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下面是有关效率和公平的材料： 材料1 党的十六大报告在收入分配问题上指出，要“坚持效率优先、兼顾公平”，“初次分配注重效率，发挥市场的作用，鼓励一部分人通过诚实劳动、合法经营先富起来。再分配注重公平...
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材料一2010年某省居民人均收入状况比较表注2010年该省实现地方财政收入3228.8亿元比上年增长
党的十六大报告提出尊重劳动尊重知识尊重财富尊重创造
党的十六大报告强调是党的生命对人民民主具有重要的示范和带动 作用
党的战斗力
党内民主
党的先进性
党的纪律
材料一党的十六大报告2002年提出2020年国内生产总值力争比2000年翻两番材料二党的十七大报告2
2020年全面建成小康社会这一宏伟目标是在首先提出的
党的十四大报告
党的十六大报告
党的十五大报告
党的十八大报告
明确提出全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的新要求即到2020年人均GDP比2000年翻两番
党的十七大报告
党的十六大报告
党的十八大报告
党的十五大报告
结合学习党的十六大报告试论如何坚持和完善我国的人民代表大会制度12分
2002年党的十六大报告提出了具有重大意义的四个尊重是什么
十六大报告指出党重视在生产工作第一线和高知识群体青年中发展党员
党的十六大报告首次提出了树立科学发展观的思想
我们党的文献中第一次提出尊重和保障人权是
党的十三大报告
党的十四大报告
党的十五大报告
党的十六大报告
材料改革开放以来我国对效率与公平的认识经历了一个逐步深化的过程针对效率与公平的矛盾不同时期党和国家领
已全面建设小康社会为题以党的十六大报告及辅导材料为主类配以____等党和国家领导人的专论进行出版
党的十五大十六大十七大报告中关于老干部工作的表述是什么
简述十六大报告的特点
党的十六大报告指出巩固和提高目前达到的水平还需要进行长时期的艰苦奋斗
富裕
文明
小康
资料党的十六大报告指出理顺分配关系事关广大群众的切身利益和积极性的发挥调整和规范国家企业和个人的分配
明确提出把社会更加和谐列为全面建设小康社会的一个重要目标是在
党的十五大报告
党的十六大报告
党的十六届三中报告
党的十六届四中报告
党的十六大报告提出初次分配注重效率鼓励一部分人通过诚实劳动合法经营先富起来再分配注重公平加强政府对收
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Therenewable-fuelstandardreleasedinFebruarybyAmerica’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPApaintsanambitiouspictureofbiofuels’future.Itwantstheamountofthestuffusedastransportfueltoclimbfrom13billiongallons49billionlitresin2010to36billiongallonsin2022requiringbyfarthelargestpartofthatincreasetocomefromvariousadvancedbiofuelsratherthanethanolmadefromcornmaize.Butalthoughthefuturelooksexcitingthepresentisrathergrim.41Thefactthatcorn-ethanolproductionhascontinuedtogrowdespitethefailureofanumberoffinnsinlate2008andearly2009pointstotheefficacyofthevariousprotectionsandsubsidiesitenjoysfallingmaizepriceshelpedtoothoughitsaysnothingabouttheirefficiencyorwisdom.Ethanolwhichisusedmainlyasanadditivetopetrolisnotaparticularlygoodfuel:itoffersonlyabouttwo-thirdsasmuchenergyaspetrolandcancorrodepipelinesandcarengines.42EvenasproducershaveurgedtheEPAtoliftthisbarithaschallengedthemtomovebeyondcornandmakeethanolfromcellulosetheabundantinedibleportionofmostcrops.Usinginedibleinputsavoidsfightsaboutdivertingfoodcropsforfuelandfreestheindustryfromrelianceonasinglecommodity.Despiteampleinvestmenthoweverproductioncostsremainhighandcommercialisationelusive.43Stillitandothersaregamelypushingahead.AboostcamelastmonthwhenNovozymesandDaniscotwoDanishfirmsunveilednewcheaperenzymeswhichareneededtobreakdowncellulose.44Thealternativeistoproducesomethingbettersuchasanadvancedbiodiesel.AccordingtoLuxResearchbasedinBostonventurecapitalistsinvested$208minalgaetechnologieswiththissortofthinginmindduring2008sixtimesasmuchastheyspentin2007.Butbuildingvastpoolsforalgaeandturningthemintofuelremainstremendouslyexpensive.SolazymeaCalifornianfirmisapromisinganomalyusingalgaetomakefuelfromsugarsindarkindustrialvatsratherthanpools.Suchstrategiesmayworkbuthaveyettobescaledup.Solazymetellinglyhasdevelopedothersourcesofrevenue.America’sgovernmentisdolingoutgrantsandloanguaranteesandoilcompaniesareinvestingtoo.SolazymehasapartnershipwithChevron.ValeroAmerica’sbiggestoilrefinerhasboughtuptroubledethanolplantsandinvestedinfirmsthatuseplantmaterialalgaeandrubbishtoproducefuel.45ItstillfeelslikethefinalbetshavenotbeenmadeexplainsPhilNewtheheadofBPBiofuels.A.By2014orearlierethanolproductionisexpectedtoreach10%ofAmerica’stotalfueldemandandthustohitablendwallsincetheEPAdoesnotatpresentallowblendsofmorethan10%formainstreamuse.B.Since2007onecompanyRangeFuelshasreceivedmorethan$150minfederalgrantsandguaranteesforalargecellulosic-ethanolplantbuthasyettoproduceany.C.TheEPAhasbeenforcedtoslashits2010mandateforthemostwidelytoutedofthenon-cornbiofuelscellulosicethanolfrom100mgallonstojust6.5mlessthanathousandthofthe11billiongallonsproducedfromcornin2009.D.Algaztechnologieshadalreadybecometheavailableadvancedbiofuelswhichcouldlowerthecost.E.Evenifcellulosicethanolweretogetcheaperthoughitwouldstillbeethanolapoorfuel.F.Advancedbiofuelhavethegovernment’ssubsidyandloanguarantees.G.BP’sbroad-basedportfolioincludesinvestmentsinBraziliansugarcaneethanolcellulosicethanolandapartnershipwithDuPonttoproducebiobutanol.
