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小明两岁半就学会正确使用“你”、“我”、“他”三个代词进行言语交流，按加涅的学习结果分类，这里发生的学习是 ( )
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按要求作文如果一个孩子生活在鼓励中那么他就学会了自信如果一个孩子生活在真诚中那么他就学会平静幸福地生
27.阅读下面的材料根据要求作文70分如果一个孩子生活在恐惧中那么他就学会了忧虑如果一个孩子生活在讽
就学会自己拿勺吃饭
半岁
一岁
一岁半
两岁
乳牙的牙合期是指
6个月—2岁半
1岁—两岁半
2岁半—6岁
2岁半—8岁
阅读下面的材料以我生活在之中为题作文如果一个孩子生活在恐惧中那么他就学会了忧虑如果一个孩子生活在讽刺
小红两岁半就学会使用你我他三个代词进行言语交流根据加涅的学习结果分类这里发生的学习属于
言语信息学习
智慧技能学习
认知策略学习
态度学习
研究表明是幼儿自发地运用语言相互交往进步最快的时期
一岁半～两岁
两岁半～三岁
三岁～四岁半
四岁半～六岁
婴儿在适宜训练独自蹲盆大小便
两岁以后
八个月左右
一岁左右
两岁半以后
我就不明白你怎么连什么也没学会中的什么表示的是
表疑问的代词
表示任指的代词
表示指示的代词
表示虚指的代词
婴儿能够有意识地回忆以前的事情是在三岁左右
一岁左右
两岁左右
两岁半左右
三岁左右
如果一个孩子生活在批评之中他就学会了谴责如果一个孩子生活在敌意之中他就学会了争斗如果一个孩子生活在恐
阅读下面的材料以我生活在之中为题作文如果一个孩子生活在恐惧中那么他就学会了忧虑如果一个孩子生活在讽刺
如果一个孩子生活在批评之中他就学会了谴责;如果一个孩子生活在敌意之中他就学会了争斗;如果一个孩子生活
阅读下面材料以我生活在________之中为题作文30分如果一个孩子生活在恐惧中那么他就学会了忧虑如
阅读下面文字按要求作文如果一个孩子生活在鼓励中那么他就学会了自信;如果一个孩子生活在真诚中那么他就学
如果一个孩子生活在鼓励中那么他就学会了自信如果一个孩子生活在真诚中那么他就学会平静幸福地生活如果一个
对下列句子中代词的分析正确的一项是①王老师对全班同学说同学们别忘了我们是学生我们的主要任务是学习②他
①②代词使用均有毛病
①②代词使用均无毛病
①代词使用有毛病，②代词使用无毛病
①代词使用无毛病，②代词使用有毛病
阅读下面的材料按要求作文如果一个孩子生活在恐惧中那么他就学会了忧虑如果一个孩子生活在讽刺中那么他就学
婴儿在适宜训练独自蹲盆大小便
两岁以后
八个月左右
一岁左右
两岁半以后
阅读下面的材料根据要求作文70分如果一个孩子生活在恐惧中那么他就学会了忧虑如果一个孩子生活在讽刺中那
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CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 42
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
AstudybyscientistsinFinlandhasfoundthatmobilephoneradiationcancausechangesinhumancellsthatmightaffectthebraintheleaderoftheresearchteamsaid. ButDariusLeszczynskiwhoheadedthe2-yearstudyandwillpresentfindingsnextweekataconferenceinQuebecsaidmoreresearchwasneededtodeterminetheseriousnessofthechangesandtheirimpactonthebrainorthebody. ThestudyatFinland’sRadiationandNuclearSafetyAuthorityfoundthatexposuretoradiationfrommobilephonescancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteinsinhumancellsgrowninalaboratoryhesaid. "Weknowthatthereissomebiologicalresponse.Wecandetectitwithourverysensitiveapproachesbutwedonotknowwhetheritcanhaveanyphysiologicaleffectsonthehumanbrainorhumanbody"Leszczynskisaid. NonethelessthestudytheinitialfindingsofwhichwerepublishedlastmonthinthescientificjournalDifferentiationraisesnewquestionsaboutwhethermobilephoneradiationcanweaker/thebrain’sprotectiveshieldagainstharmfulsubstances. Thestudyfocusedonchangesincellsthatlinebloodvesselsandonwhethersuchchangescouldweakenthefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarrierwhichpreventspotentiallyharmfulsubstancesfromenteringthebrainfromthebloodstreamLeszczynskisaid. Thestudyfoundthataproteincalledhsp27linkedtothefunctioningofthebloodbrainbarriershowedincreasedactivityduetoirradiationandpointedtoapossibilitythatsuchactivitycouldmaketheshieldmorepermeablehesaid. "Increasedproteinactivitymightcausecellstoshrink--notthebloodvesselsbutthecellsthemselves—andthentinygapscouldappearbetweenthosecellsthroughwhichsomemoleculescouldpass."hesaid. LeszczynskideclinedtospeculateonwhatkindofhealthrisksthatcouldposebutsaidaFrenchstudyindicatedthatheadachefatigueandsleepdisorderscouldresult. "Thesearenotlife-threateningproblemsbutcancausealotofdiscomfort"hesaidaddingthataSwedishgrouphadalsosuggestedapossiblelinkwithAlzheimer’sdisease. "WherethetruthisIdonotknow"hesaid. Leszczynskisaidthathehiswifeandchildrenusemobilephonesandhesaidthathedidnotthinkhisstudysuggestedanyneedfornewrestrictionsonmobilephoneuse. Accordingtothepassagewhatwouldbethefutureoftheuseofmobilephone
