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Thenotionthatwemightneednuclearenergytostaveoffglobalwarmingmakesmewanttolaughandcryatthesametime.Itisaself-fulfillingprophecythatbeganwhenRonaldReagantookofficein1981andpromptlyremovedJimmyCarter’ssolarpanelsfromtheWhiteHouseroof.46Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashedalternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutofbusiness. 47AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushisdoingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoilwhichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropofprofitfromfossilfuels.ThewarinIraqandotherforeignpolicyactionstodaycontinuewiththataim. Andnuclearisnotunlikeoilinthatitisaverycentralizedindustrycontrolledbyafewcompanies.Itwillenrichthefewandfurtherhamperprogressforrenewables.48Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantstofloatallboatsnotjustyachtswhilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.Thatnuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentweareinbecauseofourpastsins.Ifundertakenatallitshouldonlybeabridgea"necessaryevil"toafuturepoweredinsteadbymanyformsofsafecleanenergysources. Muchishappeningnowinthatregardspurredbyouralmostsuddenacceptancethatglobalwarmingisreal.Seattlewantstoharnessoceanpowerandprovideelectricityfor60000homes.SimilarprojectsareplannedfromAlaskatoNewYork.49Windpowerhasquadrupledsince2000andthoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergriditispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentinMarylandTexasMassachusettsNewYorkandelsewhere.Hydrogen-andelectric-poweredcarsarealsolikelytocomeonlinemorequicklythanweimaginedevenfiveyearsago. Nuclearhasfartoomanyproblemsnottheleastofwhichisitswastewhichwillonlybecomeabiggerproblemifitsuseproliferates.Thewastestaysradioactiveforthousandsofyearsandhastobeburiedunderground.50Evenifplansfordoingthatareeverrealizeddeadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountrythroughcommunitiessubjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalargeaccidentrisk.Industryproponentsclaimthatnuclearissafertodaythaneverbeforebutevenasmallmalfunctionorleakcouldhavedevastatingeffects.AndevenifChernobyl-stylemeltdownsarenotlikelynuclearfacilitiesstillemitlow-levelradiationapotentiallyseriouspublichealthconcern. 49Windpowerhasquadrupledsince2000andthoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergriditispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentinMarylandTexasMassachusettsNewYorkandelsewhere.
Weusedtothinkthattheleftbraincontrolledyourthinkingandthattherightbraincontrolledyourheart.Butneuroscientistshavelearnedthatit’salotmorecomplicated. In2007aninfluentialpaperinthejournalBehavioralandBrainFunctionsfoundthatwhilemostofusprocessemotionsthroughtherighthemisphereofthebrainabout35%ofpeople—especiallyvictimsoftrauma—processtheirhurtandangerthroughtheirleftbrainwherelogicandlanguagesit.Thatmaybebecausetheyhadworkedsohardtoexplainlogicallywhytheyweresuffering.Butpushingemotionsthroughtheleftbraintaxedit:thesepeopleperformedsignificantlyworseonmemorytests. Nowanewpaper—outintheSeptemberissueofTheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease—furthercomplicatesthepicturewithasurprisingfinding:whetheryouareright-handedleft-handedorambidextrouswhichtheauthorscallratherdelightfully"inconsistentlyhanded"seemstobeanimportantclueinunderstandinghowyouuseyourbraintoprocessemotions. It’sbeenknownforsometimethatleftiesandtheambidextrousaremorepronetonegativeemotions.Thenewstudyshowsthattheyalsohaveagreaterimbalanceinactivitybetweentheleftandrightbrainswhentheyprocessemotions.Ofcourseyoucan’tbesurewhichcomesfirst:maybeangrypeoplearemoreoutofbalanceormaybetheinabilitytofindequilibriummakesyouangry.Asfortheleft-handed:maybethey’remoreangrybecausetheworldisdesignedfortheright-handedmajority. Thestudyalsousedaninterestingmethodtofindthatangrypeopleareliterallyhot-headed:theauthorsofthepaper—ledbyRuthPropperapsychologyprofessoratMerrimackCollegeinMassachusetts-measuredbrain-hemisphereactivationwitharelativelyoldmethodcalledtympanicmembranetemperaturewhichisessentiallyhowhotitisinyourinnerear.Ifyougetangryalotyourheadtendstobewarmer. Oneproblemisthatthestudywassmall—just55undergraduatesparticipatedtheywerepaid$20eachforhavingtoendureear-temperaturetestsandpsychologicalquestioning.AlsoTheJournalofNervousandMentalDiseasewhilepeer-reviewedisoneofless-respectedpsychologyjournals.StillIlikethestudyjustbecauseitexplainsthatwhenyougethotunderthecollaryouareactuallyhotunderthecollar. ThewordequilibriumParagraph4mostprobablymeans.