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 1
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJavaneseemployeesandtheJavaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies.OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity.AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnitedStatesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingthe.needtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 15
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 13
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheworldwidewebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatInternetadvertising
AmericaactedquicklyanddecisivelytotheGreatRecessionwhileEuropeansseemparalyzedbythedistantpast.TheswiftanddecisiveU.S.responsetothefinancialcrisisanddeeprecessionshouldbeamodelforotherlargedevelopedeconomies.YetEuropewhichisnowfacingsovereigndebtandbankingproblemsandaslowdowningrowthseemsreluctanttofollowAmerica’slead.TheUnitedStatesemergedfromits2008economiccataclysmwithrelativespeedbecausepolicymakerslearnedfromhistory.FederalReserveChairmanBenBernankehadfamouslyinternalizedthechargethatthecentralbankhadcontributedtotheGreatDepression.ThefrenziedresponseoftheBernankeFed—guaranteeingallsortsofassetsandmarketspurchasingmortgage-backedsecuritiesadoptingazero-interestratepolicyandexpandingitsbalanceshedto$2.3trillioncanbeseenassignsofovercompensation.AndfromJapan’sexperienceinthe1990stheFedlearnedtheneedforspeed.WhilesomecriticshavechargedtheU.S.fiscalstimuluswastoosmallthedatasuggestthatthestimuluspackagehasbeenasignificantcontributortojobretentionandgrowth.Increasedfederalspendingwasneededinparttocombatthedeclinesingovernmentspendingbystates.IntheUnitedStatesthefederalgovernmenthelpedpropupthestateswithinjectionsofcash.InEuropewhichlacksapowerfuloverarchingfederalgovernmentwiththeabilitytotaxandspendfiscalpolicyisallbittermedicineandnospoonfulsofsugar.FromtheUnitedKingdomtotheCzechRepublicandallpointsinbetweengovernmentsarecuttingspendingandraisingtaxes.Butthesecontractionarypolicieswillretardeconomicgrowthwhichwillinturnleadtomoreproblemsforthebanks.TheEuropeanCentralBankandEuropeangovernmentsareembracingfiscalausterityandcomparativemonetarytightnessintheseextraordinarytimesbecausetheyremainparalyzedbyaterriblefearofinflation.TheFederalReservehasthedualmandateofcontrollinginflationandpromotingemployment.TheECBbycontrastisconcernedprimarilywithinflation.NevermindthattheOECDdataoninflationshowsitisundercontrol.TheEuropeansremainfreakedoutbytheprospectofinflationatsomepointinthefuture.InitsoutlooktheOECDwrites.Oninflationtheissueisnotwhetheritisarisktoday—itisnotbutwhetheritwillbeariskintwoyears’time.IntheUnitedStatesthedesiretoavoidmistakesmadeinthedistantandrecentpasthasledtoperhapsexcessivelyvigorousfiscalandmonetarypolicies.ForEuropeansthedesiretoavoidmistakesmadeinthedistantpasthasledtoanexcessofcaution.WhentheylooktohistoryforguidanceEuropeanpolicymakersaren’tlookingatWashingtonin2009orJapaninthe1990sortheUnitedStatesinthe1930s.RathertheylooktoEuropeinthe1920saperiodwhenhyperinflationravagedeconomiesdisruptedthesocialorderdestroyedsocialdemocraciesandledtotheriseofNazism.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafaultypolicyinEurope
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJavaneseemployeesandtheJavaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies.OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity.AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnitedStatesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingthe.needtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.
