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Text2 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelsebusstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforre-electioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissionco-operateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.TheplanearmarksmoneytowidenroadstohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckheadandtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. IneyesofthewriterthebestsolutiontothetrafficprobleminAtlantaseemstoliein
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreateavirtualorsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者.Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrenchsaidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.SatavasaysWeareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine./Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey______.
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 44
Text2 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelsebusstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforre-electioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissionco-operateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.TheplanearmarksmoneytowidenroadstohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckheadandtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. ItcanbelearntfromthetextthatGeorgia'sGovernorRoyBarnes
Directions: Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofchallenge.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge. Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 8
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 16
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreateavirtualorsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者.Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrenchsaidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.SatavasaysWeareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine./Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 10
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 42
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. WecanlearnfromthetextthatanewlawinPennsylvanian
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome
Text4 Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectionBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter---whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign--shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysilentwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidas-Salomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. BymentioningthedopingaffairintheTourdeFrancetheauthoristalkingabout
Text1 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones---willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdouble-dippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. ItisimpliedinthefirstsentencethatdoctorsinPhiladelphia
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.HereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatBiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKeytheloverofhiswife
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 20
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.HereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatBiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally'sperspectivesare
Text4 Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectionBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter---whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign--shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysilentwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidas-Salomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsportsscandalsare
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 2
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 18
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 4
Text4 Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm. BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectionBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster. Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying. Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter---whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign--shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysilentwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidas-Salomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectations"fortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing. Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:"I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent."StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue. Thewriter'sattitudetowardFIFAPresidentBlatterseemstobethatof
Text2 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelsebusstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforre-electioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissionco-operateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.TheplanearmarksmoneytowidenroadstohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckheadandtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. Whichofthefollowingisnotpartoftheanti-sprawlmovementasplannedbygovernorRoyBarnes
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence.Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.What’sthepoliceman’sbiggestheadache
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreateavirtualorsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者.Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrenchsaidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.SatavasaysWeareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine./AccordingtoRichardSatavatheapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine______.
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 6
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 12
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleavemorejobsformentheideahasbeen1bybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenare3intypesofworkwhichwere4formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake5forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild--bearingyearsactuallydelayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lower7poorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome8theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthese9familieswouldremaintheirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment"theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonths15andstayoffthejob16herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree--yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemore20thanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever. 14
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect
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