HaveyoueverconsideredwhatmakesagoodbossgoodTheanswertothatquestionisadmittedlymercurialasoneperson’sviewofatopnotchemployerwilldifferfromsomebodyelse’s.Howeverthereareanumberoftraitsattitudesandabilitiesthatarecommontoallgoodbosses.Moreovertheneedforsolidleadershipskillsisespeciallytellingwithsmallerbusinesses. "Beingagoodbossisimportantinanyorganizationbutit’sparticularlyimportantforsmallbusiness"saysRobSheehandirectorofexecutiveeducationattheJamesMacGregorBurnsAcademyofLeadershipattheUniversityofMaryland."Withsmallerbusinessesyoureallyhavetheopportunitytosetthetonefortheentirecompany." Bearinginmindtheimportanceofgoodleadershiptobusinessconsiderthefollowinglineupofskillsstrategiesandattributes: 41 Withasmalleroperationit’sessentialthateveryonefeelslikeanequalandinvolvedpartoftheteam.Agoodemployeriscertaintotreateachemployeefairlynotonlyintermsofsalaryandotherformsofcompensationbutalsoinhowthatemployeeisinvolvedinthedailyfunctionofthebusiness.Encouragefeedbackinnovationandcreativitysoemployeesfeelgenuinelyengaged. "Youneedtocreateanenvironmentofintegritytrustandrespecttomakeabsolutelycertainthateveryoneistreatedfairlyregardlessofthedifferencestheymayhave"saysSheehan. 42 Veryfewbusinessesoperateoutofsheeraltruismbutthat’snottosaythatturningaprofitistheprimaryphilosophicalandpracticalfocus.Ratheraneffectivebossestablishesagenuinebusinessmission.Howthattakesshapedependsbothonthebusinessandontheoverridingfocusthebosswantstoset. Forinstancearestaurantownermaypushspeedylunchtimeserviceasawayofservingthetime-strappedbusinesscommunity.Bycontrastamedicalsupplyoutfitmayemphasizehowitsproductsimprovecustomers’health.Notonlycanaclearmissionresponsibilityservetomotivateemployeesitcanalsoinfuseasenseofimportanceintheirjobs. 43 Manyofushavehadbosseswhowouldberightathomewithaknifenexttotheirdeskcalendars.Makeonemistakeonthejobandfeeltreetoslipyourheadrightinbeneaththeblade.Converselyaneffectivebossencourageshisorheremployeesnottobegun-shyaboutanoccasionalchaosalongtheroadtowardbetterjobperformance. "Thisrequiresamentalitythatencourageslearningratherthanbeingafraidofmakingamistake.Trysomethingnewanddifferentbutknowwe’renotgoingtokilleachotherifthingsdon’tworkout"saysSheehan."IwasaswimmerincollegeandIswamfastwhenIimaginedasharkwasafterme.IswamjustasfastwhenIimaginedIwasintheOlympics.It’saquestionofwhatyouwanttofocuson." 44 Don’tforgetthatthepeoplewhoworkforyouarelookingtoyoutohelpthemnavigateandadvancetheircareers.AsIsaidit’snotallaboutmoney.Butitisallaboutmakingyouremployeesseehowtoimproveandcreatemeaningfulcareersforthemselves. Ifanemployeehasagoalofbecomingamanagerorrunninghisorherownbusinesssomedaynurturethatgoal.Tellthemthetraitstheyneedtoworkontoachievetheirultimateplans. 45 Onefinalaspectofbeingagoodbossisrecognizingthatmuchofwhatgoesintobeinganeffectivereaderisinfactlearnedbehavior.Ofcoursetherealwayshavebeenandwillbebosseswhoseemtohaveaflawlesstouchinleadingandmotivating.Butforeverynaturaltherearejustasmanytop-flightbosseswhogotthatwaybyattendingmanagementclassesandseminarsreadingbooksoneffectiveleadershipandjustasimportantunderstandingthatagoodemployernaturallyattractsfirst-rateemployees. "Peoplecandefinitelydevelopgoodleadershipcapabilities"saysSheehan."Toacertaindegreeweallhaveinnatetraitsthatmakeusgoodbosses.Allyoureallyhavetodoisworktodevelopthosetraitstotheirutmost." A.Goodemployergoodemployees. B.Beinclusive. C.Madenotnecessarilyborn. D.Nothingtofearbutfearitself. E.Missionnotjustmoney. F.Thefocusthebosswantstoset. G.It’stheircareerstoo. 43
Thenotionthatwemightneednuclearenergytostaveoffglobalwarmingmakesmewanttolaughandcryatthesametime.Itisaself-fulfillingprophecythatbeganwhenRonaldReagantookofficein1981andpromptlyremovedJimmyCarter’ssolarpanelsfromtheWhiteHouseroof.46Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashedalternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutofbusiness. 47AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushisdoingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoilwhichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropofprofitfromfossilfuels.ThewarinIraqandotherforeignpolicyactionstodaycontinuewiththataim. Andnuclearisnotunlikeoilinthatitisaverycentralizedindustrycontrolledbyafewcompanies.Itwillenrichthefewandfurtherhamperprogressforrenewables.48Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantstofloatallboatsnotjustyachtswhilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.Thatnuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentweareinbecauseofourpastsins.Ifundertakenatallitshouldonlybeabridgea"necessaryevil"toafuturepoweredinsteadbymanyformsofsafecleanenergysources. Muchishappeningnowinthatregardspurredbyouralmostsuddenacceptancethatglobalwarmingisreal.Seattlewantstoharnessoceanpowerandprovideelectricityfor60000homes.SimilarprojectsareplannedfromAlaskatoNewYork.49Windpowerhasquadrupledsince2000andthoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergriditispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentinMarylandTexasMassachusettsNewYorkandelsewhere.Hydrogen-andelectric-poweredcarsarealsolikelytocomeonlinemorequicklythanweimaginedevenfiveyearsago. Nuclearhasfartoomanyproblemsnottheleastofwhichisitswastewhichwillonlybecomeabiggerproblemifitsuseproliferates.Thewastestaysradioactiveforthousandsofyearsandhastobeburiedunderground.50Evenifplansfordoingthatareeverrealizeddeadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountrythroughcommunitiessubjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalargeaccidentrisk.Industryproponentsclaimthatnuclearissafertodaythaneverbeforebutevenasmallmalfunctionorleakcouldhavedevastatingeffects.AndevenifChernobyl-stylemeltdownsarenotlikelynuclearfacilitiesstillemitlow-levelradiationapotentiallyseriouspublichealthconcern. 47AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushisdoingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoilwhichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropofprofitfromfossilfuels.
Itmightseemoddtothinkofpre-kindergartentoddlersasstudentsinneedofteachersbutthelatestresearchsuggeststhatsomeformofinstructionmayhelpchildrentobetterprepareforschool. NinaChienapostdoctoralresearcherinpediatricsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofoundthatchildrenwhowerelefttoengageinfreeplayinpre-kindergartencentersshowedtheleastimprovementinreadingandmathskillsafteroneyearcomparedwiththechildrenwhobenefitedfromsomeformofteacherinstruction.Thefreeplaygroupswereprovidedwitheducationaltoysdesignedtostimulatetheircreativeandcognitiveprocessesbuttheystilllearneduptotwofeweralphabetlettersandthreefewernumbersthanthosewhoworkedwithteachers.Overallwhenthechildrenreachedkindergartentheirteachersratedthemupto96%loweronlanguageandliteracyskillscomparedtotheirclassmates. Chienbasedherstudyon701state-fundedpre-kindergartenprogramsin11stateswassurprisedbythefindingssincemorethan50%ofchildrenwereenrolledinfree-playbasedcentersanindicationoftheirpopularity."It’sverypopulartogivekidsricheducationalmaterialsletthemchosewhichonestheywanttoplaywithandletthemplay"shesays."Itwassurprisingthatthisverypopularmodelturnedoutnottobethatbeneficial." Thechildrenwhoshowedthemostgainsovertheyearintermsoflearningthealphabetandnumbersaswellasachievingbasicreadingandmathskillswerethosewhohadmoreindividualinteractionwithteachers.Someteacher-basedprogramsemphasizedgroupinstructionwhileothersinvolvedmoreone-on-oneguidanceinwhichteacherswouldencouragestudentstothinkmorebroadlyorcreatively.Ifachilddrewasunforexampleaninstructormightaskhowhecoulddepictthebrightnessofsunandguidethechildtocomingupwithawaytodrawthesun’srays.Suchencouragementknownasscaffoldingresultedinthemostacademicgainsamongthechildren. BasedonherfindingsChienbelievesthatthereisstillaroleforfreeplayasthechildrenintheseprogramsexhibitedgreatercreativityovertheyear.Shealsonotesthatthestudyinvolvedpublicprogramsinwhichmanyofthestudentscamefromlowerincomehouseholds.Previousstudieshaveshownthatsuchchildrenbenefitmorefromindividualizedins/ructionsincetheymaynotbereceivingmuchguidanceorsupportathome.Butoverallshesaysgreaterteacherinteractioncombinedwithfreeplaymightenhancechildren’slearningabilityandbetterpreparethemforschool.Giventhedwindlingresourcesinpubliceducationhoweverthatmaybeharderandhardertoachieve. TheworddwindlingLine6Paragraph5mostprobablymeans.
GeorgeBernardShawoncewrote:Thereisnolovesincererthantheloveoffood.Thatlovehaslimitshowever.Inthinyearsdinersvaluetheirwalletsovertheirpalates.VisitstoposhrestaurantsinAmericadeclinedby15%betweenMay2008andMaythisyearaccordingtotheNPDGrouparesearchfirm.Fast-foodrestaurantsontheotherhandsawtrafficdeclineonly2%.Tolureeatersbackmanyfinerestaurantshavedonewhatluxurybrandshatetodo:haveacut-pricesale.SomeofferdiscountstothosewhodineatunpopulartimessuchasearlyintheeveningoronSunday.RestaurantWeekatwice-yearlytraditioninNewYorkCitywhererestaurantsofferdiscountedprix-fixedmenusatlunchanddinnerwasextendedbysixweeksthissummer.Thismayhelp.The21ClubafancyjointinManhattanusuallyseesitsbusinessincreasebyaround25%～40%duringRestaurantWeeksaysBryanMcGuireitsgeneralmanager.ManyrestaurantshavealsoturnedtotheInternet.GiltandRueLaLatwopopularonlineshoppingsitesthatofferheavydiscountsondesignerclothinghavestartedtopeddlemealsatfancyrestaurantstoo.Giltforexamplerecentlysoldafour-coursemealattheTribecaGrillarestaurantownedbyRobertDeNiroanactorfor$16036%off.Shoppingsitesliketheseattractimage-consciousrestaurantsbecauseonlythesite’smemberscanseethattherestauranthasstartedtoofferleanerprices.AnotherwebsiteGrouponhasgainedpopularityamongrestaurantsasawaytobringinnewcustomers.Thecompanyoffersadailydiscountineachofthe140AmericanandEuropeancitieswhereitoperates.Some40%ofitspromotionsareforrestaurants.Thedealscanbegenerous:someoffer$50-worthoffoodandwinefor$25.Thedealonlygoesintoeffecthoweverifenoughpeoplebuyit.SopeopleprodtheirFacebookfriendstojointhefeedingfrenzy.Thistypeofcollectivebuyinghascaughton.Sincethefirmstartedin2008ithasbrokeredthesaleofmorethan8.8mgrouponsandsavedcustomersaround$375m.LaCondesaarestaurantinAustinhassold3000groupons.ItbringsalotofpeopleintotherestaurantwhowouldneverhavecomeinsaysJesseHermananexecutive.Tastyofferingsaboundonline.OpenTableawebsiteallowspeopletobookatablewithouthavingtopleadwithasnootyhostess.Italsomakesiteasierforrestaurantstotrackcustomers.SeamlessWeballowspeopleinAmericaandBritaintosearchonlinefornearbyeateriesandordertheirfooddelivered.Evenswankyrestaurantshavestartedtotakepartbettingthatsomepeoplemightwanttoeathautecuisinewithoutdressingfortheoccasion.ButSeamlessWebtakesacutofrestaurants’salesforbringingthembusinesssorestaurantshavetodecidewhether’it’sbettertostayhungryforcustomersorsharepartoftheirmealwithsomeoneelse.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 17
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 9
