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Directions: You heard that one of your friends failed in the entrance examination of postgraduate W...
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Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 15
AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 45
Directions: Youwanttoapplyforthefollowingjob. WritealettertoMrMooredescribingyourpreviousexperienceandexplainingwhyyouwouldbesuitableforthejob. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.46Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy.Admittedlysubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions.47"Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofade.andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." Leadingquestionscanleadtomistakes.Ifwitnessesareaskedwhethertheoffenderhadabeardtheymayincorporateanimaginarybeardintotheirmemories.Subsequentquestioningcanreinforcetheerrorthroughrepetition. Itisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenprschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandnaturallyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage.48Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationthattheirfirstresponseisjudgedwrong. Anareaofresearchstillrelativelyunexplorediswhetheryoungchildrenhavedifficultiesdistinguishingbetweenrealandimaginedevents.Weconcludethatwhilechildrenareoftenseenasunreliablewitnessesresearchdoesnotbearthatout.49Thecodeprovidesalternativewaysforchildrentogiveevidencetoincreaseaccuracyandgivesjudgesguidanceonwhattotellajurytohelpassesstheevidenceofveryyoungchildren. Itisgenerallyagreedsomeadultswhoexperiencesexualabusemayrecallmemoriesoftheabuseafterforgettingit.Thereisnoresearchtoindicatetherecalledmemoriesaremoreorlessaccuratethanmemoriesavailableallalong.Webelieveitisimpossibletodistinguishatruefromafalsememoryanditisdangeroustouseconfidencevividnessanddetailasindicatingtruth.50Falsememoriescanbeinducedunderhypnosisandexperimentshaveindicateditispossiblealthoughdifficulttoimplantfalsememoriesofentireeventsbysuggestion. Hopefullyfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. 49Thecodeprovidesalternativewaysforchildrentogiveevidencetoincreaseaccuracyandgivesjudgesguidanceonwhattotellajurytohelpassesstheevidenceofveryyoungchildren.
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated1anongoingstruggleagainst2andindifferenceonthepartoftheAmericanmainstreamandastruggle3asanupwardmovementis4towardevermorejusticeandopportunity. Technologyinandof5isnotatfault;it’smuchtoosimpletosaythatgunpowderoragriculturalmachineryorfiberoptics6beentheenemyofan7groupofpeople.Acertainmachineisput8workinacertainway—thepurpose9whichitwasdesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthemachinesarenotintentonunleashingchaos;theyareusuallytryingto10ataskmorequicklycleanlyorcheaply11theimperativeofinnovationandefficiencythathasruledWesterncivilization12theRenaissance. Masteryoftechnologyissecondonly13moneyasthetruemeasureofaccomplishmentinthiscountryanditisverylikelythatby14thisunder-representationinthetechnologicalrealmandbynotquestioningandexaminingthefolkwaysthathave15itblacksareallowing.16tobekeptoutofthemainstreamonceagain.Thistimehowevertheywillbe17fromthegreatestcashengineofthetwenty-firstcentury.Inner-cityblacksinparticularareindangerandthebeautifulsuburbs18ringthedecayofHartfordshedthepastandlearntoexistwithoutcontemplatingorencounteringthetragedyoftheinnercity. Andblacksmustchangeaswell.Thewaysthat19theirancestorsthroughcaptivityandcomingtofreedomhavebeguntoloosetheirutility.Ifblacks20tosurviveasfullparticipantsinthissocietytheyhavetounderstandwhatworksnow. 1
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 17
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points. Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits. Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs. Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001. Thefactthatnewclaimsforjoblessbenefitsdecreasedshowsthat.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 3
