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Text 4 As thick-skinned elected officials go, FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter is right up ther...
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如图已知∠ADC＝∠EFC∠3＝∠C可推得∠1＝∠2．理由如下 解因为∠ADC＝∠EFC已知
﹣的倒数是﹣3的相反数是绝对值大于2而小于4的整数有．
废弃带来了白色污染它的危害是． 解决白色污染应该从以下几个方面着手 1 2 3 4．
推理填空如图EF∥AD∠1＝∠2∠BAC＝80°．求∠AGD． 解∵EF∥AD ∴∠2＝ ∵
=%==成=折．
如果有意义那么x的取值范围是．
上面计数器上的数位最高位是位左边的4表示4个中间的4表示4个右边的4表示4个．
12÷4=8==%．
计算 1- 2 3+-2 4|2-3|-|-3|
完成推理填空 如图在三角形ABC中已知∠2+∠3＝180°∠1＝∠A试说明∠CFD＝∠B． 解
把下面的分数化成分母是9而大小不变的分数． ．
+×4=1×4=4．判断对错
的算术平方根是．
如图已知AD∥BC∠3+∠4＝180°要证∠1＝∠2请完善证明过程并在括号内 填上相应依据 ∵
完成下面的证明 如图点E在直线DF上点B在直线AC上若∠AGB=∠EHF∠C=∠D． 求证∠A
请按要求写出化学符号或符号表示的意义． 12个氢分子 2铵根离子 3水中氢元素化合价为+1价
请用化学用语填空 1氩的元素符号． 2两个亚铁离子． 3标出碳酸钾中碳元素的化合价． 4地
﹣0.5的倒数是﹣的相反数是最小的正整数是．
的算术平方根是的算术平方根的平方根是．
当x=﹣4时的值是．
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Thecarrot-and-sticktheoryofmotivationlikeNewtonianphysicaltheoryworksreasonablywellundercertaincircumstances.46Themeansforsatisfyingmansphysiologicalandwithinlimitshissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement.Employmentitselfissuchameansandsoarewagesworkingconditionsandbenefits.Bythesemeanstheindividualcanbecontrolledsolongasheisstrugglingforsubsistence. Butthecarrot-and-sticktheorydoesnotworkatalloncemanhasreachedanadequatesubsistencelevelandismotivatedprimarilybyhigherneeds.Managementcannotprovideamanwithself-respectorwiththerespectofhisfellowsorwiththesatisfactionofneedsforself-fulfillment.47Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimselforitcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions. Butthiscreationofconditionsisnotcontrol.Itisnotagooddevicefordirectingbehavior. Andsomanagementfindsitselfinanoddposition.Thehighstandardoflivingcreatedbyourmoderntechnologicalknow-howprovidesquiteadequatelyforthesatisfactionofphysiologicalandsafetyneeds.Theonlysignificantexceptioniswheremanagementpracticeshavenotcreatedconfidenceina"fairbreak"andthuswheresafetyneedsarethwarted.48Butbymakingpossiblethesatisfactionoflow-levelneedsmanagementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotive.totsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely--rewardspromisesincentivestorthreatsandothercoercivedevices. 49Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol--regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft--is.inadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.Directionandcontrolareessentiallyuselessinmotivatingpeoplewhoseimportantneedsaresocialandegoistic.Boththehardandthesoftapproachfailtodaybecausetheyaresimplyirrelevanttothesituation. 50Peopledeprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothembehaveexactlyaswefightpredict--withindolencepassivityresistancetochangelackofresponsibilitywillingnesstofollowthedemagogueunreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits. Itwouldseemthatwearecaughtinawebofourownweaving. Butbymakingpossiblethesatisfactionoflow-levelneedsmanagementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotive.totsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely--rewardspromisesincentivestorthreatsandothercoercivedevices.