AsyoucrestariseonMississippi’sHighway63justnorthofPascagoulaandtheGulfcoastthevistaunfolds.Acalmbrownwaterwayflowsbeneaththebridgeinterlacedwithpalm-treedfingersofland;achaosofwatertowerscranesandderricksisrevealedinthedistance.Thenearviewgivestheregionitscharm;thedistantonesustainsit.Theoilindustryandshipbuildingboththrivealongthecoast.41 SignalInternationalamarine-fabricationfirmbroughtaround500weldersandpipefittersfromIndia—mostofthemfromthesouthernstateofKeralamanyofwhomhadlabouredinvariousArabGulfstates—toworkinitsshipyardsinPascagoulaandOrangeTexas.TheworkersallegethattheypaidexorbitantsumstorecruitersinIndiaupto$20000whopromisedthemgreencards.Butoncetheyarrivedtheywereharassedintimidatedandkeptincrampedandisolatedconditions.42 43TheyliketheIndianswerebroughttoAmericaonH-2Bvisasgivenfortemporaryemploymentinnon-agriculturalfields. LikemuchofAmerica’sricketyimmigrationsystemtheH-2Bprogrammedrawsscornfromallsides.Companiesinsuchindustriesasforestryandfisheriesdependheavilyonguestworkers.Butsince1990theH-2Bhasbeencappedatapaltry66000ayear.Evenwithexemptionsforworkerswhoextendtheirvisasthatcaphasbeenhiteveryyearbutone.In2008Americancompaniesrequestednearly294000H-2Bs.UnionsfortheirpartfretthatguestworkerstakejobsfromwillingAmericansaswellasdrivingdownwagesandbenefits.Andimmigrant-rightsadvocatespointtothepotentialforabuseinherentintheprogramme.44Theirvisasaretiedtotheirjobswhichdeterscomplaint. MaryBauerthelegaldirectoroftheSouthernPovertyLawCentreacivil-rightsprogrammethathasrepresentednumerousH-2BplaintiffsincludingtheIndianworkerssuingSignalsaysthattemporaryworkersappealtoemployersbecause"theycannotworkforanybodyelse.Theyhavetoacceptanytermsimposedonthem.Theyhavetoborrowasubstantialamountofmoneytogethereandalmostanythingaskedofthemtheyfeelobligatedtotolerateanddo." Thingsmaybegettingbetter.InFebruarySuperiorForestryServicewhichprovidestheforestindustrywithimmigrantworkersagreedtoa$2.75msettlementinasuitbroughtby2200workerswhoclaimedtheywereshort-changedonwagesthecompanydeniesmalfeasance.45Itwon’tmakeeveryonehappybutatleastitshouldmakesomepeopleabitlessunhappy. A.AlthoughtemporaryagriculturalworkersareguaranteedhousingtravelexpensesfirmhoursofworkandaccesstolawyersH-2Bvisa-holdersarepromisedonlyprevailinglocalwages. B.TheyarenowsuingbothSignalandtherecruiterswhoarealsobeingsuedbySignal—whichclaimsthattheymisledthecompanyaswellastheworkers. C.FurthermoreforAmericancorporationsthemoreworkersfromoverseastheypossessthemorebenefitstheyget. D.Butthepopulationhaswaneddisplacedbyhurricanessocompaniesmustlookelsewherefortheirworkers.Theresultsarenotalwayshappyones. E.Howeverlessworkersareneededinsomecorporationssuchasforestryandfisheriesthathaveenoughstafffromimmigrants. F.AndinDecember2009BernieSandersasenatorfromVermontintroducedabillthatwouldprovideguestworkerswithtravelexpensesandaccesstolawyersregulateforeignrecruitersandpreventcompaniesthathavemassivelylaidofflocalstafffromhiringimmigrants. G.JustwestofPascagoulainGulfportagroupofBrazilianweldersandpipefittershavemadesimilarallegationsagainstanothermarine-fabricationfirm. 41
HaveyoueverconsideredwhatmakesagoodbossgoodTheanswertothatquestionisadmittedlymercurialasoneperson’sviewofatopnotchemployerwilldifferfromsomebodyelse’s.Howeverthereareanumberoftraitsattitudesandabilitiesthatarecommontoallgoodbosses.Moreovertheneedforsolidleadershipskillsisespeciallytellingwithsmallerbusinesses. "Beingagoodbossisimportantinanyorganizationbutit’sparticularlyimportantforsmallbusiness"saysRobSheehandirectorofexecutiveeducationattheJamesMacGregorBurnsAcademyofLeadershipattheUniversityofMaryland."Withsmallerbusinessesyoureallyhavetheopportunitytosetthetonefortheentirecompany." Bearinginmindtheimportanceofgoodleadershiptobusinessconsiderthefollowinglineupofskillsstrategiesandattributes: 41 Withasmalleroperationit’sessentialthateveryonefeelslikeanequalandinvolvedpartoftheteam.Agoodemployeriscertaintotreateachemployeefairlynotonlyintermsofsalaryandotherformsofcompensationbutalsoinhowthatemployeeisinvolvedinthedailyfunctionofthebusiness.Encouragefeedbackinnovationandcreativitysoemployeesfeelgenuinelyengaged. "Youneedtocreateanenvironmentofintegritytrustandrespecttomakeabsolutelycertainthateveryoneistreatedfairlyregardlessofthedifferencestheymayhave"saysSheehan. 42 Veryfewbusinessesoperateoutofsheeraltruismbutthat’snottosaythatturningaprofitistheprimaryphilosophicalandpracticalfocus.Ratheraneffectivebossestablishesagenuinebusinessmission.Howthattakesshapedependsbothonthebusinessandontheoverridingfocusthebosswantstoset. Forinstancearestaurantownermaypushspeedylunchtimeserviceasawayofservingthetime-strappedbusinesscommunity.Bycontrastamedicalsupplyoutfitmayemphasizehowitsproductsimprovecustomers’health.Notonlycanaclearmissionresponsibilityservetomotivateemployeesitcanalsoinfuseasenseofimportanceintheirjobs. 43 Manyofushavehadbosseswhowouldberightathomewithaknifenexttotheirdeskcalendars.Makeonemistakeonthejobandfeeltreetoslipyourheadrightinbeneaththeblade.Converselyaneffectivebossencourageshisorheremployeesnottobegun-shyaboutanoccasionalchaosalongtheroadtowardbetterjobperformance. "Thisrequiresamentalitythatencourageslearningratherthanbeingafraidofmakingamistake.Trysomethingnewanddifferentbutknowwe’renotgoingtokilleachotherifthingsdon’tworkout"saysSheehan."IwasaswimmerincollegeandIswamfastwhenIimaginedasharkwasafterme.IswamjustasfastwhenIimaginedIwasintheOlympics.It’saquestionofwhatyouwanttofocuson." 