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points. Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits. Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs. Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001. Inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthelevelreferstothelevelof
Euthanasiacanbeeitheractiveorpassive:46Activeeuthanasiameansthataphysicianorothermedicalpersonneltakeadeliberateactionthatwillinducedeathsuchasadministeringanoverdoseofmorphineinsulinorbarbituratesfollowedbyaninjectionofcurare.Passiveeuthanasiameanslettingapatientdieforlackoftreatmentorsuspendingtreatmentthathasbegun.Examplesofpassiveeuthanasiaincludetakingpatientoffarespiratorabreathingapparatusorremovingotherlife-supportsystems.Stoppingthefoodsupply--usuallyintravenousfeedingtocomatosepatients--hasalsobeenused. Agooddealofthecontroversyaboutmercykillingstemsfromthedecision-makingprocess.WhodecidesifapatientistodieThisissuehasnotbeenestablishedlegally.47IntheUnitedStatesthematterislefttostatelawwhichusuallyallowsthephysicianinchargetosuggesttheoptionofdeathtoapatient’srelativesespeciallyifthepatientisbrain-dead.Inanattempttomakedecisionsaboutwhentheirownlivesshouldendseveralterminallyiiipatientsintheearly1990susedacontroversialsuicidedevicedevelopedbyDr.JackKevorkiantoendtheirlives. InpartsofEuropethedecision-makingprocesshasbecomeveryflexible.48Evenincasesthatarenotterminalpatientshavebeenputtodeathwithouttheirconsentattherequestofrelativesorattheinsistenceofphysicians.Manycapesofinvoluntaryeuthanasiainvalveolderpeople.Newborninfantssufferingfromincurableconditionsarealsoroutinelyallowedtodie.Theprincipleunderlyingthispracticeisthatsuchindividualshaveaconceptthat"lifenotworthyoflife".ThisconceptwasdevisedinGermanyduringtheNaziregime1933-45whennumerouskillingsoftheagedmentallyiiihandicappedandotherswereauthorizedbythestate. Incountrieswhereinvoluntaryeuthanasiaisnot.legalthecourtsystemshaveprovedverylenientindealingwithmedicalpersonnelwhopracticeit.49Courtshavealsobeensomewhatlenientwithfriendsorrelativeswhohaveassistedterminallyiiipatientstodieorwhohaveinsomecaseskilledthemdirectly. Medicaladvancesinrecentdecadeshavemadeitpossibletokeepterminallyillpeoplealivefarbeyondanyhopeofrecoveryorimprovement.Forthisreasonthe"livingwill"hascomeintocommonuseintheUnitedStatesaspartoftheright-to-dieprinciple.50Moststatesnowlegallyallowthemakingofsuchwillsthatinstructhospitalsandphysicianstosuspendtreatmentinhopelesscasesortorefusefutilelife-supportmeasureswhenchancesofrecoveryarenonexistent. The20th-centuryeuthanasiamovementbeganinEnglandin1935withthefoundingoftheVoluntaryEuthanasiaLegislationSociety.IntheUnitedStatestheSocietyfortheRighttoDiewasfoundedin1938. 49Courtshavealsobeensomewhatlenientwithfriendsorrelativeswhohaveassistedterminallyiiipatientstodieorwhohaveinsomecaseskilledthemdirectly.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 1
Oneofthecomicalmomentsintheearlyhistoryofprintingoccurredin1631whentheEnglishprinterRobertBarkerproducedaneditionofthescriptureswhichbecameknownasthe"WickedBible."Thiseditioncontainedamisprintoftheseventhcommandmem.Onethousandcopieswereprintedandreadyforpublicationbeforesomeonenoticedthatthecommandmenthadbeenchangedto"Thoushaltcommitadultery."Nothingmuchcameofit.Theprinterwasfinedthecopiesdestroyedandthemoralfiberofthenationremainedintact. Butwhathappenswhentheverseatissueisnotmerelyaprinter’serrorbutanancientinterpolationintoanevenmoreancienttextSuchwasthecasewith1John5:7thebiblicalproof-textforthedoctrineoftheTrinity.ErasmusSirIsaacNewtonandJohnLockeamongotherschallengedthetext’sauthenticity.WhenErasmuslefttheverseoutofthefirsteditionofhismonumentalGreekNewTestament1516hewasroundlycriticizedforencouragingheresiesschismsandconflicts.Erasmus’scriticsknewthatapproachingtheBibleinascholarlyfashionwasdangerous:eventhemostpiousattemptsatrationalunderstandingofscripturecouldresultinskepticismoratheism.HowcanoneappraisetheBiblecriticallyandstillmaintainitsauthority. InhisengagingandverythoroughbookDavidKatzexploresthewaysthisquestionwasaddressedinEnglandfromtheReformationonward.AprofessoratTelAvivUniversityKatzistheauthorofTheJewsintheHistoryofEngland1485-1850andahostofbooksandarticlesonearly-modemskepticismandreligion.InGod’sLastWordsKatzmaintainsthateveryerarespondstotheBibledifferentlybasedonshiftingculturalassumptionsandheexaminesthe"lensthroughwhichtheBiblewasread"invarioushistoricalmoments.WhileReformationleadersacceptedthetransparencyoftheBible’smessagebythelate17thcenturythisviewcouldnolongerbemaintainedKatzstates.Duringthe18thcenturytheBiblecametoberegardedasjustanotherliterarytext--onewhichincreasinglyhadtoconformtocontemporarystandardsofrealism.AsDarwin’stheoriesbecamewidelyknown19th-centuryreadersappliedanevolutionarymodeltotheBibleandbeganmseeitastheproductofaprimitivementalityverydifferentfromtheirown.ThesenewwaysofreadingtheBibleseemedtodestroyitsauthoritycompletelyuntilthefundamentalistmovementreassertedtheoldProtestantbeliefintheBible’ssoleauthority. WhatisthemeaningofinterpolationLine2Para.2
Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. ThecontentsofpeoplecolumninTheNewYorkTimesinclude
AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 43
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 11
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points. Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits. Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs. Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001. Oneresultofthepresentbuddingeconomicrecoveryisthe
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 7
Euthanasiacanbeeitheractiveorpassive:46Activeeuthanasiameansthataphysicianorothermedicalpersonneltakeadeliberateactionthatwillinducedeathsuchasadministeringanoverdoseofmorphineinsulinorbarbituratesfollowedbyaninjectionofcurare.Passiveeuthanasiameanslettingapatientdieforlackoftreatmentorsuspendingtreatmentthathasbegun.Examplesofpassiveeuthanasiaincludetakingpatientoffarespiratorabreathingapparatusorremovingotherlife-supportsystems.Stoppingthefoodsupply--usuallyintravenousfeedingtocomatosepatients--hasalsobeenused. Agooddealofthecontroversyaboutmercykillingstemsfromthedecision-makingprocess.WhodecidesifapatientistodieThisissuehasnotbeenestablishedlegally.47IntheUnitedStatesthematterislefttostatelawwhichusuallyallowsthephysicianinchargetosuggesttheoptionofdeathtoapatient’srelativesespeciallyifthepatientisbrain-dead.Inanattempttomakedecisionsaboutwhentheirownlivesshouldendseveralterminallyiiipatientsintheearly1990susedacontroversialsuicidedevicedevelopedbyDr.JackKevorkiantoendtheirlives. InpartsofEuropethedecision-makingprocesshasbecomeveryflexible.48Evenincasesthatarenotterminalpatientshavebeenputtodeathwithouttheirconsentattherequestofrelativesorattheinsistenceofphysicians.Manycapesofinvoluntaryeuthanasiainvalveolderpeople.Newborninfantssufferingfromincurableconditionsarealsoroutinelyallowedtodie.Theprincipleunderlyingthispracticeisthatsuchindividualshaveaconceptthat"lifenotworthyoflife".ThisconceptwasdevisedinGermanyduringtheNaziregime1933-45whennumerouskillingsoftheagedmentallyiiihandicappedandotherswereauthorizedbythestate. Incountrieswhereinvoluntaryeuthanasiaisnot.legalthecourtsystemshaveprovedverylenientindealingwithmedicalpersonnelwhopracticeit.49Courtshavealsobeensomewhatlenientwithfriendsorrelativeswhohaveassistedterminallyiiipatientstodieorwhohaveinsomecaseskilledthemdirectly. Medicaladvancesinrecentdecadeshavemadeitpossibletokeepterminallyillpeoplealivefarbeyondanyhopeofrecoveryorimprovement.Forthisreasonthe"livingwill"hascomeintocommonuseintheUnitedStatesaspartoftheright-to-dieprinciple.50Moststatesnowlegallyallowthemakingofsuchwillsthatinstructhospitalsandphysicianstosuspendtreatmentinhopelesscasesortorefusefutilelife-supportmeasureswhenchancesofrecoveryarenonexistent. The20th-centuryeuthanasiamovementbeganinEnglandin1935withthefoundingoftheVoluntaryEuthanasiaLegislationSociety.IntheUnitedStatestheSocietyfortheRighttoDiewasfoundedin1938. 47IntheUnitedStatesthematterislefttostatelawwhichusuallyallowsthephysicianinchargetosuggesttheoptionofdeathtoapatient’srelativesespeciallyifthepatientisbrain-dead.