Text4 Admittedlyminoraccidentsandslipupscontinuetoshakepublicconfidenceinnuclearpower. Giventheunquantifiablerisksthatnuclearpowercarriesitisonlyrightthattheindustrybesubjectedtothetestofpublicopinionandduepoliticalprocess.Howeverthisarguesforexceptionalvigilanceregulatoryscrutinyandaccountability-andnotforbansorshutdowns. Thosenuclearoperatorswithagoodsafetyrecorddeservetohavetheirlicensesrenewedsothatexistingplantsmayruntotheendoftheirusefullives. TheBushadministrationsenthusiasticsupportgoesalotfurtherthanthishowever.Italsowantstoseenewplants.Proponentsofnewnuclearpowerstationsmakethreeargumentsintheirfavor. Theywillenhanceenergysecuritybylesseningdependenceonfossilfuels;Farfrombeingenvironmentallyharmfultheywillbebeneficialbecausetheywillreducetheoutputofgreenhousegases;Andmostcruciallytheeconomicsofnuclearpowerhasimprovedfromthedayswhenitwaswhollydependentonbailoutandsubsidy. Yettheseargumentsdonotstanduptoscrutiny.TheclaimthatgovernmentsshouldsupportnuclearpowertoreducetheirvulnerabilitytotheOPECoilcartelisdoublyabsurd.Littleoilisusedinpowergeneration:whatnuclearpowerdisplacesismostlynaturalgasandcoalwhicharenotonlymoreplentifulthanoilbutalsogeographicallybetterdistributed.Securityisenhancednotbyseekingenergyself-sufficiencybutthroughdiversificationofsupplies.Creatinglotsoffissilematerialthatmightbepinchedbyterroristsisanoddwaytolookforsecurityanyway.WhatabouttheargumentthatclimatechangemightbethegreatsaviorofnuclearpowerGlobalwarmingisindeedariskthatshouldbetakenmoreseriouslythantheBoshadministrationhassofardone. Nuclearplantsdonotproduceanycarbondioxidewhichistheprincipalgreenhousegas. Howeverrushinginresponsetobuilddozensofnewnuclearplantswouldbebothneedlesslyexpensiveandenvironmentallyunsound.Itwouldmakefarmoresensetoadoptacarbontaxwhichwouldputcleanenergysourcessuchassolarandwindonanequalfootingwithnuclearwhosewasteposesanundeniableifremoteenvironmentalthreatofitsownforaeonstocome. Governmentsshouldalsodismantleallsubsidiesonfossilfuels--especiallyforcoalthedirtiestofall.Theyshouldadoptreformsthatsendproperpricesignalstothosewhousepowerandsoreduceemissions.Globalwarmingcertainlyprovidesoneargumentinfavorofnuclearpower:Butitisnotsufficientonitsowntojustifyanuclearrenaissance. Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingmeasuresistheleasthelpfulinprotectingtheenvironment
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
41.ExtendsLanguageLearningTimeandPlace: Asmanyresearchershavenotede-mailextendswhatonecandointheclassroomsinceitprovidesavenueformeetingandcommunicatingintheforeignlanguageoutsideofclass.Becauseofthenatureofe-mailsFLlearnersdonothavetobeinaspecificclassroomataparticulartimeofdayinordertocommunicatewithothersintheforeignlanguage.Theycanloginandwritee-mailsfromthecomfortoftheirownroomfromapubliclibraryorfromacyber-cafeandthesespatialpossibilitiesincreasetheamountoftimetheycanspendbothcomposingandreadingintheforeignlanguageinacommunicativecontext. 42.ProvidesaContextforReal-worldCommunicationandAuthenticInteraction: ByconnectingFLspeakersoutsideoftheclassroome-mailalsoprovidesacontextforcommunicatingwithotherspeakersinauthenticcommunicativesituations.Interactionviae-maillendsafeelingofrealitytostudents’communicativeeffortsthatmayseemartificialinaclassroomsetting.Thiscommunicativeinteractionismuchlikespokenlanguagebecauseofitsinformalandinteractivenature.Yetunlikeface-to-facecommunicatione-mailisinwrittenformandthiscanservethelanguagelearnerwell. 43.ExpandsTopicsBeyondClassroom-basedOnes: Languageteachersoftenhavetofollowarigorousscheduleintermsofcontentand/orgrammaticaltopicstobepresentedandpracticedinasemesterormarkingperiod.Largechunksoftimecanrarelybesparedforfreecommunication. 44.PromotesStudent-centeredLanguageLearning: Ine-mailcommunicationFLlearnerscanexperienceincreasedcontrolovertheirownlearningsincetheycanchoosethetopicandchangethedirectionofthediscussion.TheendgoalistocommunicatewithanotherpersonintheFLratherthantoproduceamistake-freecomposition. 