AmericaactedquicklyanddecisivelytotheGreatRecessionwhileEuropeansseemparalyzedbythedistantpast.TheswiftanddecisiveU.S.responsetothefinancialcrisisanddeeprecessionshouldbeamodelforotherlargedevelopedeconomies.YetEuropewhichisnowfacingsovereigndebtandbankingproblemsandaslowdowningrowthseemsreluctanttofollowAmerica’slead.TheUnitedStatesemergedfromits2008economiccataclysmwithrelativespeedbecausepolicymakerslearnedfromhistory.FederalReserveChairmanBenBernankehadfamouslyinternalizedthechargethatthecentralbankhadcontributedtotheGreatDepression.ThefrenziedresponseoftheBernankeFed—guaranteeingallsortsofassetsandmarketspurchasingmortgage-backedsecuritiesadoptingazero-interestratepolicyandexpandingitsbalanceshedto$2.3trillioncanbeseenassignsofovercompensation.AndfromJapan’sexperienceinthe1990stheFedlearnedtheneedforspeed.WhilesomecriticshavechargedtheU.S.fiscalstimuluswastoosmallthedatasuggestthatthestimuluspackagehasbeenasignificantcontributortojobretentionandgrowth.Increasedfederalspendingwasneededinparttocombatthedeclinesingovernmentspendingbystates.IntheUnitedStatesthefederalgovernmenthelpedpropupthestateswithinjectionsofcash.InEuropewhichlacksapowerfuloverarchingfederalgovernmentwiththeabilitytotaxandspendfiscalpolicyisallbittermedicineandnospoonfulsofsugar.FromtheUnitedKingdomtotheCzechRepublicandallpointsinbetweengovernmentsarecuttingspendingandraisingtaxes.Butthesecontractionarypolicieswillretardeconomicgrowthwhichwillinturnleadtomoreproblemsforthebanks.TheEuropeanCentralBankandEuropeangovernmentsareembracingfiscalausterityandcomparativemonetarytightnessintheseextraordinarytimesbecausetheyremainparalyzedbyaterriblefearofinflation.TheFederalReservehasthedualmandateofcontrollinginflationandpromotingemployment.TheECBbycontrastisconcernedprimarilywithinflation.NevermindthattheOECDdataoninflationshowsitisundercontrol.TheEuropeansremainfreakedoutbytheprospectofinflationatsomepointinthefuture.InitsoutlooktheOECDwrites.Oninflationtheissueisnotwhetheritisarisktoday—itisnotbutwhetheritwillbeariskintwoyears’time.IntheUnitedStatesthedesiretoavoidmistakesmadeinthedistantandrecentpasthasledtoperhapsexcessivelyvigorousfiscalandmonetarypolicies.ForEuropeansthedesiretoavoidmistakesmadeinthedistantpasthasledtoanexcessofcaution.WhentheylooktohistoryforguidanceEuropeanpolicymakersaren’tlookingatWashingtonin2009orJapaninthe1990sortheUnitedStatesinthe1930s.RathertheylooktoEuropeinthe1920saperiodwhenhyperinflationravagedeconomiesdisruptedthesocialorderdestroyedsocialdemocraciesandledtotheriseofNazism.BenBernanke’sresponsetothecrisis
AmericaactedquicklyanddecisivelytotheGreatRecessionwhileEuropeansseemparalyzedbythedistantpast.TheswiftanddecisiveU.S.responsetothefinancialcrisisanddeeprecessionshouldbeamodelforotherlargedevelopedeconomies.YetEuropewhichisnowfacingsovereigndebtandbankingproblemsandaslowdowningrowthseemsreluctanttofollowAmerica’slead.TheUnitedStatesemergedfromits2008economiccataclysmwithrelativespeedbecausepolicymakerslearnedfromhistory.FederalReserveChairmanBenBernankehadfamouslyinternalizedthechargethatthecentralbankhadcontributedtotheGreatDepression.ThefrenziedresponseoftheBernankeFed—guaranteeingallsortsofassetsandmarketspurchasingmortgage-backedsecuritiesadoptingazero-interestratepolicyandexpandingitsbalanceshedto$2.3trillioncanbeseenassignsofovercompensation.AndfromJapan’sexperienceinthe1990stheFedlearnedtheneedforspeed.WhilesomecriticshavechargedtheU.S.fiscalstimuluswastoosmallthedatasuggestthatthestimuluspackagehasbeenasignificantcontributortojobretentionandgrowth.Increasedfederalspendingwasneededinparttocombatthedeclinesingovernmentspendingbystates.IntheUnitedStatesthefederalgovernmenthelpedpropupthestateswithinjectionsofcash.InEuropewhichlacksapowerfuloverarchingfederalgovernmentwiththeabilitytotaxandspendfiscalpolicyisallbittermedicineandnospoonfulsofsugar.FromtheUnitedKingdomtotheCzechRepublicandallpointsinbetweengovernmentsarecuttingspendingandraisingtaxes.Butthesecontractionarypolicieswillretardeconomicgrowthwhichwillinturnleadtomoreproblemsforthebanks.TheEuropeanCentralBankandEuropeangovernmentsareembracingfiscalausterityandcomparativemonetarytightnessintheseextraordinarytimesbecausetheyremainparalyzedbyaterriblefearofinflation.TheFederalReservehasthedualmandateofcontrollinginflationandpromotingemployment.TheECBbycontrastisconcernedprimarilywithinflation.NevermindthattheOECDdataoninflationshowsitisundercontrol.TheEuropeansremainfreakedoutbytheprospectofinflationatsomepointinthefuture.InitsoutlooktheOECDwrites.Oninflationtheissueisnotwhetheritisarisktoday—itisnotbutwhetheritwillbeariskintwoyears’time.IntheUnitedStatesthedesiretoavoidmistakesmadeinthedistantandrecentpasthasledtoperhapsexcessivelyvigorousfiscalandmonetarypolicies.ForEuropeansthedesiretoavoidmistakesmadeinthedistantpasthasledtoanexcessofcaution.WhentheylooktohistoryforguidanceEuropeanpolicymakersaren’tlookingatWashingtonin2009orJapaninthe1990sortheUnitedStatesinthe1930s.RathertheylooktoEuropeinthe1920saperiodwhenhyperinflationravagedeconomiesdisruptedthesocialorderdestroyedsocialdemocraciesandledtotheriseofNazism.Themainideaofthetextis
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 5
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 9
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheworldwidewebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.Theauthor’sattitudetowardonlineadvertisingcanbesummarizedas
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheworldwidewebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.Analyzingthecurrentstateoftheonlineadvertisinginparagraph4theauthorimpliesthat
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 3
Therenewable-fuelstandardreleasedinFebruarybyAmerica’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPApaintsanambitiouspictureofbiofuels’future.Itwantstheamountofthestuffusedastransportfueltoclimbfrom13billiongallons49billionlitresin2010to36billiongallonsin2022requiringbyfarthelargestpartofthatincreasetocomefromvariousadvancedbiofuelsratherthanethanolmadefromcornmaize.Butalthoughthefuturelooksexcitingthepresentisrathergrim.41Thefactthatcorn-ethanolproductionhascontinuedtogrowdespitethefailureofanumberoffinnsinlate2008andearly2009pointstotheefficacyofthevariousprotectionsandsubsidiesitenjoysfallingmaizepriceshelpedtoothoughitsaysnothingabouttheirefficiencyorwisdom.Ethanolwhichisusedmainlyasanadditivetopetrolisnotaparticularlygoodfuel:itoffersonlyabouttwo-thirdsasmuchenergyaspetrolandcancorrodepipelinesandcarengines.42EvenasproducershaveurgedtheEPAtoliftthisbarithaschallengedthemtomovebeyondcornandmakeethanolfromcellulosetheabundantinedibleportionofmostcrops.Usinginedibleinputsavoidsfightsaboutdivertingfoodcropsforfuelandfreestheindustryfromrelianceonasinglecommodity.Despiteampleinvestmenthoweverproductioncostsremainhighandcommercialisationelusive.43Stillitandothersaregamelypushingahead.AboostcamelastmonthwhenNovozymesandDaniscotwoDanishfirmsunveilednewcheaperenzymeswhichareneededtobreakdowncellulose.44Thealternativeistoproducesomethingbettersuchasanadvancedbiodiesel.AccordingtoLuxResearchbasedinBostonventurecapitalistsinvested$208minalgaetechnologieswiththissortofthinginmindduring2008sixtimesasmuchastheyspentin2007.Butbuildingvastpoolsforalgaeandturningthemintofuelremainstremendouslyexpensive.SolazymeaCalifornianfirmisapromisinganomalyusingalgaetomakefuelfromsugarsindarkindustrialvatsratherthanpools.Suchstrategiesmayworkbuthaveyettobescaledup.Solazymetellinglyhasdevelopedothersourcesofrevenue.America’sgovernmentisdolingoutgrantsandloanguaranteesandoilcompaniesareinvestingtoo.SolazymehasapartnershipwithChevron.ValeroAmerica’sbiggestoilrefinerhasboughtuptroubledethanolplantsandinvestedinfirmsthatuseplantmaterialalgaeandrubbishtoproducefuel.45ItstillfeelslikethefinalbetshavenotbeenmadeexplainsPhilNewtheheadofBPBiofuels.A.By2014orearlierethanolproductionisexpectedtoreach10%ofAmerica’stotalfueldemandandthustohitablendwallsincetheEPAdoesnotatpresentallowblendsofmorethan10%formainstreamuse.B.Since2007onecompanyRangeFuelshasreceivedmorethan$150minfederalgrantsandguaranteesforalargecellulosic-ethanolplantbuthasyettoproduceany.C.TheEPAhasbeenforcedtoslashits2010mandateforthemostwidelytoutedofthenon-cornbiofuelscellulosicethanolfrom100mgallonstojust6.5mlessthanathousandthofthe11billiongallonsproducedfromcornin2009.D.Algaztechnologieshadalreadybecometheavailableadvancedbiofuelswhichcouldlowerthecost.E.Evenifcellulosicethanolweretogetcheaperthoughitwouldstillbeethanolapoorfuel.F.Advancedbiofuelhavethegovernment’ssubsidyandloanguarantees.G.BP’sbroad-basedportfolioincludesinvestmentsinBraziliansugarcaneethanolcellulosicethanolandapartnershipwithDuPonttoproducebiobutanol.