Oneofthecomicalmomentsintheearlyhistoryofprintingoccurredin1631whentheEnglishprinterRobertBarkerproducedaneditionofthescriptureswhichbecameknownasthe"WickedBible."Thiseditioncontainedamisprintoftheseventhcommandmem.Onethousandcopieswereprintedandreadyforpublicationbeforesomeonenoticedthatthecommandmenthadbeenchangedto"Thoushaltcommitadultery."Nothingmuchcameofit.Theprinterwasfinedthecopiesdestroyedandthemoralfiberofthenationremainedintact. Butwhathappenswhentheverseatissueisnotmerelyaprinter’serrorbutanancientinterpolationintoanevenmoreancienttextSuchwasthecasewith1John5:7thebiblicalproof-textforthedoctrineoftheTrinity.ErasmusSirIsaacNewtonandJohnLockeamongotherschallengedthetext’sauthenticity.WhenErasmuslefttheverseoutofthefirsteditionofhismonumentalGreekNewTestament1516hewasroundlycriticizedforencouragingheresiesschismsandconflicts.Erasmus’scriticsknewthatapproachingtheBibleinascholarlyfashionwasdangerous:eventhemostpiousattemptsatrationalunderstandingofscripturecouldresultinskepticismoratheism.HowcanoneappraisetheBiblecriticallyandstillmaintainitsauthority. InhisengagingandverythoroughbookDavidKatzexploresthewaysthisquestionwasaddressedinEnglandfromtheReformationonward.AprofessoratTelAvivUniversityKatzistheauthorofTheJewsintheHistoryofEngland1485-1850andahostofbooksandarticlesonearly-modemskepticismandreligion.InGod’sLastWordsKatzmaintainsthateveryerarespondstotheBibledifferentlybasedonshiftingculturalassumptionsandheexaminesthe"lensthroughwhichtheBiblewasread"invarioushistoricalmoments.WhileReformationleadersacceptedthetransparencyoftheBible’smessagebythelate17thcenturythisviewcouldnolongerbemaintainedKatzstates.Duringthe18thcenturytheBiblecametoberegardedasjustanotherliterarytext--onewhichincreasinglyhadtoconformtocontemporarystandardsofrealism.AsDarwin’stheoriesbecamewidelyknown19th-centuryreadersappliedanevolutionarymodeltotheBibleandbeganmseeitastheproductofaprimitivementalityverydifferentfromtheirown.ThesenewwaysofreadingtheBibleseemedtodestroyitsauthoritycompletelyuntilthefundamentalistmovementreassertedtheoldProtestantbeliefintheBible’ssoleauthority. Katz’sattitudetotheadaptationofBibleis
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 5
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 19
YasuhisaShizokiaSI-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable.Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocesshesaysbluntlywearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem.WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMr.Shizokihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMr.Koizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt.AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMr.Koizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamage-limitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed-throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowbroughtintooneofMr.Koizumi’sbestslogans:ChangetheLDPchangeJapan./ThediversionYasuhisaShizokienjoysismentionedinthetextto______.
Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. JudgingfromthecontextcafesocietyLine2Paragraph2refersto
YasuhisaShizokiaSI-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable.Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocesshesaysbluntlywearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem.WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMr.Shizokihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMr.Koizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt.AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMr.Koizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamage-limitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed-throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowbroughtintooneofMr.Koizumi’sbestslogans:ChangetheLDPchangeJapan./ThebasicproblemofJapaneseeconomyaspointedoutbythewriterliesin______.
Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.46Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy.Admittedlysubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions.47"Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofade.andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." Leadingquestionscanleadtomistakes.Ifwitnessesareaskedwhethertheoffenderhadabeardtheymayincorporateanimaginarybeardintotheirmemories.Subsequentquestioningcanreinforcetheerrorthroughrepetition. Itisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenprschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandnaturallyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage.48Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationthattheirfirstresponseisjudgedwrong. Anareaofresearchstillrelativelyunexplorediswhetheryoungchildrenhavedifficultiesdistinguishingbetweenrealandimaginedevents.Weconcludethatwhilechildrenareoftenseenasunreliablewitnessesresearchdoesnotbearthatout.49Thecodeprovidesalternativewaysforchildrentogiveevidencetoincreaseaccuracyandgivesjudgesguidanceonwhattotellajurytohelpassesstheevidenceofveryyoungchildren. Itisgenerallyagreedsomeadultswhoexperiencesexualabusemayrecallmemoriesoftheabuseafterforgettingit.Thereisnoresearchtoindicatetherecalledmemoriesaremoreorlessaccuratethanmemoriesavailableallalong.Webelieveitisimpossibletodistinguishatruefromafalsememoryanditisdangeroustouseconfidencevividnessanddetailasindicatingtruth.50Falsememoriescanbeinducedunderhypnosisandexperimentshaveindicateditispossiblealthoughdifficulttoimplantfalsememoriesofentireeventsbysuggestion. Hopefullyfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. 47Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofade.andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 9
AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 41
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2lostbythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposed7extinctionratesbandiedaboutareachievedbymultiplyingunknownsby8togetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sowhichpartsofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestry-inPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthighextinctionrates14theresiliencyofnature." Oneofthemaincausesofextinctionsis15AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroys16treesisnotcommercialloggingbut"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingaridbuntinga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsareinnodanger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.ForestsinEurope20from361millionto482millionacresbetween1950and1990. 13
Directions: Yougotaninvitationtotakepartinaparty.Writeadecliningletterwhichshouldinclude: 1thepurposeofwritingthisletter; 2thereasonsforyourabsence; 3yourgoodwishestotheparticipants. Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
YasuhisaShizokiaSI-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable.Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocesshesaysbluntlywearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem.WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMr.Shizokihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMr.Koizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt.AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMr.Koizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamage-limitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed-throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowbroughtintooneofMr.Koizumi’sbestslogans:ChangetheLDPchangeJapan./Itseemsthatthewriterisverycriticalof______.
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