45.EncouragesEqualOpportunityParticipation: Beauvois1997reportedthatcomputer-mediatedcommunicationincreasedtotalclassparticipationto100%. ConnectsSpeakersQuicklyandCheaply E-mailallowsstudentstocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguagewithoutthehighcostoftravelingabroadHedderich1997;Roakes1998.BeforetheadventoftheInternetitwasnotpossibletocommunicatesoimmediatelyandsofrequentlywithnativespeakersorwithotherlearners. [A]Othershavenotedthatstudentsreticenttospeakinface-to-facecontextsaremorewillingtoparticipateintheelectroniccontextBeauvois1995;Gonzalez-Bueno1998;Warschauer1995. [B]Rankin1997notesthattheadditionalinteractionintheforeignlanguageprovidesFLlearnerswithmoreinputthantheywouldbeabletoexpectfromclasstimewhichtypicallyamountstonotmorethanfourhoursperweekinmosthighschoolorcollegesettings. [C]E-mailallowsforcommunicationbetweenstudentsinacontextwheretheteacher’sroleisnolongeratthecenterPatrikis1995. [D]E-mailgiveslearnersanadditionalcontextfordiscussionthatcanbe--butdoesnotnecessarilyhavetobelinkedtotopicsbeingcoveredinclass. [E]Frequentlyitisdifficultforstudentstoengageinanactivityinaforeignlanguageclasswithoutpreparationaheadoftime.Apre-classe-mailassignmentcantakecareofthegroundworkandsavevaluableclasstime.Examplesaregivenofwaysinwhichtheteachermightpreparestudentsforwritinglisteningandspeakingactivities. [F]AsSchwienkorst1998stressed"Themajoradvantageofwrittencommunicationis...thepossibilityforeachlearnertopreservetheentirecommunication..."andtohaveforfutureuse"anenormoussampleofhisorherowneffortsinthetargetlanguage." 44
Text3 Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Forcenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenfeasiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibersbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonworld’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabis大麻relatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherfroceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialproducing--producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproduceproducing;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Waydoagriculturaliststhinkthathempwouldbebetterforpaperproductionthantrees
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Text3 Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Forcenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenfeasiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibersbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonworld’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabis大麻relatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherfroceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialproducing--producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproduceproducing;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Whywastheplanthempessentialtoworldwidetradeinthepast
Text4 ChangesintheeconomyEurope’sreunificationandtechnologicalevolutionchallengeoureducationalsystem.Vocationaleducationwillbeparticularlytouched.Itwillbethennecessarytointerveneinthefieldofhighervocationaleducation.Theirlevelofeducationhastobequalitativelyredefinedandadaptedtocurrentdemands.Professionalswillhavenewchancesofpromotionthroughthesereforms.Atthispointvocationaleducationhastodefineitselfasbeingequaltohighschool-universitycourseswhilekeepingitsparticularities. Asfarasemploymentopportunitiesareconcerneditisassumedthatgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducationhavemoreorlessthesamechancestofindajobasuniversitygraduates.Insomeareastheformerwillprobablyevenfindemploymenteasierastheirpracticalworkexperienceisbyfarlargerthanuniversitystudents.Thesemaypossessamuchlargertheoreticalbackgroundastheystartworkingbutwouldinmostcasesneedmoretimetogetfamiliarwiththepracticalsideoftheirjob. Thoseamonghighervocationalschoolsthatsatisfytheprerequisiteforcoursesandresearch-developmentstudieswillbeupgradedtocollegesofhighereducation. Wearehappytoseethatourhighervocationalcollegesengineeringschoolforexamplehavealreadygoodcontactswitheconomicalcricles.Byputtingtogetherdifferentsubjectsandresearch-developmentfacilitiesintoadozenofcollegesofhighereducationwewillbeabletoguaranteequalityeducationandabetteruseofalreadyexistingtechnicalandfinancialmeans.Wethushavetogroupschoolstogethermostofwhicharebeingatpresentgeographicallyseparated. Vocationaleducationalsogivingthepossibilitytodeepenprofessionalknowledgethroughattractivecoursesmustofferarealalternativetogeneralcultureschools.Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomaaswellasthecollegesofhighereducationmustcontributetotheeducationofourfutureelite.Everyyoungsterwillthushavethepossibilitytobetterdevelophis/herownabilities. Whichofthefollowingcanbestconcludethemainideaofthepassage
