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SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 5
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 15
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedone. 45
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 7
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 1
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 13
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheeventualnomineeoftheRepublicPartyoftheelection
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 9
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Thephrasewarmtointhelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthecourseofaheatingseasontheheatingcapacityofhheatpumpisgreatestWhen
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. ThewordderangedPara.1denotes
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 11
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 3
Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder.SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea.Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus.PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages.Itisn’tsaidinthepassagethatL-GGcanbeusedto______.
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Thepassageasawholecanbestbedescribedas
Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder.SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea.Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus.PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages.Thispassageismainlyabout______.
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Beforethemid-twentiethcenturynationsfailedtoestablishrulesprotectingtheirterritorialwatersbecause
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused—andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog.Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthatnopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident.Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzcnegger.BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.ThereareseveralArnoldamendmentsinCongress:oneal-lowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983.Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthebasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada:theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor.MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmil-itarysuperpowers.ThephrasehasnotruckwithLine1Paragraph2mostprobablymeans______.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.TheworkbyJohnBattellewouldbeperfectedifappropriateconsiderationisgivento______.
Directions:Yougotsickjusttwoweeksbeforethefinalexaminationandweresenttohospital.Onedoctortreatedyouverywellandyourecoveredsoon.WritealetterofappreciationtothedoctorMs.Green. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 17
Saythewordbacteriaandmostfolksconjureupimagesofanastygermlikestaphylococcusorsalmonellathatcanmakeyoureallysick.Butmostbacteriaaren’tbadforyou.Infactconsumingextraamountsofsomebacteriacanactuallypromotegoodhealth.Thesebeneficialbacteriaareavailablewithoutaprescriptionindrugandhealth-foodstoresandinfoodslikeyogurt.Sofarthebestresultshavebeenseeninthetreatmentofdiarrheaparticularlyinchildren.ButresearchersarealsolookingintothepossibilitythatbeneficialbacteriamaythwartvaginalinfectionsinwomenpreventsomefoodallergiesinchildrenandlessensymptomsofCrohn’sdiseasearelativelyrarebutpainfulgastrointestinaldisorder.SowherehavethesegoodgermsbeenlurkingallyourlifeInyourintestinesespeciallythelowersectioncalledthecolonwhichharborsatleast400speciesofbacteria.Whichonesyouhavedependslargelyonyourenvironmentanddiet.Anabundanceofgoodbacteriainthecolongenerallycrowdsoutstraybadbacteriainyourfood.Butifthebadoutnumberthegood—forexampleafterantibiotictreatmentforasinusoranearinfectionwhichkillsnormalintestinalgermsaswell—theresultcanbediarrhea.Forgenerationspeoplehaverestoredthebalancebyeatingyogurtbuttermilkorotherproductsmadefromfermentedmilk.Butnowadaysyoucanalsodownafewpillsthatcontainfreeze-driedgerms.Thesepreparationsarecalledprobioticstodistinguishthemfromantibiotics.Unfortunatelyyoucan’talwaysbesurethatthebacteriaintheproductsyoubuyarethesamestrainsasthoselistedonthelabeloreventhatthey’restillalive.Probioticsareusuallysensitivetobothheatandmoisture.AmongthemostpromisingandmostthoroughlyresearchedprobioticsistheGGstrainofLaetobacillusdiscoveredbyDr.SherwoodGorbachandbiochemistBarryGoldinbothatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine.L-GGasit’scalledhasbeenusedtotreattraveler’sdiarrheaandintestinalupsetscausedbyantibiotics.EvenmoreintriguingL-GGalsoseemstoworkagainstsomevirusesincludingrotavirusoneofthemostcommoncausesofdiarrheainchildrenintheU.S.andaroundtheworld.Heretheeffectisindirect.SomehowL-GGjump-startstheimmunesystemintorecognizingthethreatposedbythevirus.PediatriciansatJohnsHopkinsarestudyingadifferentbugtheBb-12strainofBifidobacteriumwhichwasdiscoveredbyresearchersatCHRHansenBiosystems.LikeL-GGBb-12stimulatestheimmunesystem.Forreasonsthatarenotdearinfantswhoarebreast-fedhavelargeamountsofbifidobacteriaintheirintestines.Theyalsohavefewerintestinalupsets.Dr.JoseSaavedraandcolleaguesatHopkinshaveshownthatBb-12preventsseveraltypesofdiarrheaincludingthatcausedbyr0tavirusinhospitalizedinfantsasyoungasfourmonths.Ithasalsobeenusedtocurediarrheainchildrenofallages.Whattheauthormainlyintendstosayinthefirstparagraphis______.
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused—andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog.Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthatnopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident.Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzcnegger.BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.ThereareseveralArnoldamendmentsinCongress:oneal-lowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983.Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthebasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada:theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor.MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmil-itarysuperpowers.ThewordcyborgLine1Paragraph3mostprobablyrefersto______.
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedone. 43
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Thetextseemstobe______.
Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrinesfreedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturymostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwatersgenerallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshorelinewithinwhichithadtheauthoritybutnottheresponsibilitytoregulateallactivities.Butbecausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimitedmostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaterslargeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurposeincludingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizensnonationhadtheresponsibilitytocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.Andsincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedontheopenseastherewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlargemarinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantprobleminpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognizedandpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreoverthefreedomtofishorover-fishwasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinallythetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresourcessuchasoildidnotyetexist.Todatecontrollingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylawbuttworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.Firsttheestablishmentofextensivefisheryzonesextendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoasthasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunitycombinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulationscouldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Secondtheinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Thusitwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.Untilthemid-twentiethcenturytherewerefewjurisdictionaldisputesoverinternationalwatersbecause
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedone. 41
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 19
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