Thepeoplewhoanswerthephonegetanendlessstreamofcallsfrompeoplewhoareextremelyupsetthattheirelectricitygotturnedoffjustbecausetheyfailedtopaytheirbillfor297monthsorpeopleaskingquestionslike"IsitOKtooperateanelectricappliancewhiletakingabath" Solet’ssaythatyouhaveagenuineproblemwithyourelectricbill.Thepeoplein"CustomerService"havenowayofknowingthatyou’reanintelligentrationalperson.They’regoingtolumpyouinwiththeusualnot-so-brightpublic.Asfarasthey’reconcernedtherelevantfactsinanydisputebetweenyouandthemarethese: 1.Theyhaveabunchofelectricity. 2.Youneedit. 3.Soshutup. Thisiswhymoreandmorethepeoplein"CustomerService"won’teventalktoyou.TheyprefertoletyoutalktotheconvenientAutomaticPhoneAnsweringSystemuntilsuchatimeasyoudieofoldage"...IfyourFIRSTnamehasmorethaneightlettersandyourLASTnamebeginswith’H’through’L’press251NOW.IfyourfirstnamehasLESSthaneightlettersandyourlastnamecontainsatleasttwo’E’spress252NOW.Ifyour..." SoisthereanywaythatyouthelowlyconsumercangaintheseriousattentionofalargeandpowerfulbusinessIampleasedtoreportthatthereISawaywhichIfoundoutaboutthankstoanalertreaderwhosentmeanewsreportfromRussia.AccordingtothisreportaRussianelectriccompanygotintoadisputewithacustomerandcutoffthecustomer’selectricity.ThiscustomerhoweverhappenedtobeaunitoftheRussianArmy.Sothecommanderorderedatanktodriveovertotheelectriccompany’sofficeandaimitsgunatthewindows.Theelectricitywasturnedrightbackon. OnbehalfofconsumerseverywhereIwanttokissthismilitarycommanderonthelips.ImeanwhataGREATconcept.Imagineasaconsumerhowmuchmoreseriouslyyourcomplaintwouldhetakenifyouwerecomplainingfrominsideavehiclecapableofreducingtheentire"CustomerService"departmenttotinysmokingpieces.WhatIamsayingis:ForgettheAutomatedPhoneAnsweringSystem.Getatank. Perhapsyouarethinking:"Butatankcostsseveralmilliondollarsnotincludingfloormats.Idon’thavethatkindofmoney." Don’tbesilly.You’reaconsumerrightYouhavecreditcardsright Perhapsyouarethinking:"YesbuthowamIgoingtopaythecredit-cardcompany" Don’tbesilly.Youhaveatankright Thetoneofthispassagemaybeconsideredas
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 19
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 11
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 7
Directions: YouheardthatoneofyourfriendsfailedintheentranceexaminationofpostgraduateWritealettertohimwhichshouldincludethefollowinginformation:1expressyourregrets;2encouragehimtotryagain;3hopetoseehiminhighspirits.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourwonnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法TheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgertoninordertoprovideanexampleof
Thepeoplewhoanswerthephonegetanendlessstreamofcallsfrompeoplewhoareextremelyupsetthattheirelectricitygotturnedoffjustbecausetheyfailedtopaytheirbillfor297monthsorpeopleaskingquestionslike"IsitOKtooperateanelectricappliancewhiletakingabath" Solet’ssaythatyouhaveagenuineproblemwithyourelectricbill.Thepeoplein"CustomerService"havenowayofknowingthatyou’reanintelligentrationalperson.They’regoingtolumpyouinwiththeusualnot-so-brightpublic.Asfarasthey’reconcernedtherelevantfactsinanydisputebetweenyouandthemarethese: 1.Theyhaveabunchofelectricity. 2.Youneedit. 3.Soshutup. Thisiswhymoreandmorethepeoplein"CustomerService"won’teventalktoyou.TheyprefertoletyoutalktotheconvenientAutomaticPhoneAnsweringSystemuntilsuchatimeasyoudieofoldage"...IfyourFIRSTnamehasmorethaneightlettersandyourLASTnamebeginswith’H’through’L’press251NOW.IfyourfirstnamehasLESSthaneightlettersandyourlastnamecontainsatleasttwo’E’spress252NOW.Ifyour..." SoisthereanywaythatyouthelowlyconsumercangaintheseriousattentionofalargeandpowerfulbusinessIampleasedtoreportthatthereISawaywhichIfoundoutaboutthankstoanalertreaderwhosentmeanewsreportfromRussia.AccordingtothisreportaRussianelectriccompanygotintoadisputewithacustomerandcutoffthecustomer’selectricity.ThiscustomerhoweverhappenedtobeaunitoftheRussianArmy.Sothecommanderorderedatanktodriveovertotheelectriccompany’sofficeandaimitsgunatthewindows.Theelectricitywasturnedrightbackon. OnbehalfofconsumerseverywhereIwanttokissthismilitarycommanderonthelips.ImeanwhataGREATconcept.Imagineasaconsumerhowmuchmoreseriouslyyourcomplaintwouldhetakenifyouwerecomplainingfrominsideavehiclecapableofreducingtheentire"CustomerService"departmenttotinysmokingpieces.WhatIamsayingis:ForgettheAutomatedPhoneAnsweringSystem.Getatank. Perhapsyouarethinking:"Butatankcostsseveralmilliondollarsnotincludingfloormats.Idon’thavethatkindofmoney." Don’tbesilly.You’reaconsumerrightYouhavecreditcardsright Perhapsyouarethinking:"YesbuthowamIgoingtopaythecredit-cardcompany" Don’tbesilly.Youhaveatankright Fromthefirstparagraphwemayinferthat
NewgraduatesinAmericaareusedtofacinganuncertainfuturewhilesaddledwithheavydebts.NowSallieMaethefirmthatprovidesmanyofthemwiththefinancialwherewithaltocompletetheireducationwillunderstandhowtheyfeel.OnMondayApril16thitwasannouncedthattwoprivate-equityfirmsalongwithtwobanksJPMorganChaseandBankofAmericahadagreedtopay$25billionforAmerica’sleadingstudent-loanprovider. Inthepastdecadethemarketforstudentloanshasdoubledtoaround$85billionayear.Studentnumbershaveswelledwhileincomeshavefailedtokeeppacewiththesoaringcostofcollegeeducation.SallieMaehasoveraquarteroftheentirebusinessinAmerica.Andthoughmarginsarewafer-thinthefirmmadeaprofitof$1.2billionlastyear. ThisprofitabilityhasattractedtheinterestofbothDemocraticandRepublicanlawmakersseekingwaystosavemoneywhilemakingeducationmoreaffordable.ParticularlyvulnerableistheproportiondoledouttobigandprofitableprivatecompanieslikeSallieMaetosubsidiseaffordablegovernment-backedloans.Thesenowaccountforaround85%ofitslending. SallieMae’sprofitsandhealthycash-flowareadrawforprivateequity.Andtheinvolvementofthetwobankscouldproveusefulforplugginganygapinfinancingifthefirm’screditratingslipsfollowingtheassumptionofsomuchdebt.IthelpsthatSallieMaeisalsomakingmoneybeyonditscorebusiness.Themarketforprivateloanswithoutgovernmentsubsidiesorguaranteesisgrowingfastasthecostofeducationgrowswhilethesizeoffederalloansthatstudentscantakeouthasremainedflat.Thissortofloanisnicelyprofitablebecauselenderscanlevyhighinterestrates.Newgraduatesarealsotargets:SallieMaehasbuiltabigdebt-collectionarmforreluctantrepayersandacollege-fundbusinessforfastbreeders. EventherenewedinterestfrompoliticianscouldplayintoSallieMae’shands.Thelureofprofitsoverthepastdecadehasdrawnmorelendersintothebusiness.AnyfutureregulationsorlegislationthatmightshaveprofitmarginsfurthercoulddeternewentrantsorforcesmallerlendersoutofthebusinessandSallieMaemaygetmoreopportunitiestooffsetthereduction.Butdespiteallthesafeguardsstudentsarehighriskborrowerswhoquicklyamassbigdebts.SallieMaelikemanyofthestudentsitservescouldwakeuponedaywithanastyhangover拖欠andlittlerecollectionabouthowitcameabout. TheprofitofSallieMaeisconsiderablealthoughthemarginsarewafer-thinbecause
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 17
1exactlyayearagoinasmallvillageinNorthernIndiaAndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmusthave2yournicewhiteflesh"jokedthedoctor3hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelweredeterminednottoletit4theirholidayandthoughtnomoreaboutthedogwhichhadmeanwhile5disappearedfromthevillage. "Wedidn’t6therewasanythingwrongwithit"saysNigel."Itwassuchasmall7dogthatrabiesdidn’t8mymind".Butsixweekslater23-year-oldAndreawasdead.Thedoghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto9herantirabiestreatment.WhenbackhomeinEnglandshebegantoshowtheclassic10unabletodrinkcatchingherbreathherowndoctorputit11tohysteria.Evenwhenshewas12intoan13hallucinatingrecoilinginterroratthesightofwatershewasdirected14thenearestmentalhospital. Butifhersymptoms15littleattentioninlifeindeaththeyachievedapublicityclosetohysteria.CaseslikeAndreaare16butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeareddiseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis17byabiteofalickfroman18animal.Itcaninvery19circumstancesbeinhaled--twoscientistsdiedofitafter20batdunginacaveinTexas. 19