41.ExtendsLanguageLearningTimeandPlace: Asmanyresearchershavenotede-mailextendswhatonecandointheclassroomsinceitprovidesavenueformeetingandcommunicatingintheforeignlanguageoutsideofclass.Becauseofthenatureofe-mailsFLlearnersdonothavetobeinaspecificclassroomataparticulartimeofdayinordertocommunicatewithothersintheforeignlanguage.Theycanloginandwritee-mailsfromthecomfortoftheirownroomfromapubliclibraryorfromacyber-cafeandthesespatialpossibilitiesincreasetheamountoftimetheycanspendbothcomposingandreadingintheforeignlanguageinacommunicativecontext. 42.ProvidesaContextforReal-worldCommunicationandAuthenticInteraction: ByconnectingFLspeakersoutsideoftheclassroome-mailalsoprovidesacontextforcommunicatingwithotherspeakersinauthenticcommunicativesituations.Interactionviae-maillendsafeelingofrealitytostudents’communicativeeffortsthatmayseemartificialinaclassroomsetting.Thiscommunicativeinteractionismuchlikespokenlanguagebecauseofitsinformalandinteractivenature.Yetunlikeface-to-facecommunicatione-mailisinwrittenformandthiscanservethelanguagelearnerwell. 43.ExpandsTopicsBeyondClassroom-basedOnes: Languageteachersoftenhavetofollowarigorousscheduleintermsofcontentand/orgrammaticaltopicstobepresentedandpracticedinasemesterormarkingperiod.Largechunksoftimecanrarelybesparedforfreecommunication. 44.PromotesStudent-centeredLanguageLearning: Ine-mailcommunicationFLlearnerscanexperienceincreasedcontrolovertheirownlearningsincetheycanchoosethetopicandchangethedirectionofthediscussion.TheendgoalistocommunicatewithanotherpersonintheFLratherthantoproduceamistake-freecomposition. 45.EncouragesEqualOpportunityParticipation: Beauvois1997reportedthatcomputer-mediatedcommunicationincreasedtotalclassparticipationto100%. ConnectsSpeakersQuicklyandCheaply E-mailallowsstudentstocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguagewithoutthehighcostoftravelingabroadHedderich1997;Roakes1998.BeforetheadventoftheInternetitwasnotpossibletocommunicatesoimmediatelyandsofrequentlywithnativespeakersorwithotherlearners. [A]Othershavenotedthatstudentsreticenttospeakinface-to-facecontextsaremorewillingtoparticipateintheelectroniccontextBeauvois1995;Gonzalez-Bueno1998;Warschauer1995. [B]Rankin1997notesthattheadditionalinteractionintheforeignlanguageprovidesFLlearnerswithmoreinputthantheywouldbeabletoexpectfromclasstimewhichtypicallyamountstonotmorethanfourhoursperweekinmosthighschoolorcollegesettings. [C]E-mailallowsforcommunicationbetweenstudentsinacontextwheretheteacher’sroleisnolongeratthecenterPatrikis1995. [D]E-mailgiveslearnersanadditionalcontextfordiscussionthatcanbe--butdoesnotnecessarilyhavetobelinkedtotopicsbeingcoveredinclass. [E]Frequentlyitisdifficultforstudentstoengageinanactivityinaforeignlanguageclasswithoutpreparationaheadoftime.Apre-classe-mailassignmentcantakecareofthegroundworkandsavevaluableclasstime.Examplesaregivenofwaysinwhichtheteachermightpreparestudentsforwritinglisteningandspeakingactivities. [F]AsSchwienkorst1998stressed"Themajoradvantageofwrittencommunicationis...thepossibilityforeachlearnertopreservetheentirecommunication..."andtohaveforfutureuse"anenormoussampleofhisorherowneffortsinthetargetlanguage." 42
Text1 Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthierhavebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecirclebeautycanbecomealiability. Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladderitisharmfultoawoman. Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattrativeones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck. Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestinglythoughtheriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.WhyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeableAnattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thusanattractivewomanmasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired. Thisistreeeveninpolitics."Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelookspeopletreatmenandwomendifferently"saysAnneBowmanwhorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographsoneofmenandoneofwomeninorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagainintheordertheywouldvoteforthem.Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemenbutthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes. ThewordliabilityParA．1mostprobablymeans.
Text4 Admittedlyminoraccidentsandslipupscontinuetoshakepublicconfidenceinnuclearpower. Giventheunquantifiablerisksthatnuclearpowercarriesitisonlyrightthattheindustrybesubjectedtothetestofpublicopinionandduepoliticalprocess.Howeverthisarguesforexceptionalvigilanceregulatoryscrutinyandaccountability-andnotforbansorshutdowns. Thosenuclearoperatorswithagoodsafetyrecorddeservetohavetheirlicensesrenewedsothatexistingplantsmayruntotheendoftheirusefullives. TheBushadministrationsenthusiasticsupportgoesalotfurtherthanthishowever.Italsowantstoseenewplants.Proponentsofnewnuclearpowerstationsmakethreeargumentsintheirfavor. Theywillenhanceenergysecuritybylesseningdependenceonfossilfuels;Farfrombeingenvironmentallyharmfultheywillbebeneficialbecausetheywillreducetheoutputofgreenhousegases;Andmostcruciallytheeconomicsofnuclearpowerhasimprovedfromthedayswhenitwaswhollydependentonbailoutandsubsidy. Yettheseargumentsdonotstanduptoscrutiny.TheclaimthatgovernmentsshouldsupportnuclearpowertoreducetheirvulnerabilitytotheOPECoilcartelisdoublyabsurd.Littleoilisusedinpowergeneration:whatnuclearpowerdisplacesismostlynaturalgasandcoalwhicharenotonlymoreplentifulthanoilbutalsogeographicallybetterdistributed.Securityisenhancednotbyseekingenergyself-sufficiencybutthroughdiversificationofsupplies.Creatinglotsoffissilematerialthatmightbepinchedbyterroristsisanoddwaytolookforsecurityanyway.WhatabouttheargumentthatclimatechangemightbethegreatsaviorofnuclearpowerGlobalwarmingisindeedariskthatshouldbetakenmoreseriouslythantheBoshadministrationhassofardone. Nuclearplantsdonotproduceanycarbondioxidewhichistheprincipalgreenhousegas. Howeverrushinginresponsetobuilddozensofnewnuclearplantswouldbebothneedlesslyexpensiveandenvironmentallyunsound.Itwouldmakefarmoresensetoadoptacarbontaxwhichwouldputcleanenergysourcessuchassolarandwindonanequalfootingwithnuclearwhosewasteposesanundeniableifremoteenvironmentalthreatofitsownforaeonstocome. Governmentsshouldalsodismantleallsubsidiesonfossilfuels--especiallyforcoalthedirtiestofall.Theyshouldadoptreformsthatsendproperpricesignalstothosewhousepowerandsoreduceemissions.Globalwarmingcertainlyprovidesoneargumentinfavorofnuclearpower:Butitisnotsufficientonitsowntojustifyanuclearrenaissance. Accordingtotheauthorenergysecuritycanonlybeachievedby
Thecarrot-and-sticktheoryofmotivationlikeNewtonianphysicaltheoryworksreasonablywellundercertaincircumstances.46Themeansforsatisfyingmansphysiologicalandwithinlimitshissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement.Employmentitselfissuchameansandsoarewagesworkingconditionsandbenefits.Bythesemeanstheindividualcanbecontrolledsolongasheisstrugglingforsubsistence. Butthecarrot-and-sticktheorydoesnotworkatalloncemanhasreachedanadequatesubsistencelevelandismotivatedprimarilybyhigherneeds.Managementcannotprovideamanwithself-respectorwiththerespectofhisfellowsorwiththesatisfactionofneedsforself-fulfillment.47Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimselforitcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions. Butthiscreationofconditionsisnotcontrol.Itisnotagooddevicefordirectingbehavior. Andsomanagementfindsitselfinanoddposition.Thehighstandardoflivingcreatedbyourmoderntechnologicalknow-howprovidesquiteadequatelyforthesatisfactionofphysiologicalandsafetyneeds.Theonlysignificantexceptioniswheremanagementpracticeshavenotcreatedconfidenceina"fairbreak"andthuswheresafetyneedsarethwarted.48Butbymakingpossiblethesatisfactionoflow-levelneedsmanagementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotive.totsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely--rewardspromisesincentivestorthreatsandothercoercivedevices. 49Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol--regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft--is.inadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.Directionandcontrolareessentiallyuselessinmotivatingpeoplewhoseimportantneedsaresocialandegoistic.Boththehardandthesoftapproachfailtodaybecausetheyaresimplyirrelevanttothesituation. 50Peopledeprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothembehaveexactlyaswefightpredict--withindolencepassivityresistancetochangelackofresponsibilitywillingnesstofollowthedemagogueunreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits. Itwouldseemthatwearecaughtinawebofourownweaving. Peopledeprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothembehaveexactlyaswefightpredict--withindolencepassivityresistancetochangelackofresponsibilitywillingnesstofollowthedemagogueunreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits.
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Text2 TheU.S.governmenthasrecentlyhelpedpeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofearthquakesbypublishingamap.Thismapshowsthechancesofanearthquakeineachpartofthecountry.Theareasofthemapwhereearthquakesaremostlikelytooccurarecalledearthquake"belts"wheregovernmentisspendingagreatdealofmoneyandisworkinghardtohelpdiscovertheanswertothesetwoquestions; 1.Canwepredictearthquakes 2.Canwecontrolearthquakes Toanswerthefirstquestionscientistsarelookingverycloselyatthemostactivefault断层systemsinthecountrysuchastheSanAndreasfaultinCalifornia.Afaultisa.breakbetweentwosectionsoftheearth’ssurface.Thesebreaks.betweensectionsaretheplaceswhereearthquakesoccur.Scientistslookatthefaultsforchangeswhichmightshowthatanearthquakewasabouttooccur.Butitwillprobablybemanyyearsbeforewecanpredictearthquakesaccurately.Andthecontrol’ofearthquakesisevenfartheraway. Neverthelesstherehavebeensomeinterestingdevelopmentsinthefieldofcontrollingearthquakes.ThemostinterestingdevelopmentconcernstheRockyMountainArsenalearthquakes.Herewaterwasputintoalayerofrocks4000metersbelowthesurfaceoftheground.Shortlyafterthisinjectionofwatertherewereasmallnumberofearthquakes.Scientists.havedecidedthatthewaterwhichwasinjectedintotherocksworkedlikeoiloneachother.Whenthewater"oiled"thefaultthefaultbecameslipperyandtheenergyofanearthquakewasreleased.Scientistsarestillexperimentingatthesiteoftheseearthquakes.Theyhaverealizedthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheinjectionofthewaterandtheearthquakeactivity.Theyhavesuggestedthatitmightbepossibletousethisknowledgetopreventverybigdestructiveearthquakesthatisscientistscouldinjectsomekindoffluid-likewaterintofaultsandchangeonebigearthquakeintoanumberofsmallharmlessearthquakes. TheSanAndreasfaultis
Text4 ChangesintheeconomyEurope’sreunificationandtechnologicalevolutionchallengeoureducationalsystem.Vocationaleducationwillbeparticularlytouched.Itwillbethennecessarytointerveneinthefieldofhighervocationaleducation.Theirlevelofeducationhastobequalitativelyredefinedandadaptedtocurrentdemands.Professionalswillhavenewchancesofpromotionthroughthesereforms.Atthispointvocationaleducationhastodefineitselfasbeingequaltohighschool-universitycourseswhilekeepingitsparticularities. Asfarasemploymentopportunitiesareconcerneditisassumedthatgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducationhavemoreorlessthesamechancestofindajobasuniversitygraduates.Insomeareastheformerwillprobablyevenfindemploymenteasierastheirpracticalworkexperienceisbyfarlargerthanuniversitystudents.Thesemaypossessamuchlargertheoreticalbackgroundastheystartworkingbutwouldinmostcasesneedmoretimetogetfamiliarwiththepracticalsideoftheirjob. Thoseamonghighervocationalschoolsthatsatisfytheprerequisiteforcoursesandresearch-developmentstudieswillbeupgradedtocollegesofhighereducation. Wearehappytoseethatourhighervocationalcollegesengineeringschoolforexamplehavealreadygoodcontactswitheconomicalcricles.Byputtingtogetherdifferentsubjectsandresearch-developmentfacilitiesintoadozenofcollegesofhighereducationwewillbeabletoguaranteequalityeducationandabetteruseofalreadyexistingtechnicalandfinancialmeans.Wethushavetogroupschoolstogethermostofwhicharebeingatpresentgeographicallyseparated. Vocationaleducationalsogivingthepossibilitytodeepenprofessionalknowledgethroughattractivecoursesmustofferarealalternativetogeneralcultureschools.Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomaaswellasthecollegesofhighereducationmustcontributetotheeducationofourfutureelite.Everyyoungsterwillthushavethepossibilitytobetterdevelophis/herownabilities. Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomais
Text2 TheU.S.governmenthasrecentlyhelpedpeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofearthquakesbypublishingamap.Thismapshowsthechancesofanearthquakeineachpartofthecountry.Theareasofthemapwhereearthquakesaremostlikelytooccurarecalledearthquake"belts"wheregovernmentisspendingagreatdealofmoneyandisworkinghardtohelpdiscovertheanswertothesetwoquestions; 1.Canwepredictearthquakes 2.Canwecontrolearthquakes Toanswerthefirstquestionscientistsarelookingverycloselyatthemostactivefault断层systemsinthecountrysuchastheSanAndreasfaultinCalifornia.Afaultisa.breakbetweentwosectionsoftheearth’ssurface.Thesebreaks.betweensectionsaretheplaceswhereearthquakesoccur.Scientistslookatthefaultsforchangeswhichmightshowthatanearthquakewasabouttooccur.Butitwillprobablybemanyyearsbeforewecanpredictearthquakesaccurately.Andthecontrol’ofearthquakesisevenfartheraway. Neverthelesstherehavebeensomeinterestingdevelopmentsinthefieldofcontrollingearthquakes.ThemostinterestingdevelopmentconcernstheRockyMountainArsenalearthquakes.Herewaterwasputintoalayerofrocks4000metersbelowthesurfaceoftheground.Shortlyafterthisinjectionofwatertherewereasmallnumberofearthquakes.Scientists.havedecidedthatthewaterwhichwasinjectedintotherocksworkedlikeoiloneachother.Whenthewater"oiled"thefaultthefaultbecameslipperyandtheenergyofanearthquakewasreleased.Scientistsarestillexperimentingatthesiteoftheseearthquakes.Theyhaverealizedthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheinjectionofthewaterandtheearthquakeactivity.Theyhavesuggestedthatitmightbepossibletousethisknowledgetopreventverybigdestructiveearthquakesthatisscientistscouldinjectsomekindoffluid-likewaterintofaultsandchangeonebigearthquakeintoanumberofsmallharmlessearthquakes. WhatdidscientistslearnaboutearthquakesattheRockyMountainArsenal
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 42
