmoreprotectivepackaging.Itcould63beusedinCarbumperscrashbarriersandarmorformilitaryvehiclessaysUlrikeWegst64theMaxPlankInstituteforMentalResearchinStuttgart.Butsheemphasizesthatyou65todesignthesubstancewiththedirectionofforceinmind.Thedirectionofloadingiscrucialshesays.
LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposerofthenineteenthcenturyovercamemanypersonalproblemstoachieveartisticgreatness.BorninBonnGermanyin1770hefirststudiedmusicwiththecourtorganistGillesvanderEeden.Hisfatherwasexcessivelystrictandgiventoheavydrinking.46.AppointeddeputycourtorganisttoChristianGottlobNeefeatasurprisinglyearlyagein1782Beethovenalsoplayedtheharpsichord.In1792hewassenttoViennabyhispatronCountFerdinandWaldsteintostudymusicunderHaydn.Beethovenremainedunmarried.47.Continuallyplaguedbyillhealthhedevelopedanearinfectionwhichledtohistragicdeafnessin1819.48.Hecompletedmaturemasterpiecesofgreatmusicaldepth:threepianosonatasfourstringquartetstheMissaSolemnisandthe9thSymphony.Hediedin1827.49NotingthatBeethovenoftenflewintofitsofrageGoetheoncesaidofhimIamastonishedbyhistalentbutheisunfortunatelyanaltogetheruntamedpersonality.50.A.Inspiteofthishandicaphoweverhecontinuedtowritemusic.B.Becauseofirregularpaymentsfromhispublishersanderraticsupportfromhispatronshewastroubledbyfinancialworriesthroughouthisadultlife.C.Hislifewasmarkedbyapassionatededicationtoindependence.D.WhenhismotherdiedBeethoventhenayoungmanwasnamedguardianofhistwoyoungerbrothers.E.AlthoughBeethoven’spersonalitymayhavebeenuntamedhismusicshowsgreatdisciplineandcontrolandthisishowwerememberhimbest.F.Todayhismusicisstillbeingplayedallovertheworl
FoodforLearningInEritreaasmallcountryinnortheastAfricaapproximately80percentofthepopulationisilliterate.Thatpercentageisevenhigherinwoman.AsinmanydevelopingcountriesmanyEritreanshavetraditionalideasabouttheroleofwomen.Theybelievethatwomenshouldstayhomeandtakecareofthefamilyandshouldnotgetaneducationorlookforajob.ThesebeliefsareoneofthefactorsthatpreventEritrieaandotherdevelopingcountriesfromimprovingtheireconomicsituation.Experienceinmanydevelopingcountrieshasshownthateducatedwomenhavefewerchildrenandhavemoreopportunitiesforimprovingtheirlivesandthelivesoftheirfamilies.InEritreainfactthereisgreatneedforimprovement.Itisoneofthepoorestcountriesintheworld.FormanyEritreanfamiliesgettingenoughfoodisadailyproblem.TodealwiththeseproblemstheEritreangovernmenttogetherwiththeWorldFoodProgramhasanewprogramthatoffersfoodasarewardforlearning.Inprimaryschoolsallthechildrenreceivefoodpackagestotakehometotheirfamilies.Howeverwiththenewprogramthegirlsreceivemorefoodthantheboys.Thiswayparentsareencouragedtosendtheirdaughtertoschoolratherthankeepingthemathome.AnothergovernmentprogramthataimstoeducatewomenisFoodforTraining.ManagedbytheNationalUnionofEritreanWomenthisprogramofferfoodrewardsalsofromWorldFoodOrganizationtowomenandeldergirlswhoarewillingtojointheprogram.Becauseofthe-warwithEthiopiamanywomenarebringinguptheirfamiliesontheirown.Theyoftenliveinrefugeecampswithnolandoftheirownandnowaytoearnmoney.Mostofthesewomenareilliterateandhavenoskillstofindajob.Theyspendmostoftheirdaylookingforfoodandpreparingitfortheirfamilies.TheFoodforTrainingprogramhelpstheteenagersandwomenchangetheirlives.Iftheyagreetojointheprogramtheyreceivealargepackageoffoodeachmonth.Inreturnthewomenarerequiredtoattendfreeliterateclassesfortwohourseveryday.WhenFoodforTrainingclasseswereopenintworegionsofEritrea5000girlsandwomenjoinedinthefirsttwomonths.Itisespeciallypopularwithteenagegirlsagedfourteentosixteenwhohaveneverhadachancetogotoschoolbefore.TheorganizersofFoodforTrainingalsoplanstoofferotherkindsofcoursesforwomenusingthesamesystemoffoodrewards.Inthesecoursestheywillteachwomenjobskillsandcraftssuchasbasketweaving.Thesewomenwillnotonlylearntoreadandwrite.Theywillbecomeawareofwhatisgoingonintheircountry.WiththeFoodforLearningprogramwomengetalargepackageoffoodaslongas______.
TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly.Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice.Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear.Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface.Itwaslyingfacedownward.Theskeletonwasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead.Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes.Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots.Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebarkandaholderforarrows.WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions.SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea.ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound.Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold.WithmodemdatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold.Borninabout3300BChelivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope.Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains.Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory.AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder.Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding.Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead.Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsomekindofabattle.Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits.Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself.BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin.wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgiveusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes.AllthefollowingareassumptionsoncemadeabouttheIcemanEXCEPT______.
Allforeigntroopsmustwithdrawfromthecountry.
Ithinkthisisadeliberateinsult.
TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly.Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice.Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear.Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface.Itwaslyingfacedownward.Theskeletonwasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead.Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes.Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots.Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebarkandaholderforarrows.WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions.SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea.ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound.Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold.WithmodemdatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold.Borninabout3300BChelivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope.Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains.Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory.AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder.Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding.Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead.Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsomekindofabattle.Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits.Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself.BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin.wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgiveusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes.Thewordbanditsinparagraph4couldbebestreplacedby______
WinnersandLosersWhyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftradeglobalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersaremostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfricaHistoryisapartialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionlatelyreinvigoratedbytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUnionontheotherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.InAfricasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure;manycountrieshavelittletotradebutcommoditiesthepricesofwhichhavefalleninrecentyears.InsomeregionscertaincountrieshavesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefromInternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthatmakecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusinesslawandalladequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFtheWorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’sregimeprivatizedthestateownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassofoligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknewhowunstableconditionswereathomesenttheirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.IncontrastChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.OftheformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungarymanagedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionaryplansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUgandaarealsoSuccessstories.DespitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachievedvigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeandimplementingreformsthatrancountertoIMFprescriptions.RussiawaswronglyguidedbytheIMF.
FoodforLearningInEritreaasmallcountryinnortheastAfricaapproximately80percentofthepopulationisilliterate.Thatpercentageisevenhigherinwoman.AsinmanydevelopingcountriesmanyEritreanshavetraditionalideasabouttheroleofwomen.Theybelievethatwomenshouldstayhomeandtakecareofthefamilyandshouldnotgetaneducationorlookforajob.ThesebeliefsareoneofthefactorsthatpreventEritrieaandotherdevelopingcountriesfromimprovingtheireconomicsituation.Experienceinmanydevelopingcountrieshasshownthateducatedwomenhavefewerchildrenandhavemoreopportunitiesforimprovingtheirlivesandthelivesoftheirfamilies.InEritreainfactthereisgreatneedforimprovement.Itisoneofthepoorestcountriesintheworld.FormanyEritreanfamiliesgettingenoughfoodisadailyproblem.TodealwiththeseproblemstheEritreangovernmenttogetherwiththeWorldFoodProgramhasanewprogramthatoffersfoodasarewardforlearning.Inprimaryschoolsallthechildrenreceivefoodpackagestotakehometotheirfamilies.Howeverwiththenewprogramthegirlsreceivemorefoodthantheboys.Thiswayparentsareencouragedtosendtheirdaughtertoschoolratherthankeepingthemathome.AnothergovernmentprogramthataimstoeducatewomenisFoodforTraining.ManagedbytheNationalUnionofEritreanWomenthisprogramofferfoodrewardsalsofromWorldFoodOrganizationtowomenandeldergirlswhoarewillingtojointheprogram.Becauseofthe-warwithEthiopiamanywomenarebringinguptheirfamiliesontheirown.Theyoftenliveinrefugeecampswithnolandoftheirownandnowaytoearnmoney.Mostofthesewomenareilliterateandhavenoskillstofindajob.Theyspendmostoftheirdaylookingforfoodandpreparingitfortheirfamilies.TheFoodforTrainingprogramhelpstheteenagersandwomenchangetheirlives.Iftheyagreetojointheprogramtheyreceivealargepackageoffoodeachmonth.Inreturnthewomenarerequiredtoattendfreeliterateclassesfortwohourseveryday.WhenFoodforTrainingclasseswereopenintworegionsofEritrea5000girlsandwomenjoinedinthefirsttwomonths.Itisespeciallypopularwithteenagegirlsagedfourteentosixteenwhohaveneverhadachancetogotoschoolbefore.TheorganizersofFoodforTrainingalsoplanstoofferotherkindsofcoursesforwomenusingthesamesystemoffoodrewards.Inthesecoursestheywillteachwomenjobskillsandcraftssuchasbasketweaving.Thesewomenwillnotonlylearntoreadandwrite.Theywillbecomeawareofwhatisgoingonintheircountry.AccordingtothepassageFoodforTrainingwill______.
IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing1Intoday’sknowledgeeconomynationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermanexportengineeringtechniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.2Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn’tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyersstylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalktalkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK’sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientistsengineersteachersandnurses.Insteadthey’rehairdresserscelebritiesmanagementconsultantsandmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoingTheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.3Althoughthecountry’stradedeficitwasmorethan~60billionin2006UK’slargestinthepostwarperiodofficialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.InfactBritaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceuticalindustryanditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices--accountancyinsurancebankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.AfterallthecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock&rollisanEnglishlanguagemediumandtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.InotherwordsthecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.4Howevercreativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK’sexportsofgoodsandservices.TheindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofitaccordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScienceTechnologyandtheArts.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedininnovationactivities3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany61percentandSweden47percent.5InfactitmightbebettertocallBritainaservanteconomy--thereareatleast4millionpeopleinservice.Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocookcleanandtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeenandwillcontinuetobeatthelow-skillendoftheservicesector--inshopsbarshotelsdomesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.AGrowthofEconomyBServantEconomyCStrengthoftheCreativeEconomyDWeaknessoftheCreativeEconomyEGiftofTalkingFExportofTalkingMachinesParagraph2______
AtofindjobsBtodolow-skilljobsCtofeeditspeopleDtohandledisputesEtomakeaprofitFtoworryabouttheBritisheconomyEverycountryhasitsownway______.
TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly.Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice.Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear.Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface.Itwaslyingfacedownward.Theskeletonwasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead.Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes.Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots.Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebarkandaholderforarrows.WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions.SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea.ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound.Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold.WithmodemdatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold.Borninabout3300BChelivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope.Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains.Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory.AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder.Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding.Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead.Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsomekindofabattle.Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits.Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself.BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin.wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgiveusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes.ThebodyoftheIcemanwasfoundinthemountainsmainlybecause______.
Ittakesaboutanhourtogetthereallowingforpossibletrafficdelays.
LessIsMoreItsoundsallwrong--drillingholesinapieceofwoodtomakeitmoreresistanttoknocks.Butitworksbecausetheenergyfromtheblowgetsdistributedthroughoutthewoodratherthanfocusingononeweakspot.Thediscoveryshouldleadtomoreeffectiveandlighterpackagingmaterials.Carpentershaveknown51centuriesthatsomewoodsaretougherthanothers.Hickory山核桃木forexamplewasturnedintoaxehandlesandcartwheelspokes轮辐becauseitcanabsorbshockswithoutbreaking.Whiteoakforexampleismuchmoreeasilydamaged52itisalmostasdense.JulianVincentatBatheUniversityandhisteamwereconvincedthewood’sinternalstructurecouldexplainthedifferences.Manytreeshavetubularvesselsthatrun53thetrunkandcarrywatertotheleaves.Inoaktheyarelargeandarrangedinnarrowbandsbutinhickorytheyaresmallerandmoreevenlydistributed.Theresearchers54thislayoutmightdistributeablow’senergythroughoutthewoodsoakingupabiggerhit.Totesttheideatheydrilledholes0.65millimetresacrossintoablockofspruce云杉awoodwith55vesselsandfoundthat56withstoodaharderknock.57whenthereweremorethanabout30holespersquarecentimetredidthewood’sperformancedropoff.Auniformsubstancedoesn’tcopewellwithknocksbecauseonlyasmallproportionofthematerialisactually58.Alltheenergyfromtheblowgoestowardsbreakingthematerialinoneortwoplacesbutoftenthepiecesleft59arepristine未经破坏的.ButinsteadoftheenergybeingconcentratedinoneplacetheholesprovidemanyweakspotsthatallabsorbenergyastheybreaksaysVincent.Youarecontrollingtheplaces60thewoodbreaksanditcanthenabsorbmore61moresafely.Theresearchersbelievetheprinciplecouldbeappliedtoanymaterial62exampletomanufacturelighterandmoreprotectivepackaging.Itcould63beusedinCarbumperscrashbarriersandarmorformilitaryvehiclessaysUlrikeWegst64theMaxPlankInstituteforMentalResearchinStuttgart.Butsheemphasizesthatyou65todesignthesubstancewiththedirectionofforceinmind.Thedirectionofloadingiscrucialshesays.
IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing1Intoday’sknowledgeeconomynationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermanexportengineeringtechniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.2Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn’tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyersstylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalktalkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK’sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientistsengineersteachersandnurses.Insteadthey’rehairdresserscelebritiesmanagementconsultantsandmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoingTheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.3Althoughthecountry’stradedeficitwasmorethan~60billionin2006UK’slargestinthepostwarperiodofficialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.InfactBritaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceuticalindustryanditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices--accountancyinsurancebankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.AfterallthecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock&rollisanEnglishlanguagemediumandtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.InotherwordsthecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.4Howevercreativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK’sexportsofgoodsandservices.TheindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofitaccordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScienceTechnologyandtheArts.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedininnovationactivities3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany61percentandSweden47percent.5InfactitmightbebettertocallBritainaservanteconomy--thereareatleast4millionpeopleinservice.Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocookcleanandtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeenandwillcontinuetobeatthelow-skillendoftheservicesector--inshopsbarshotelsdomesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.AGrowthofEconomyBServantEconomyCStrengthoftheCreativeEconomyDWeaknessoftheCreativeEconomyEGiftofTalkingFExportofTalkingMachinesParagraph4______
LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposerofthenineteenthcenturyovercamemanypersonalproblemstoachieveartisticgreatness.BorninBonnGermanyin1770hefirststudiedmusicwiththecourtorganistGillesvanderEeden.Hisfatherwasexcessivelystrictandgiventoheavydrinking.46.AppointeddeputycourtorganisttoChristianGottlobNeefeatasurprisinglyearlyagein1782Beethovenalsoplayedtheharpsichord.In1792hewassenttoViennabyhispatronCountFerdinandWaldsteintostudymusicunderHaydn.Beethovenremainedunmarried.47.Continuallyplaguedbyillhealthhedevelopedanearinfectionwhichledtohistragicdeafnessin1819.48.Hecompletedmaturemasterpiecesofgreatmusicaldepth:threepianosonatasfourstringquartetstheMissaSolemnisandthe9thSymphony.Hediedin1827.49NotingthatBeethovenoftenflewintofitsofrageGoetheoncesaidofhimIamastonishedbyhistalentbutheisunfortunatelyanaltogetheruntamedpersonality.50.A.Inspiteofthishandicaphoweverhecontinuedtowritemusic.B.Becauseofirregularpaymentsfromhispublishersanderraticsupportfromhispatronshewastroubledbyfinancialworriesthroughouthisadultlife.C.Hislifewasmarkedbyapassionatededicationtoindependence.D.WhenhismotherdiedBeethoventhenayoungmanwasnamedguardianofhistwoyoungerbrothers.E.AlthoughBeethoven’spersonalitymayhavebeenuntamedhismusicshowsgreatdisciplineandcontrolandthisishowwerememberhimbest.F.Todayhismusicisstillbeingplayedallovertheworl
Thelocalauthoritieswilltakemeasurestodealwithnoisepollutionintheare
WinnersandLosersWhyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftradeglobalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersaremostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfricaHistoryisapartialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionlatelyreinvigoratedbytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUnionontheotherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.InAfricasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure;manycountrieshavelittletotradebutcommoditiesthepricesofwhichhavefalleninrecentyears.InsomeregionscertaincountrieshavesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefromInternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthatmakecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusinesslawandalladequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFtheWorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’sregimeprivatizedthestateownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassofoligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknewhowunstableconditionswereathomesenttheirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.IncontrastChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.OftheformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungarymanagedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionaryplansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUgandaarealsoSuccessstories.DespitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachievedvigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeandimplementingreformsthatrancountertoIMFprescriptions.TheSovietUnionwasacapitalistcountry.