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.
Effectivecommunicationisessentialforallorganisations.ItlinkstheactivitiesofthevariouspartsoftheorganisationandensuresthateveryoneisworkingtowardsaCommongoal.Itisalsoextremelyimportantformotivatingemployees.Staffneedtoknowhowtheyaregettingonwhattheyaredoingrightandinwhichareastheycouldimprove.Workingalonecanbeextremelydifficultanditismucheasierifsomeonetakesaninterestandprovidessupport.Employeesneedtounderstandwhytheirjobisimportantandhowitcontributestotheoverallsuccessofthefirm.Personalcommunicationshouldalsoincludetargetsetting.Peopleusuallyrespondwelltogoalsprovidedtheseareagreedbetweenthemanagerandsubordinateandnotimposed. Howeverfirmsoftenhavecommunicationsproblemsthatcanunderminetheirperformance.Inmanycasestheseproblemsoccurbecausemessagesarepassedoninaninappropriateway.Thereareofcourseseveralwaysofconveyinginformationtoothersintheorganisation.Theseincludespeakingtothemdirectlye-mailingtelephoningorsendingamemo.Themostappropriatemethoddependsonwhatexactlyitisyouarecommunicating.Forexampleanythingthatisparticularlysensitiveorconfidentialsuchasanemployee’sappraisalshouldbedoneface-to-face. Oneofthemainproblemsforseniorexecutivesisthattheydonothavethetimeorresourcesneededtocommunicateeffectively.Inlargecompaniesforexampleitisimpossibleforseniormanagerstomeetanddiscussprogresswitheachemployeeindividually.Obviouslythistaskcanbedelegatedbutatthecostofcreatingagapbetweenseniormanagementandstaff.Asaresultmanagersareoftenforcedtouseothermethodsofcommunication.Likememosornoteseveniftheyknowthesearenotnecessarilythemostsuitablemeansofpassingonmessages. Theuseoftechnologysuchase-mailmobilephonesandnetworksystemisspeedingupcommunicationimmensely.Howeverthisdoesnotmeanthatmoreinvestmentintechnologyautomaticallyprovesbeneficialsystemscanbecomeoutdatedoremployeesmaylackappropriatetraining.Therearemanycommunicationstoolsnowavailablebutafirmcannotaffordallofthem.Evenifitcoulditdoesnotactuallyneedthemall.Thepotentialgainsmustbeweighedupagainstthecostsandfirmsshouldrealisethatmorecommunicationdoesnotnecessarilymeanbettercommunication. Asthenumberofpeopleinvolvedinanorganisationincreasetheuseofwrittencommunicationrisesevenfaster.Insteadofaquickconversationtosortsomethingoutnumerousmessagescanbepassedbackwardsandforwards.Thiscanleadtoatremendousamountofpaperworkandisoftenlesseffectivethanfacetofacecommunication.Whenyouareactuallytalkingtosomeoneyoucandiscussthingsuntilyouarehappytheyhaveunderstoodandfeedbackisimmediate.Withwrittenmessageshoweveryouareneverquitesurehowitwillbereceived.Whatyouthinkyouhavesaidandwhattheotherpersonthinksyouhavesaidcanbeverydifferent. Theamountofwritteninformationgeneratedinlargeorganisationstodaycanleadtocommunicationoverload.Somuchinformationisgatheredthatitgetsinthe-wayofmakingdecisions.Takealookattheaveragemanager’sdeskandyouwillseetheproblem—itisoftencoveredinlettersreportsandmemos.Thisoverloadcanleadtoinefficiencies.Forexamplemanagersmaynotbeabletofindtheinformationtheywantwhentheyneedit.Communicationisalsobecomingmoredifficultwiththechangesoccurringinemploymentpatterns.Withmorepeopleworkingpart-timeandworkingfromhomemanagingcommunicationisbecomingincreasinglycomplex. Accordingtothearticlewhatistheeffectofreceivinglargeamountsofwritteninformation