Text4 ChangesintheeconomyEurope’sreunificationandtechnologicalevolutionchallengeoureducationalsystem.Vocationaleducationwillbeparticularlytouched.Itwillbethennecessarytointerveneinthefieldofhighervocationaleducation.Theirlevelofeducationhastobequalitativelyredefinedandadaptedtocurrentdemands.Professionalswillhavenewchancesofpromotionthroughthesereforms.Atthispointvocationaleducationhastodefineitselfasbeingequaltohighschool-universitycourseswhilekeepingitsparticularities. Asfarasemploymentopportunitiesareconcerneditisassumedthatgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducationhavemoreorlessthesamechancestofindajobasuniversitygraduates.Insomeareastheformerwillprobablyevenfindemploymenteasierastheirpracticalworkexperienceisbyfarlargerthanuniversitystudents.Thesemaypossessamuchlargertheoreticalbackgroundastheystartworkingbutwouldinmostcasesneedmoretimetogetfamiliarwiththepracticalsideoftheirjob. Thoseamonghighervocationalschoolsthatsatisfytheprerequisiteforcoursesandresearch-developmentstudieswillbeupgradedtocollegesofhighereducation. Wearehappytoseethatourhighervocationalcollegesengineeringschoolforexamplehavealreadygoodcontactswitheconomicalcricles.Byputtingtogetherdifferentsubjectsandresearch-developmentfacilitiesintoadozenofcollegesofhighereducationwewillbeabletoguaranteequalityeducationandabetteruseofalreadyexistingtechnicalandfinancialmeans.Wethushavetogroupschoolstogethermostofwhicharebeingatpresentgeographicallyseparated. Vocationaleducationalsogivingthepossibilitytodeepenprofessionalknowledgethroughattractivecoursesmustofferarealalternativetogeneralcultureschools.Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomaaswellasthecollegesofhighereducationmustcontributetotheeducationofourfutureelite.Everyyoungsterwillthushavethepossibilitytobetterdevelophis/herownabilities. Accordingtotheauthorgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducation
Text1 Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthierhavebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecirclebeautycanbecomealiability. Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladderitisharmfultoawoman. Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattrativeones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck. Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestinglythoughtheriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.WhyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeableAnattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thusanattractivewomanmasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired. Thisistreeeveninpolitics."Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelookspeopletreatmenandwomendifferently"saysAnneBowmanwhorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographsoneofmenandoneofwomeninorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagainintheordertheywouldvoteforthem.Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemenbutthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes. Intraditionallyfemalejobsattractiveness
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text4 Admittedlyminoraccidentsandslipupscontinuetoshakepublicconfidenceinnuclearpower. Giventheunquantifiablerisksthatnuclearpowercarriesitisonlyrightthattheindustrybesubjectedtothetestofpublicopinionandduepoliticalprocess.Howeverthisarguesforexceptionalvigilanceregulatoryscrutinyandaccountability-andnotforbansorshutdowns. Thosenuclearoperatorswithagoodsafetyrecorddeservetohavetheirlicensesrenewedsothatexistingplantsmayruntotheendoftheirusefullives. TheBushadministrationsenthusiasticsupportgoesalotfurtherthanthishowever.Italsowantstoseenewplants.Proponentsofnewnuclearpowerstationsmakethreeargumentsintheirfavor. Theywillenhanceenergysecuritybylesseningdependenceonfossilfuels;Farfrombeingenvironmentallyharmfultheywillbebeneficialbecausetheywillreducetheoutputofgreenhousegases;Andmostcruciallytheeconomicsofnuclearpowerhasimprovedfromthedayswhenitwaswhollydependentonbailoutandsubsidy. Yettheseargumentsdonotstanduptoscrutiny.TheclaimthatgovernmentsshouldsupportnuclearpowertoreducetheirvulnerabilitytotheOPECoilcartelisdoublyabsurd.Littleoilisusedinpowergeneration:whatnuclearpowerdisplacesismostlynaturalgasandcoalwhicharenotonlymoreplentifulthanoilbutalsogeographicallybetterdistributed.Securityisenhancednotbyseekingenergyself-sufficiencybutthroughdiversificationofsupplies.Creatinglotsoffissilematerialthatmightbepinchedbyterroristsisanoddwaytolookforsecurityanyway.WhatabouttheargumentthatclimatechangemightbethegreatsaviorofnuclearpowerGlobalwarmingisindeedariskthatshouldbetakenmoreseriouslythantheBoshadministrationhassofardone. Nuclearplantsdonotproduceanycarbondioxidewhichistheprincipalgreenhousegas. Howeverrushinginresponsetobuilddozensofnewnuclearplantswouldbebothneedlesslyexpensiveandenvironmentallyunsound.Itwouldmakefarmoresensetoadoptacarbontaxwhichwouldputcleanenergysourcessuchassolarandwindonanequalfootingwithnuclearwhosewasteposesanundeniableifremoteenvironmentalthreatofitsownforaeonstocome. Governmentsshouldalsodismantleallsubsidiesonfossilfuels--especiallyforcoalthedirtiestofall.Theyshouldadoptreformsthatsendproperpricesignalstothosewhousepowerandsoreduceemissions.Globalwarmingcertainlyprovidesoneargumentinfavorofnuclearpower:Butitisnotsufficientonitsowntojustifyanuclearrenaissance. ThemostimportantreasonwilytheBushadministrationsupportmorenewnuclearpowerplantsisthat