Thepeoplewhoanswerthephonegetanendlessstreamofcallsfrompeoplewhoareextremelyupsetthattheirelectricitygotturnedoffjustbecausetheyfailedtopaytheirbillfor297monthsorpeopleaskingquestionslike"IsitOKtooperateanelectricappliancewhiletakingabath" Solet’ssaythatyouhaveagenuineproblemwithyourelectricbill.Thepeoplein"CustomerService"havenowayofknowingthatyou’reanintelligentrationalperson.They’regoingtolumpyouinwiththeusualnot-so-brightpublic.Asfarasthey’reconcernedtherelevantfactsinanydisputebetweenyouandthemarethese: 1.Theyhaveabunchofelectricity. 2.Youneedit. 3.Soshutup. Thisiswhymoreandmorethepeoplein"CustomerService"won’teventalktoyou.TheyprefertoletyoutalktotheconvenientAutomaticPhoneAnsweringSystemuntilsuchatimeasyoudieofoldage"...IfyourFIRSTnamehasmorethaneightlettersandyourLASTnamebeginswith’H’through’L’press251NOW.IfyourfirstnamehasLESSthaneightlettersandyourlastnamecontainsatleasttwo’E’spress252NOW.Ifyour..." SoisthereanywaythatyouthelowlyconsumercangaintheseriousattentionofalargeandpowerfulbusinessIampleasedtoreportthatthereISawaywhichIfoundoutaboutthankstoanalertreaderwhosentmeanewsreportfromRussia.AccordingtothisreportaRussianelectriccompanygotintoadisputewithacustomerandcutoffthecustomer’selectricity.ThiscustomerhoweverhappenedtobeaunitoftheRussianArmy.Sothecommanderorderedatanktodriveovertotheelectriccompany’sofficeandaimitsgunatthewindows.Theelectricitywasturnedrightbackon. OnbehalfofconsumerseverywhereIwanttokissthismilitarycommanderonthelips.ImeanwhataGREATconcept.Imagineasaconsumerhowmuchmoreseriouslyyourcomplaintwouldhetakenifyouwerecomplainingfrominsideavehiclecapableofreducingtheentire"CustomerService"departmenttotinysmokingpieces.WhatIamsayingis:ForgettheAutomatedPhoneAnsweringSystem.Getatank. Perhapsyouarethinking:"Butatankcostsseveralmilliondollarsnotincludingfloormats.Idon’thavethatkindofmoney." Don’tbesilly.You’reaconsumerrightYouhavecreditcardsright Perhapsyouarethinking:"YesbuthowamIgoingtopaythecredit-cardcompany" Don’tbesilly.Youhaveatankright IfMr.HuntingtonSweetwantstoinquireaboutsomethingfromCustomerServiceheshouldpress
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法Accordingtoparagraph2theinterestamongphotographersineachofthephotography’stwoidealscanbedescribedas
Therenewable-fuelstandardreleasedinFebruarybyAmerica’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPApaintsanambitiouspictureofbiofuels’future.Itwantstheamountofthestuffusedastransportfueltoclimbfrom13billiongallons49billionlitresin2010to36billiongallonsin2022requiringbyfarthelargestpartofthatincreasetocomefromvariousadvancedbiofuelsratherthanethanolmadefromcornmaize.Butalthoughthefuturelooksexcitingthepresentisrathergrim.41Thefactthatcorn-ethanolproductionhascontinuedtogrowdespitethefailureofanumberoffinnsinlate2008andearly2009pointstotheefficacyofthevariousprotectionsandsubsidiesitenjoysfallingmaizepriceshelpedtoothoughitsaysnothingabouttheirefficiencyorwisdom.Ethanolwhichisusedmainlyasanadditivetopetrolisnotaparticularlygoodfuel:itoffersonlyabouttwo-thirdsasmuchenergyaspetrolandcancorrodepipelinesandcarengines.42EvenasproducershaveurgedtheEPAtoliftthisbarithaschallengedthemtomovebeyondcornandmakeethanolfromcellulosetheabundantinedibleportionofmostcrops.Usinginedibleinputsavoidsfightsaboutdivertingfoodcropsforfuelandfreestheindustryfromrelianceonasinglecommodity.Despiteampleinvestmenthoweverproductioncostsremainhighandcommercialisationelusive.43Stillitandothersaregamelypushingahead.AboostcamelastmonthwhenNovozymesandDaniscotwoDanishfirmsunveilednewcheaperenzymeswhichareneededtobreakdowncellulose.44Thealternativeistoproducesomethingbettersuchasanadvancedbiodiesel.AccordingtoLuxResearchbasedinBostonventurecapitalistsinvested$208minalgaetechnologieswiththissortofthinginmindduring2008sixtimesasmuchastheyspentin2007.Butbuildingvastpoolsforalgaeandturningthemintofuelremainstremendouslyexpensive.SolazymeaCalifornianfirmisapromisinganomalyusingalgaetomakefuelfromsugarsindarkindustrialvatsratherthanpools.Suchstrategiesmayworkbuthaveyettobescaledup.Solazymetellinglyhasdevelopedothersourcesofrevenue.America’sgovernmentisdolingoutgrantsandloanguaranteesandoilcompaniesareinvestingtoo.SolazymehasapartnershipwithChevron.ValeroAmerica’sbiggestoilrefinerhasboughtuptroubledethanolplantsandinvestedinfirmsthatuseplantmaterialalgaeandrubbishtoproducefuel.45ItstillfeelslikethefinalbetshavenotbeenmadeexplainsPhilNewtheheadofBPBiofuels.A.By2014orearlierethanolproductionisexpectedtoreach10%ofAmerica’stotalfueldemandandthustohitablendwallsincetheEPAdoesnotatpresentallowblendsofmorethan10%formainstreamuse.B.Since2007onecompanyRangeFuelshasreceivedmorethan$150minfederalgrantsandguaranteesforalargecellulosic-ethanolplantbuthasyettoproduceany.C.TheEPAhasbeenforcedtoslashits2010mandateforthemostwidelytoutedofthenon-cornbiofuelscellulosicethanolfrom100mgallonstojust6.5mlessthanathousandthofthe11billiongallonsproducedfromcornin2009.D.Algaztechnologieshadalreadybecometheavailableadvancedbiofuelswhichcouldlowerthecost.E.Evenifcellulosicethanolweretogetcheaperthoughitwouldstillbeethanolapoorfuel.F.Advancedbiofuelhavethegovernment’ssubsidyandloanguarantees.G.BP’sbroad-basedportfolioincludesinvestmentsinBraziliansugarcaneethanolcellulosicethanolandapartnershipwithDuPonttoproducebiobutanol.
NewgraduatesinAmericaareusedtofacinganuncertainfuturewhilesaddledwithheavydebts.NowSallieMaethefirmthatprovidesmanyofthemwiththefinancialwherewithaltocompletetheireducationwillunderstandhowtheyfeel.OnMondayApril16thitwasannouncedthattwoprivate-equityfirmsalongwithtwobanksJPMorganChaseandBankofAmericahadagreedtopay$25billionforAmerica’sleadingstudent-loanprovider. Inthepastdecadethemarketforstudentloanshasdoubledtoaround$85billionayear.Studentnumbershaveswelledwhileincomeshavefailedtokeeppacewiththesoaringcostofcollegeeducation.SallieMaehasoveraquarteroftheentirebusinessinAmerica.Andthoughmarginsarewafer-thinthefirmmadeaprofitof$1.2billionlastyear. ThisprofitabilityhasattractedtheinterestofbothDemocraticandRepublicanlawmakersseekingwaystosavemoneywhilemakingeducationmoreaffordable.ParticularlyvulnerableistheproportiondoledouttobigandprofitableprivatecompanieslikeSallieMaetosubsidiseaffordablegovernment-backedloans.Thesenowaccountforaround85%ofitslending. SallieMae’sprofitsandhealthycash-flowareadrawforprivateequity.Andtheinvolvementofthetwobankscouldproveusefulforplugginganygapinfinancingifthefirm’screditratingslipsfollowingtheassumptionofsomuchdebt.IthelpsthatSallieMaeisalsomakingmoneybeyonditscorebusiness.Themarketforprivateloanswithoutgovernmentsubsidiesorguaranteesisgrowingfastasthecostofeducationgrowswhilethesizeoffederalloansthatstudentscantakeouthasremainedflat.Thissortofloanisnicelyprofitablebecauselenderscanlevyhighinterestrates.Newgraduatesarealsotargets:SallieMaehasbuiltabigdebt-collectionarmforreluctantrepayersandacollege-fundbusinessforfastbreeders. EventherenewedinterestfrompoliticianscouldplayintoSallieMae’shands.Thelureofprofitsoverthepastdecadehasdrawnmorelendersintothebusiness.AnyfutureregulationsorlegislationthatmightshaveprofitmarginsfurthercoulddeternewentrantsorforcesmallerlendersoutofthebusinessandSallieMaemaygetmoreopportunitiestooffsetthereduction.Butdespiteallthesafeguardsstudentsarehighriskborrowerswhoquicklyamassbigdebts.SallieMaelikemanyofthestudentsitservescouldwakeuponedaywithanastyhangover拖欠andlittlerecollectionabouthowitcameabout. IfastudentisreluctanttopaybacktheloanSallieMaemostprobably
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