AstudybyscientistsinFinlandhasfoundthatmobilephoneradiationcancausechangesinhumancellsthatmightaffectthebraintheleaderoftheresearchteamsaid. ButDariusLeszczynskiwhoheadedthe2-yearstudyandwillpresentfindingsnextweekataconferenceinQuebecsaidmoreresearchwasneededtodeterminetheseriousnessofthechangesandtheirimpactonthebrainorthebody. ThestudyatFinland’sRadiationandNuclearSafetyAuthorityfoundthatexposuretoradiationfrommobilephonescancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteinsinhumancellsgrowninalaboratoryhesaid. "Weknowthatthereissomebiologicalresponse.Wecandetectitwithourverysensitiveapproachesbutwedonotknowwhetheritcanhaveanyphysiologicaleffectsonthehumanbrainorhumanbody"Leszczynskisaid. NonethelessthestudytheinitialfindingsofwhichwerepublishedlastmonthinthescientificjournalDifferentiationraisesnewquestionsaboutwhethermobilephoneradiationcanweaker/thebrain’sprotectiveshieldagainstharmfulsubstances. Thestudyfocusedonchangesincellsthatlinebloodvesselsandonwhethersuchchangescouldweakenthefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarrierwhichpreventspotentiallyharmfulsubstancesfromenteringthebrainfromthebloodstreamLeszczynskisaid. Thestudyfoundthataproteincalledhsp27linkedtothefunctioningofthebloodbrainbarriershowedincreasedactivityduetoirradiationandpointedtoapossibilitythatsuchactivitycouldmaketheshieldmorepermeablehesaid. "Increasedproteinactivitymightcausecellstoshrink--notthebloodvesselsbutthecellsthemselves—andthentinygapscouldappearbetweenthosecellsthroughwhichsomemoleculescouldpass."hesaid. LeszczynskideclinedtospeculateonwhatkindofhealthrisksthatcouldposebutsaidaFrenchstudyindicatedthatheadachefatigueandsleepdisorderscouldresult. "Thesearenotlife-threateningproblemsbutcancausealotofdiscomfort"hesaidaddingthataSwedishgrouphadalsosuggestedapossiblelinkwithAlzheimer’sdisease. "WherethetruthisIdonotknow"hesaid. Leszczynskisaidthathehiswifeandchildrenusemobilephonesandhesaidthathedidnotthinkhisstudysuggestedanyneedfornewrestrictionsonmobilephoneuse. What’stheresultoftheFrenchstudy
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Effectivecommunicationisessentialforallorganisations.ItlinkstheactivitiesofthevariouspartsoftheorganisationandensuresthateveryoneisworkingtowardsaCommongoal.Itisalsoextremelyimportantformotivatingemployees.Staffneedtoknowhowtheyaregettingonwhattheyaredoingrightandinwhichareastheycouldimprove.Workingalonecanbeextremelydifficultanditismucheasierifsomeonetakesaninterestandprovidessupport.Employeesneedtounderstandwhytheirjobisimportantandhowitcontributestotheoverallsuccessofthefirm.Personalcommunicationshouldalsoincludetargetsetting.Peopleusuallyrespondwelltogoalsprovidedtheseareagreedbetweenthemanagerandsubordinateandnotimposed. Howeverfirmsoftenhavecommunicationsproblemsthatcanunderminetheirperformance.Inmanycasestheseproblemsoccurbecausemessagesarepassedoninaninappropriateway.Thereareofcourseseveralwaysofconveyinginformationtoothersintheorganisation.Theseincludespeakingtothemdirectlye-mailingtelephoningorsendingamemo.Themostappropriatemethoddependsonwhatexactlyitisyouarecommunicating.Forexampleanythingthatisparticularlysensitiveorconfidentialsuchasanemployee’sappraisalshouldbedoneface-to-face. Oneofthemainproblemsforseniorexecutivesisthattheydonothavethetimeorresourcesneededtocommunicateeffectively.Inlargecompaniesforexampleitisimpossibleforseniormanagerstomeetanddiscussprogresswitheachemployeeindividually.Obviouslythistaskcanbedelegatedbutatthecostofcreatingagapbetweenseniormanagementandstaff.Asaresultmanagersareoftenforcedtouseothermethodsofcommunication.Likememosornoteseveniftheyknowthesearenotnecessarilythemostsuitablemeansofpassingonmessages. Theuseoftechnologysuchase-mailmobilephonesandnetworksystemisspeedingupcommunicationimmensely.Howeverthisdoesnotmeanthatmoreinvestmentintechnologyautomaticallyprovesbeneficialsystemscanbecomeoutdatedoremployeesmaylackappropriatetraining.Therearemanycommunicationstoolsnowavailablebutafirmcannotaffordallofthem.Evenifitcoulditdoesnotactuallyneedthemall.Thepotentialgainsmustbeweighedupagainstthecostsandfirmsshouldrealisethatmorecommunicationdoesnotnecessarilymeanbettercommunication. Asthenumberofpeopleinvolvedinanorganisationincreasetheuseofwrittencommunicationrisesevenfaster.Insteadofaquickconversationtosortsomethingoutnumerousmessagescanbepassedbackwardsandforwards.Thiscanleadtoatremendousamountofpaperworkandisoftenlesseffectivethanfacetofacecommunication.Whenyouareactuallytalkingtosomeoneyoucandiscussthingsuntilyouarehappytheyhaveunderstoodandfeedbackisimmediate.Withwrittenmessageshoweveryouareneverquitesurehowitwillbereceived.Whatyouthinkyouhavesaidandwhattheotherpersonthinksyouhavesaidcanbeverydifferent. Theamountofwritteninformationgeneratedinlargeorganisationstodaycanleadtocommunicationoverload.Somuchinformationisgatheredthatitgetsinthe-wayofmakingdecisions.Takealookattheaveragemanager’sdeskandyouwillseetheproblem—itisoftencoveredinlettersreportsandmemos.Thisoverloadcanleadtoinefficiencies.Forexamplemanagersmaynotbeabletofindtheinformationtheywantwhentheyneedit.Communicationisalsobecomingmoredifficultwiththechangesoccurringinemploymentpatterns.Withmorepeopleworkingpart-timeandworkingfromhomemanagingcommunicationisbecomingincreasinglycomplex. Accordingtothewriterthebestwayofachievingeffectivecommunicationisto
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Themajorityofpeopleaboutnineoutoftenareright-handed.1untilrecentlypeoplewhowereleft-handedwereconsidered2andoncechildrenshowedthistendencytheywereforcedtousetheirrighthands.Todayleft-handednessisgenerally3butitisstilladisadvantageinaworld4mostpeopleareright-handed.Forexamplemosttoolsandimplementsarestill5forright-handedpeople. Insports6contrastdoingthingswiththelefthandorfoot.isoftenanadvantage.Throwingkickingpunchingorbattingfromthe"7"sidemayresultinthrowing8manyopponentswhoaremoreaccustomedtodealingwiththe9ofplayerswhoareright-handed.Thisiswhyinmany10ataprofessionallevela11proportionofplayersareleft-handedthaninthepopulationasawhole. Theword"right"inmanylanguagesmeans"correct"oris12withlawfulnesswhereasthewordsassociated13"left"suchas"sinister"generallyhave14associations.Moreoveramonganumberofprimitivepeoplesthereis15closeassociationbetweendeathandthelefthand. Inthepastin16westernsocietieschildrenwereoftenforcedtousetheirrighthandsespeciallytowritewith.Insomecasesthelefthandwas17behindthechild’sbacksothatitcouldnotbeused.Ifinthefuturetheyareallowedtochoose18willcertainlybemoreleft-handersandprobably19peoplewithminorpsychologicaldisturbancesasaresultofbeingforcedtousetheir20hand. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 44