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Thecarrot-and-sticktheoryofmotivationlikeNewtonianphysicaltheoryworksreasonablywellundercertaincircumstances.46Themeansforsatisfyingmansphysiologicalandwithinlimitshissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement.Employmentitselfissuchameansandsoarewagesworkingconditionsandbenefits.Bythesemeanstheindividualcanbecontrolledsolongasheisstrugglingforsubsistence. Butthecarrot-and-sticktheorydoesnotworkatalloncemanhasreachedanadequatesubsistencelevelandismotivatedprimarilybyhigherneeds.Managementcannotprovideamanwithself-respectorwiththerespectofhisfellowsorwiththesatisfactionofneedsforself-fulfillment.47Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimselforitcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions. Butthiscreationofconditionsisnotcontrol.Itisnotagooddevicefordirectingbehavior. Andsomanagementfindsitselfinanoddposition.Thehighstandardoflivingcreatedbyourmoderntechnologicalknow-howprovidesquiteadequatelyforthesatisfactionofphysiologicalandsafetyneeds.Theonlysignificantexceptioniswheremanagementpracticeshavenotcreatedconfidenceina"fairbreak"andthuswheresafetyneedsarethwarted.48Butbymakingpossiblethesatisfactionoflow-levelneedsmanagementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotive.totsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely--rewardspromisesincentivestorthreatsandothercoercivedevices. 49Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol--regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft--is.inadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.Directionandcontrolareessentiallyuselessinmotivatingpeoplewhoseimportantneedsaresocialandegoistic.Boththehardandthesoftapproachfailtodaybecausetheyaresimplyirrelevanttothesituation. 50Peopledeprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothembehaveexactlyaswefightpredict--withindolencepassivityresistancetochangelackofresponsibilitywillingnesstofollowthedemagogueunreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits. Itwouldseemthatwearecaughtinawebofourownweaving. Themeansforsatisfyingmansphysiologicalandwithinlimitshissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement
Text2 TheU.S.governmenthasrecentlyhelpedpeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofearthquakesbypublishingamap.Thismapshowsthechancesofanearthquakeineachpartofthecountry.Theareasofthemapwhereearthquakesaremostlikelytooccurarecalledearthquake"belts"wheregovernmentisspendingagreatdealofmoneyandisworkinghardtohelpdiscovertheanswertothesetwoquestions; 1.Canwepredictearthquakes 2.Canwecontrolearthquakes Toanswerthefirstquestionscientistsarelookingverycloselyatthemostactivefault断层systemsinthecountrysuchastheSanAndreasfaultinCalifornia.Afaultisa.breakbetweentwosectionsoftheearth’ssurface.Thesebreaks.betweensectionsaretheplaceswhereearthquakesoccur.Scientistslookatthefaultsforchangeswhichmightshowthatanearthquakewasabouttooccur.Butitwillprobablybemanyyearsbeforewecanpredictearthquakesaccurately.Andthecontrol’ofearthquakesisevenfartheraway. Neverthelesstherehavebeensomeinterestingdevelopmentsinthefieldofcontrollingearthquakes.ThemostinterestingdevelopmentconcernstheRockyMountainArsenalearthquakes.Herewaterwasputintoalayerofrocks4000metersbelowthesurfaceoftheground.Shortlyafterthisinjectionofwatertherewereasmallnumberofearthquakes.Scientists.havedecidedthatthewaterwhichwasinjectedintotherocksworkedlikeoiloneachother.Whenthewater"oiled"thefaultthefaultbecameslipperyandtheenergyofanearthquakewasreleased.Scientistsarestillexperimentingatthesiteoftheseearthquakes.Theyhaverealizedthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheinjectionofthewaterandtheearthquakeactivity.Theyhavesuggestedthatitmightbepossibletousethisknowledgetopreventverybigdestructiveearthquakesthatisscientistscouldinjectsomekindoffluid-likewaterintofaultsandchangeonebigearthquakeintoanumberofsmallharmlessearthquakes. WhatcanbesaidabouttheexperimentsatRockyMountainArsenal
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
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