44 Don’tforgetthatthepeoplewhoworkforyouarelookingtoyoutohelpthemnavigateandadvancetheircareers.AsIsaidit’snotallaboutmoney.Butitisallaboutmakingyouremployeesseehowtoimproveandcreatemeaningfulcareersforthemselves. Ifanemployeehasagoalofbecomingamanagerorrunninghisorherownbusinesssomedaynurturethatgoal.Tellthemthetraitstheyneedtoworkontoachievetheirultimateplans. 45 Onefinalaspectofbeingagoodbossisrecognizingthatmuchofwhatgoesintobeinganeffectivereaderisinfactlearnedbehavior.Ofcoursetherealwayshavebeenandwillbebosseswhoseemtohaveaflawlesstouchinleadingandmotivating.Butforeverynaturaltherearejustasmanytop-flightbosseswhogotthatwaybyattendingmanagementclassesandseminarsreadingbooksoneffectiveleadershipandjustasimportantunderstandingthatagoodemployernaturallyattractsfirst-rateemployees. "Peoplecandefinitelydevelopgoodleadershipcapabilities"saysSheehan."Toacertaindegreeweallhaveinnatetraitsthatmakeusgoodbosses.Allyoureallyhavetodoisworktodevelopthosetraitstotheirutmost." A.Goodemployergoodemployees. B.Beinclusive. C.Madenotnecessarilyborn. D.Nothingtofearbutfearitself. E.Missionnotjustmoney. F.Thefocusthebosswantstoset. G.It’stheircareerstoo. 41
Menaregenerallybetterthanwomenontestsofspatialabilitysuchasmentallyrotatinganobjectthroughthreedimensionsorfindingtheirwayaroundinanewenvironment.Butanewstudysuggeststhatundersomecircumstancesawoman’swayofnavigatingisprobablymoreefficient.LuisPacheco-CobosoftheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexicoandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthisbyfollowingmushroomgatherersfromavillageinthestateofTlaxcalafortworainyseasons.TworesearcherseachfittedwithGPSnavigationdevicesandheart-ratemonitorsfolloweddifferentgatherersondifferentdays.Theyrecordedtheweightofthemushroomseachgatherercollectedandwheretheyvisited.TheGPSdataallowedamaptobemadeoftheroutestakenandtheheart-ratemeasurementsprovidedanestimateoftheamountofenergyexpendedduringtheirtravels.TheresultstobepublishedinEvolutionandHumanBehaviorshowthatthemenandwomencollectedonaverageaboutthesameweightofmushrooms.Butthementravelledfartherclimbedhigherandusedalotmoreenergy—70%moretitanthewomen.Themendidnotmoveanyfasterbuttheysearchedforspotswithlotsofmushrooms.Thewomenmademanymorestopsapparentlysatisfiedwithorperhapsbelieratfindingpatchesoffewermushrooms.Previousworkhasshownthatmentendtonavigatebycreatingmentalmapsofaterritoryandthenimaginingtheirpositiononthemaps.Womenaremorelikelytoremembertheirmutesusinglandmarks.Thestudylendssupporttotheideathatmaleandfemalenavigationalskillswerehoneddifferentlybyevolutionfordifferenttasks.Modern-dayhunter-gatherersdividelaborsothatmentendtodomorehuntingandwomenmoregathering.Itseemslikelythatearlyhumansdidmuchthesamething.Thetheoryisthatthemalestrategyisthemostusefulforhuntingprey;chasinganantelopesaywouldmeanrunningalongwayoverawindingmute.Buthavingkilledhispreythehunterwouldwanttomakeabeelineforhomeratherthanretracehisstepsexactly.Womenbycontrastwouldbebetteroffrememberinglandmarksandretracingthepathstothemostproductivepatchesofplants.Theresearchsuggeststhatincertaincircumstanceswomenarebetteratnavigatingthanmenwhichmightlendsomecomforttoamandesperatelysearchingforaniteminasupermarketwhilehisexasperatedwifemethodicallymovesaroundtheaislesfillingtheshoppingtrolley.Heissimplynotcutoutforthejobevolutionarilyspeaking.WhatcanwelearnfromLuis’sresearch
Menaregenerallybetterthanwomenontestsofspatialabilitysuchasmentallyrotatinganobjectthroughthreedimensionsorfindingtheirwayaroundinanewenvironment.Butanewstudysuggeststhatundersomecircumstancesawoman’swayofnavigatingisprobablymoreefficient. LuisPacheco-CobosoftheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexicoandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthisbyfollowingmushroomgatherersfromavillageinthestateofTlaxcalafortworainyseasons.TworesearcherseachfittedwithGPSnavigationdevicesandheart-ratemonitorsfolloweddifferentgatherersondifferentdays.Theyrecordedtheweightofthemushroomseachgatherercollectedandwheretheyvisited.TheGPSdataallowedamaptobemadeoftheroutestakenandtheheart-ratemeasurementsprovidedanestimateoftheamountofenergyexpendedduringtheirtravels. TheresultstobepublishedinEvolutionandHumanBehaviorshowthatthemenandwomencollectedonaverageaboutthesameweightofmushrooms.Butthementravelledfartherclimbedhigherandusedalotmoreenergy—70%moretitanthewomen.Themendidnotmoveanyfasterbuttheysearchedforspotswithlotsofmushrooms.Thewomenmademanymorestopsapparentlysatisfiedwithorperhapsbelieratfindingpatchesoffewermushrooms. Previousworkhasshownthatmentendtonavigatebycreatingmentalmapsofaterritoryandthenimaginingtheirpositiononthemaps.Womenaremorelikelytoremembertheirmutesusinglandmarks.Thestudylendssupporttotheideathatmaleandfemalenavigationalskillswerehoneddifferentlybyevolutionfordifferenttasks.Modern-dayhunter-gatherersdividelaborsothatmentendtodomorehuntingandwomenmoregathering.Itseemslikelythatearlyhumansdidmuchthesamething. Thetheoryisthatthemalestrategyisthemostusefulforhuntingprey;chasinganantelopesaywouldmeanrunningalongwayoverawindingmute.Buthavingkilledhispreythehunterwouldwanttomakeabeelineforhomeratherthanretracehisstepsexactly.Womenbycontrastwouldbebetteroffrememberinglandmarksandretracingthepathstothemostproductivepatchesofplants. Theresearchsuggeststhatincertaincircumstanceswomenarebetteratnavigatingthanmenwhichmightlendsomecomforttoamandesperatelysearchingforaniteminasupermarketwhilehisexasperatedwifemethodicallymovesaroundtheaislesfillingtheshoppingtrolley.Heissimplynotcutoutforthejobevolutionarilyspeaking. What’sthemeaningofthewordbeelineinParagraph5