Effectivecommunicationisessentialforallorganisations.ItlinkstheactivitiesofthevariouspartsoftheorganisationandensuresthateveryoneisworkingtowardsaCommongoal.Itisalsoextremelyimportantformotivatingemployees.Staffneedtoknowhowtheyaregettingonwhattheyaredoingrightandinwhichareastheycouldimprove.Workingalonecanbeextremelydifficultanditismucheasierifsomeonetakesaninterestandprovidessupport.Employeesneedtounderstandwhytheirjobisimportantandhowitcontributestotheoverallsuccessofthefirm.Personalcommunicationshouldalsoincludetargetsetting.Peopleusuallyrespondwelltogoalsprovidedtheseareagreedbetweenthemanagerandsubordinateandnotimposed. Howeverfirmsoftenhavecommunicationsproblemsthatcanunderminetheirperformance.Inmanycasestheseproblemsoccurbecausemessagesarepassedoninaninappropriateway.Thereareofcourseseveralwaysofconveyinginformationtoothersintheorganisation.Theseincludespeakingtothemdirectlye-mailingtelephoningorsendingamemo.Themostappropriatemethoddependsonwhatexactlyitisyouarecommunicating.Forexampleanythingthatisparticularlysensitiveorconfidentialsuchasanemployee’sappraisalshouldbedoneface-to-face. Oneofthemainproblemsforseniorexecutivesisthattheydonothavethetimeorresourcesneededtocommunicateeffectively.Inlargecompaniesforexampleitisimpossibleforseniormanagerstomeetanddiscussprogresswitheachemployeeindividually.Obviouslythistaskcanbedelegatedbutatthecostofcreatingagapbetweenseniormanagementandstaff.Asaresultmanagersareoftenforcedtouseothermethodsofcommunication.Likememosornoteseveniftheyknowthesearenotnecessarilythemostsuitablemeansofpassingonmessages. Theuseoftechnologysuchase-mailmobilephonesandnetworksystemisspeedingupcommunicationimmensely.Howeverthisdoesnotmeanthatmoreinvestmentintechnologyautomaticallyprovesbeneficialsystemscanbecomeoutdatedoremployeesmaylackappropriatetraining.Therearemanycommunicationstoolsnowavailablebutafirmcannotaffordallofthem.Evenifitcoulditdoesnotactuallyneedthemall.Thepotentialgainsmustbeweighedupagainstthecostsandfirmsshouldrealisethatmorecommunicationdoesnotnecessarilymeanbettercommunication. Asthenumberofpeopleinvolvedinanorganisationincreasetheuseofwrittencommunicationrisesevenfaster.Insteadofaquickconversationtosortsomethingoutnumerousmessagescanbepassedbackwardsandforwards.Thiscanleadtoatremendousamountofpaperworkandisoftenlesseffectivethanfacetofacecommunication.Whenyouareactuallytalkingtosomeoneyoucandiscussthingsuntilyouarehappytheyhaveunderstoodandfeedbackisimmediate.Withwrittenmessageshoweveryouareneverquitesurehowitwillbereceived.Whatyouthinkyouhavesaidandwhattheotherpersonthinksyouhavesaidcanbeverydifferent. Theamountofwritteninformationgeneratedinlargeorganisationstodaycanleadtocommunicationoverload.Somuchinformationisgatheredthatitgetsinthe-wayofmakingdecisions.Takealookattheaveragemanager’sdeskandyouwillseetheproblem—itisoftencoveredinlettersreportsandmemos.Thisoverloadcanleadtoinefficiencies.Forexamplemanagersmaynotbeabletofindtheinformationtheywantwhentheyneedit.Communicationisalsobecomingmoredifficultwiththechangesoccurringinemploymentpatterns.Withmorepeopleworkingpart-timeandworkingfromhomemanagingcommunicationisbecomingincreasinglycomplex. Whatadviceisgivenaboutthecommunicationtoolsmadeavailablebytechnology
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.
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