LessIsMoreItsoundsallwrong--drillingholesinapieceofwoodtomakeitmoreresistanttoknocks.Butitworksbecausetheenergyfromtheblowgetsdistributedthroughoutthewoodratherthanfocusingononeweakspot.Thediscoveryshouldleadtomoreeffectiveandlighterpackagingmaterials.Carpentershaveknown51centuriesthatsomewoodsaretougherthanothers.Hickory山核桃木forexamplewasturnedintoaxehandlesandcartwheelspokes轮辐becauseitcanabsorbshockswithoutbreaking.Whiteoakforexampleismuchmoreeasilydamaged52itisalmostasdense.JulianVincentatBatheUniversityandhisteamwereconvincedthewood’sinternalstructurecouldexplainthedifferences.Manytreeshavetubularvesselsthatrun53thetrunkandcarrywatertotheleaves.Inoaktheyarelargeandarrangedinnarrowbandsbutinhickorytheyaresmallerandmoreevenlydistributed.Theresearchers54thislayoutmightdistributeablow’senergythroughoutthewoodsoakingupabiggerhit.Totesttheideatheydrilledholes0.65millimetresacrossintoablockofspruce云杉awoodwith55vesselsandfoundthat56withstoodaharderknock.57whenthereweremorethanabout30holespersquarecentimetredidthewood’sperformancedropoff.Auniformsubstancedoesn’tcopewellwithknocksbecauseonlyasmallproportionofthematerialisactually58.Alltheenergyfromtheblowgoestowardsbreakingthematerialinoneortwoplacesbutoftenthepiecesleft59arepristine未经破坏的.ButinsteadoftheenergybeingconcentratedinoneplacetheholesprovidemanyweakspotsthatallabsorbenergyastheybreaksaysVincent.Youarecontrollingtheplaces60thewoodbreaksanditcanthenabsorbmore61moresafely.Theresearchersbelievetheprinciplecouldbeappliedtoanymaterial62exampletomanufacturelighterandmoreprotectivepackaging.Itcould63beusedinCarbumperscrashbarriersandarmorformilitaryvehiclessaysUlrikeWegst64theMaxPlankInstituteforMentalResearchinStuttgart.Butsheemphasizesthatyou65todesignthesubstancewiththedirectionofforceinmind.Thedirectionofloadingiscrucialshesays.
HowaTerribleBattleHelpedtoChangeEuropeNinetyyearsagoonasunnymorninginNorthernFrancesomethinghappenedthatchangedBritainandEuropeforever.AthalfpastsevenonthemorningofJuly11916whistlesblewandthousandsofBritishsoldierslefttheirpositionstoattacktheirGermanenemies.Bytheendoftheday20000ofthemweredeadandanother30000woundedormissing.TheBattleoftheSomme51itiscalledlastedforsixmonths.Whenitended125000Britishsoldiersweredead.Theyhadgainedfivekilometersofground.ThiswasoneofaseriesofgreatbattlesduringtheWWI.TheattackontheSommewasstagedtorelieve52ontheFrenchwhowereengagedinagreatbattleoftheirownataplacecalledVerdun.BythetimethebattleendedoveramillionFrenchandGermantroopshadbeenkilled.About17millionpeoplewerekilledinWWI.Therehavebeenwarswithgreaternumbersofdead.Buttherehasneverbeenone53mostofthedeadwereconcentratedinsuchasmallarea.OntheSommebattlefieldtwomendiedforeverymeterofspace.Localfarmersworkinginthelandstill54thebodiesofthosewhodiedinthatbattle.Thedeadofallnationswereburiedinaseriesofgiantgraveyardsalongthelineoftheborder55FranceandBelgium.Relativesanddescendantsofthosewhodiedstillvisitthesegraveyardstoday.WhattheFrenchcallthetourismofdeath56animportantcontributiontothelocaleconomy.IttookasecondgreatconflictbeforeEuropewastoturn57waritself.Twenty-eightyearsaftertheSommebattlealiberatingarmyofBritishAmericanandCanadiantroopstookback58fromanotherGermaninvasion.Morethan500000peoplewerekilled.New59werebuilt.TwogreatconflictsacrosstwogenerationshelpedtochangetheEuropeanmindaboutwar.GermanyoncethemostwarlikecountryinEuropeisnowprobablymorein60ofpeacethananyother.OnemajorcauseofwarinEuropewasrivalrybetweenFranceandGermany.TheEuropeanUnionwasspecificallyformedtoendthat61.AccordingtoUScommentatorWilliamPfaffEuropeansareinterestedinaslowdevelopmentofcivilizedandtolerantinternationalrelations62onproblemswhileavoidingcatastrophesalongtheway.Theyhavethemselvesonlyrecently63fromthecatastrophesoftheWWIandWWIIwhentensofmillionsofpeopleweredestroyed.Theydon’twant64.ThelastBritishveteranoftheSommebattlediedin2005aged108.AndtheWWIispassingoutofmemoryandintohistory.ButforanyonewhowantstounderstandhowEuropeans65itisstillimportanttoknowalittleabouttheterribleeventsofJuly11916.
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