Weusedtothinkthattheleftbraincontrolledyourthinkingandthattherightbraincontrolledyourheart.Butneuroscientistshavelearnedthatit’salotmorecomplicated. In2007aninfluentialpaperinthejournalBehavioralandBrainFunctionsfoundthatwhilemostofusprocessemotionsthroughtherighthemisphereofthebrainabout35%ofpeople—especiallyvictimsoftrauma—processtheirhurtandangerthroughtheirleftbrainwherelogicandlanguagesit.Thatmaybebecausetheyhadworkedsohardtoexplainlogicallywhytheyweresuffering.Butpushingemotionsthroughtheleftbraintaxedit:thesepeopleperformedsignificantlyworseonmemorytests. Nowanewpaper—outintheSeptemberissueofTheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease—furthercomplicatesthepicturewithasurprisingfinding:whetheryouareright-handedleft-handedorambidextrouswhichtheauthorscallratherdelightfully"inconsistentlyhanded"seemstobeanimportantclueinunderstandinghowyouuseyourbraintoprocessemotions. It’sbeenknownforsometimethatleftiesandtheambidextrousaremorepronetonegativeemotions.Thenewstudyshowsthattheyalsohaveagreaterimbalanceinactivitybetweentheleftandrightbrainswhentheyprocessemotions.Ofcourseyoucan’tbesurewhichcomesfirst:maybeangrypeoplearemoreoutofbalanceormaybetheinabilitytofindequilibriummakesyouangry.Asfortheleft-handed:maybethey’remoreangrybecausetheworldisdesignedfortheright-handedmajority. Thestudyalsousedaninterestingmethodtofindthatangrypeopleareliterallyhot-headed:theauthorsofthepaper—ledbyRuthPropperapsychologyprofessoratMerrimackCollegeinMassachusetts-measuredbrain-hemisphereactivationwitharelativelyoldmethodcalledtympanicmembranetemperaturewhichisessentiallyhowhotitisinyourinnerear.Ifyougetangryalotyourheadtendstobewarmer. Oneproblemisthatthestudywassmall—just55undergraduatesparticipatedtheywerepaid$20eachforhavingtoendureear-temperaturetestsandpsychologicalquestioning.AlsoTheJournalofNervousandMentalDiseasewhilepeer-reviewedisoneofless-respectedpsychologyjournals.StillIlikethestudyjustbecauseitexplainsthatwhenyougethotunderthecollaryouareactuallyhotunderthecollar. Inordertounderstandhowweuseourbraintoprocessemotionswecangetcluefrom.
Itmightseemoddtothinkofpre-kindergartentoddlersasstudentsinneedofteachersbutthelatestresearchsuggeststhatsomeformofinstructionmayhelpchildrentobetterprepareforschool.NinaChienapostdoctoralresearcherinpediatricsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofoundthatchildrenwhowerelefttoengageinfreeplayinpre-kindergartencentersshowedtheleastimprovementinreadingandmathskillsafteroneyearcomparedwiththechildrenwhobenefitedfromsomeformofteacherinstruction.Thefreeplaygroupswereprovidedwitheducationaltoysdesignedtostimulatetheircreativeandcognitiveprocessesbuttheystilllearneduptotwofeweralphabetlettersandthreefewernumbersthanthosewhoworkedwithteachers.Overallwhenthechildrenreachedkindergartentheirteachersratedthemupto96%loweronlanguageandliteracyskillscomparedtotheirclassmates.Chienbasedherstudyon701state-fundedpre-kindergartenprogramsin11stateswassurprisedbythefindingssincemorethan50%ofchildrenwereenrolledinfree-playbasedcentersanindicationoftheirpopularity.It’sverypopulartogivekidsricheducationalmaterialsletthemchosewhichonestheywanttoplaywithandletthemplayshesays.Itwassurprisingthatthisverypopularmodelturnedoutnottobethatbeneficial.Thechildrenwhoshowedthemostgainsovertheyearintermsoflearningthealphabetandnumbersaswellasachievingbasicreadingandmathskillswerethosewhohadmoreindividualinteractionwithteachers.Someteacher-basedprogramsemphasizedgroupinstructionwhileothersinvolvedmoreone-on-oneguidanceinwhichteacherswouldencouragestudentstothinkmorebroadlyorcreatively.Ifachilddrewasunforexampleaninstructormightaskhowhecoulddepictthebrightnessofsunandguidethechildtocomingupwithawaytodrawthesun’srays.Suchencouragementknownasscaffoldingresultedinthemostacademicgainsamongthechildren.BasedonherfindingsChienbelievesthatthereisstillaroleforfreeplayasthechildrenintheseprogramsexhibitedgreatercreativityovertheyear.Shealsonotesthatthestudyinvolvedpublicprogramsinwhichmanyofthestudentscamefromlowerincomehouseholds.Previousstudieshaveshownthatsuchchildrenbenefitmorefromindividualizedins/ructionsincetheymaynotbereceivingmuchguidanceorsupportathome.Butoverallshesaysgreaterteacherinteractioncombinedwithfreeplaymightenhancechildren’slearningabilityandbetterpreparethemforschool.Giventhedwindlingresourcesinpubliceducationhoweverthatmaybeharderandhardertoachieve.Theexampleofdrawingasunbyachildisusedtoshow______.
GeorgeBernardShawoncewrote:Thereisnolovesincererthantheloveoffood.Thatlovehaslimitshowever.Inthinyearsdinersvaluetheirwalletsovertheirpalates.VisitstoposhrestaurantsinAmericadeclinedby15%betweenMay2008andMaythisyearaccordingtotheNPDGrouparesearchfirm.Fast-foodrestaurantsontheotherhandsawtrafficdeclineonly2%.Tolureeatersbackmanyfinerestaurantshavedonewhatluxurybrandshatetodo:haveacut-pricesale.SomeofferdiscountstothosewhodineatunpopulartimessuchasearlyintheeveningoronSunday.RestaurantWeekatwice-yearlytraditioninNewYorkCitywhererestaurantsofferdiscountedprix-fixedmenusatlunchanddinnerwasextendedbysixweeksthissummer.Thismayhelp.The21ClubafancyjointinManhattanusuallyseesitsbusinessincreasebyaround25%～40%duringRestaurantWeeksaysBryanMcGuireitsgeneralmanager.ManyrestaurantshavealsoturnedtotheInternet.GiltandRueLaLatwopopularonlineshoppingsitesthatofferheavydiscountsondesignerclothinghavestartedtopeddlemealsatfancyrestaurantstoo.Giltforexamplerecentlysoldafour-coursemealattheTribecaGrillarestaurantownedbyRobertDeNiroanactorfor$16036%off.Shoppingsitesliketheseattractimage-consciousrestaurantsbecauseonlythesite’smemberscanseethattherestauranthasstartedtoofferleanerprices.AnotherwebsiteGrouponhasgainedpopularityamongrestaurantsasawaytobringinnewcustomers.Thecompanyoffersadailydiscountineachofthe140AmericanandEuropeancitieswhereitoperates.Some40%ofitspromotionsareforrestaurants.Thedealscanbegenerous:someoffer$50-worthoffoodandwinefor$25.Thedealonlygoesintoeffecthoweverifenoughpeoplebuyit.SopeopleprodtheirFacebookfriendstojointhefeedingfrenzy.Thistypeofcollectivebuyinghascaughton.Sincethefirmstartedin2008ithasbrokeredthesaleofmorethan8.8mgrouponsandsavedcustomersaround$375m.LaCondesaarestaurantinAustinhassold3000groupons.ItbringsalotofpeopleintotherestaurantwhowouldneverhavecomeinsaysJesseHermananexecutive.Tastyofferingsaboundonline.OpenTableawebsiteallowspeopletobookatablewithouthavingtopleadwithasnootyhostess.Italsomakesiteasierforrestaurantstotrackcustomers.SeamlessWeballowspeopleinAmericaandBritaintosearchonlinefornearbyeateriesandordertheirfooddelivered.Evenswankyrestaurantshavestartedtotakepartbettingthatsomepeoplemightwanttoeathautecuisinewithoutdressingfortheoccasion.ButSeamlessWebtakesacutofrestaurants’salesforbringingthembusinesssorestaurantshavetodecidewhether’it’sbettertostayhungryforcustomersorsharepartoftheirmealwithsomeoneelse.WhatcanwelearnfromJesseHerman’swords
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebrisofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtoolsdroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunctRussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk.TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives—andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedasouterspace.Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway—severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly—butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprinciple.ThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches:Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph170OOmphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit.AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kg71bandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10cmby10cm.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection.AccordingtoParagraph3whichoneisNOTthefunctionofthesolarsail
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebrisofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtoolsdroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunctRussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk.TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives—andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedasouterspace.Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway—severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly—butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprinciple.ThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches:Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph170OOmphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit.AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kg71bandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10cmby10cm.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthormentionedthecollisionbetweensatellites______.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 11
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 1
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebrisofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtoolsdroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunctRussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk.TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives—andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedasouterspace.Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway—severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly—butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprinciple.ThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches:Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph170OOmphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit.AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kg71bandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10cmby10cm.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection.Wecanlearnfromthetextthatthesolarsailcan______.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 13
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 19
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 5
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 15
Itmightseemoddtothinkofpre-kindergartentoddlersasstudentsinneedofteachersbutthelatestresearchsuggeststhatsomeformofinstructionmayhelpchildrentobetterprepareforschool.NinaChienapostdoctoralresearcherinpediatricsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofoundthatchildrenwhowerelefttoengageinfreeplayinpre-kindergartencentersshowedtheleastimprovementinreadingandmathskillsafteroneyearcomparedwiththechildrenwhobenefitedfromsomeformofteacherinstruction.Thefreeplaygroupswereprovidedwitheducationaltoysdesignedtostimulatetheircreativeandcognitiveprocessesbuttheystilllearneduptotwofeweralphabetlettersandthreefewernumbersthanthosewhoworkedwithteachers.Overallwhenthechildrenreachedkindergartentheirteachersratedthemupto96%loweronlanguageandliteracyskillscomparedtotheirclassmates.Chienbasedherstudyon701state-fundedpre-kindergartenprogramsin11stateswassurprisedbythefindingssincemorethan50%ofchildrenwereenrolledinfree-playbasedcentersanindicationoftheirpopularity.It’sverypopulartogivekidsricheducationalmaterialsletthemchosewhichonestheywanttoplaywithandletthemplayshesays.Itwassurprisingthatthisverypopularmodelturnedoutnottobethatbeneficial.Thechildrenwhoshowedthemostgainsovertheyearintermsoflearningthealphabetandnumbersaswellasachievingbasicreadingandmathskillswerethosewhohadmoreindividualinteractionwithteachers.Someteacher-basedprogramsemphasizedgroupinstructionwhileothersinvolvedmoreone-on-oneguidanceinwhichteacherswouldencouragestudentstothinkmorebroadlyorcreatively.Ifachilddrewasunforexampleaninstructormightaskhowhecoulddepictthebrightnessofsunandguidethechildtocomingupwithawaytodrawthesun’srays.Suchencouragementknownasscaffoldingresultedinthemostacademicgainsamongthechildren.BasedonherfindingsChienbelievesthatthereisstillaroleforfreeplayasthechildrenintheseprogramsexhibitedgreatercreativityovertheyear.Shealsonotesthatthestudyinvolvedpublicprogramsinwhichmanyofthestudentscamefromlowerincomehouseholds.Previousstudieshaveshownthatsuchchildrenbenefitmorefromindividualizedins/ructionsincetheymaynotbereceivingmuchguidanceorsupportathome.Butoverallshesaysgreaterteacherinteractioncombinedwithfreeplaymightenhancechildren’slearningabilityandbetterpreparethemforschool.Giventhedwindlingresourcesinpubliceducationhoweverthatmaybeharderandhardertoachieve.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that______.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 7
HaveyoueverconsideredwhatmakesagoodbossgoodTheanswertothatquestionisadmittedlymercurialasoneperson’sviewofatopnotchemployerwilldifferfromsomebodyelse’s.Howeverthereareanumberoftraitsattitudesandabilitiesthatarecommontoallgoodbosses.Moreovertheneedforsolidleadershipskillsisespeciallytellingwithsmallerbusinesses. "Beingagoodbossisimportantinanyorganizationbutit’sparticularlyimportantforsmallbusiness"saysRobSheehandirectorofexecutiveeducationattheJamesMacGregorBurnsAcademyofLeadershipattheUniversityofMaryland."Withsmallerbusinessesyoureallyhavetheopportunitytosetthetonefortheentirecompany." Bearinginmindtheimportanceofgoodleadershiptobusinessconsiderthefollowinglineupofskillsstrategiesandattributes: 41 Withasmalleroperationit’sessentialthateveryonefeelslikeanequalandinvolvedpartoftheteam.Agoodemployeriscertaintotreateachemployeefairlynotonlyintermsofsalaryandotherformsofcompensationbutalsoinhowthatemployeeisinvolvedinthedailyfunctionofthebusiness.Encouragefeedbackinnovationandcreativitysoemployeesfeelgenuinelyengaged. "Youneedtocreateanenvironmentofintegritytrustandrespecttomakeabsolutelycertainthateveryoneistreatedfairlyregardlessofthedifferencestheymayhave"saysSheehan. 42 Veryfewbusinessesoperateoutofsheeraltruismbutthat’snottosaythatturningaprofitistheprimaryphilosophicalandpracticalfocus.Ratheraneffectivebossestablishesagenuinebusinessmission.Howthattakesshapedependsbothonthebusinessandontheoverridingfocusthebosswantstoset. Forinstancearestaurantownermaypushspeedylunchtimeserviceasawayofservingthetime-strappedbusinesscommunity.Bycontrastamedicalsupplyoutfitmayemphasizehowitsproductsimprovecustomers’health.Notonlycanaclearmissionresponsibilityservetomotivateemployeesitcanalsoinfuseasenseofimportanceintheirjobs. 43 Manyofushavehadbosseswhowouldberightathomewithaknifenexttotheirdeskcalendars.Makeonemistakeonthejobandfeeltreetoslipyourheadrightinbeneaththeblade.Converselyaneffectivebossencourageshisorheremployeesnottobegun-shyaboutanoccasionalchaosalongtheroadtowardbetterjobperformance. "Thisrequiresamentalitythatencourageslearningratherthanbeingafraidofmakingamistake.Trysomethingnewanddifferentbutknowwe’renotgoingtokilleachotherifthingsdon’tworkout"saysSheehan."IwasaswimmerincollegeandIswamfastwhenIimaginedasharkwasafterme.IswamjustasfastwhenIimaginedIwasintheOlympics.It’saquestionofwhatyouwanttofocuson." 44 Don’tforgetthatthepeoplewhoworkforyouarelookingtoyoutohelpthemnavigateandadvancetheircareers.AsIsaidit’snotallaboutmoney.Butitisallaboutmakingyouremployeesseehowtoimproveandcreatemeaningfulcareersforthemselves. Ifanemployeehasagoalofbecomingamanagerorrunninghisorherownbusinesssomedaynurturethatgoal.Tellthemthetraitstheyneedtoworkontoachievetheirultimateplans. 45 Onefinalaspectofbeingagoodbossisrecognizingthatmuchofwhatgoesintobeinganeffectivereaderisinfactlearnedbehavior.Ofcoursetherealwayshavebeenandwillbebosseswhoseemtohaveaflawlesstouchinleadingandmotivating.Butforeverynaturaltherearejustasmanytop-flightbosseswhogotthatwaybyattendingmanagementclassesandseminarsreadingbooksoneffectiveleadershipandjustasimportantunderstandingthatagoodemployernaturallyattractsfirst-rateemployees. "Peoplecandefinitelydevelopgoodleadershipcapabilities"saysSheehan."Toacertaindegreeweallhaveinnatetraitsthatmakeusgoodbosses.Allyoureallyhavetodoisworktodevelopthosetraitstotheirutmost." A.Goodemployergoodemployees. B.Beinclusive. C.Madenotnecessarilyborn. D.Nothingtofearbutfearitself. E.Missionnotjustmoney. F.Thefocusthebosswantstoset. G.It’stheircareerstoo. 45
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 3
SharesinBurgerKingBKsoaredonSeptember1stonreportsthatthefast-foodcompanywastalkingtoseveralprivate-equityfirmsinterestedinbuyingit.Howmuchbeefwasbehindthesestorieswasunclear.Butlatelythecompanyfamousfortheslogan"HaveItYourWay"hascertainlynotbeenhavingititsownway.TheremaybeargumentsaboutwhetherBKorMcDonald’sservesthebestfriesbutthereisnodoubtwhichismorepopularwithstockmarketinvestors:themakeroftheBigMachassupersizeditsleadinthepasttwoyears. RecessionhasfavouredMcDonald’soverBKwhosesharepricehasfallenbyhalfsincetheeconomywasflame-grilledinthesummerof2008.SharesinMcDonald’shaverisenreachinganall-timehighinAugust.Same-storesalesatBKhavefallenforfivesuccessivequarters. WhyhasMcDonald’sbeeneatingBK’slunchAmongotherthingsBKhasalwayshadahigherproportionofsalestoyoungmenwhohavebeenhitespeciallyhardbytherecession.McDonald’sbycontrasthasforseveralyearswooedwomenandolderpeoplewithrelativelyhealthysaladsanddrinkablecoffee.BKhasstruggledtofollowsuit.Atthesametimeithashadtocontendwithangryshareholdersastherisingcostofbeefandotheringredientshasclobbereditsprofits.BKmayalsohavecannibaliseditsexistingsalesbyofferingvaluemealsthatwereabittooirresistible. BKisusedtochangesinownership.ItwentfrombeingpartofPillsburyafoodcompanytoGrandMetropolitanaBritishconglomeratethentoDiageoadrinksgiant.In2002itwassoldtoagroupofprivate-equityinvestors:TPGBainCapitalandGoldmanSachs.Theydidafairjobimprovingsaleswithbettermarketing.TheyalsohelpedturnaroundthemosttroubledofthefranchiseeswhooperatemostBKrestaurants.In2006BKfloateditssharesagain.Itsbossesmayhopethatgoingprivateoncemorewillprotectthemfromshort-termstockmarketpressureswhiletheyponderhowtobeatMcDonald’s. IfBKdoesgoprivateitmaybepartofatrendintheprivate-equityindustry—nowthatsomeofthebiggerfirmshaverediscoveredtheirappetitefordeals—ofgobblingupthecompaniestheyhadtakenpublicduringthebubbleyearsbutwhicharenowtradingcheaply.TPGBainCapitalandGoldmanSachsstillownasizeablestakeinBKdespitelistingitontheNewYorkStockExchangein2006.Howeveritseemsthatotherprivate-equityfirmsareinterestedinbuyingit.IfthathappensnodoubtBKserverswillappreciatetheirony:theactofpassingacompanyfromoneprivate-equityfirmtoanotherisknowninthebusinessas"flipping". Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage
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