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古代埃及学校的教育方法十分 ( )
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古代埃及的寺庙学校着重
文雅教育
职官教育
书吏教育
科学教育
外国教育史上最古老的学校是的宫廷学校
古代埃及
两河流域
古代印度
古代希腊
不属于古代埃及学校类型的是
僧侣学校
宫廷学校
骑士学校
书吏学校
古代埃及设置最多的学校是学校
古代埃及的学校
古代埃及设置最多的是文士学校于是以吏为师成为其教育的一大特征
古代埃及设置最多的是_________以僧为师以书吏为师成为古代埃及教育的一大特征
古代埃及的学校教育除了宫廷学校职官学校之外还有等
寺庙学校
教区学校
文法学校
修辞学校
古代埃及的学校教育除了宫廷学校职官学校之外还有
寺庙学校
教区学校
文法学校
修辞学校
古代埃及的寺庙学校着重
zōng jiāo 教育
科学教育
书吏教育
道德教育
古代埃及新石器时代最著名的陶器类型被称为这类陶器的造型异常单纯简练器形外部线条十分自然流畅
古代埃及设置最多的学校是骑士学校
古代埃及学前教育的方法是家长制加
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Tounderstandhowastrologyworksweshouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormousdistancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinnersurfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfactliterallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearthspinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachdaypivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.ThisdailyturningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemtoriseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainsfixedpatternsonthespherejustasthecontinentofAustralianmaintainsitsshapeonaspinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelyareflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancientsbelievedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsowneastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebuttheancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandthesloweastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegreeseachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesoftheyear. Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalsohasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitspositionrelativelyrapidly.Althoughitappearstoriseandseteachdayasdoesnearlyeverythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringasshortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearlyinthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseenveryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibletothenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundofstarsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMarsJupiterandtheSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplaneastheearthdoessotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic.Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveinacomplicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotions’onthecelestialspherereflectingboththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionaswell. Alltheotherfiveplanets
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways. Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthefinalsentenceofthepassage
土地革命战争时期的统一战线是以反对封建压迫和国民党新军阀统治为主要目标的统一战线它的名称是
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways. WhydoestheauthorsuggestthattheworkofBeethovenwashighlycreative
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. UnderitsCharterthefirststatedaimoftheU.N.was
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.
Directions: Writeanotice. Yourclassisgoingcamping.WriteanoticewithalistofDosandDont’s.Thinkofthefollowing: wheretoputupyourtents;shade;washingup;bathing;lightingfires;cooking;boilingwater;storingfood;animals;toilets Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
新世纪新阶段人才工作的根本任务是实施
在资本的具体形态中所有权和使用权发生分离的资本是
Willhumansalwaysbesuperiortomachines Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:1machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;2humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;and3itisbecausemachinesarehuman’toolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaimwhetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines"superiority"andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios. 41AfterallwouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventeditOfcoursenot.MoreoverIwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexampletoyrobotscarsandvideogamesandnoveltyitems—areinfacttoolswhichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement. 42AndtheclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitselfwithoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoeverisdubiousatbestsinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine. 43Asforthestatement’ssecondclaimincertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Howeverifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherwayshumanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthoughtformakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderationsorfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems. 44Upuntilnowthenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirownandtodevelopso-called"emotionalintelligence"hasbeenpurefiction.Besideseveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHatthecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Inotherwordsmachineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority. 45Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthoughtsubjectivejudgmentandemotionalresponseitalsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besidesshouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-beingthenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe"machines"anymore. [A]Recentadvancesinbiotechnologyparticularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearchsuggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirowntorepairandnurturethemselvestoexperienceVisceralsensationsandsoforth. [B]Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds. [C]Insumbecausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveusitisfairtocharacterizemachinesas"toolsofhumanminds." [D]It’shardlysurprisingthathuman-mademachinecandothemostworksthatbelongtohumanbefore. [E]Infactitisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem--asourtools—tobeginwith. [F]Whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine. 43
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. WhendidtheU.N.comeintoexistence
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge. Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents. Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries. Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences. Developmentsininternationalcooperationareoftenitissuggestedtheresultof
Willhumansalwaysbesuperiortomachines Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:1machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;2humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;and3itisbecausemachinesarehuman’toolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaimwhetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines"superiority"andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios. 41AfterallwouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventeditOfcoursenot.MoreoverIwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexampletoyrobotscarsandvideogamesandnoveltyitems—areinfacttoolswhichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement. 42AndtheclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitselfwithoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoeverisdubiousatbestsinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine. 43Asforthestatement’ssecondclaimincertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Howeverifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherwayshumanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthoughtformakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderationsorfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems. 44Upuntilnowthenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirownandtodevelopso-called"emotionalintelligence"hasbeenpurefiction.Besideseveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHatthecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Inotherwordsmachineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority. 45Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthoughtsubjectivejudgmentandemotionalresponseitalsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besidesshouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-beingthenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe"machines"anymore. [A]Recentadvancesinbiotechnologyparticularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearchsuggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirowntorepairandnurturethemselvestoexperienceVisceralsensationsandsoforth. [B]Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds. [C]Insumbecausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveusitisfairtocharacterizemachinesas"toolsofhumanminds." [D]It’shardlysurprisingthathuman-mademachinecandothemostworksthatbelongtohumanbefore. [E]Infactitisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem--asourtools—tobeginwith. [F]Whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine. 45
__同志南方谈话突出解决了我们思想认识中的
实现无产阶级领导权的根本保证是
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. LargemembercountrieslikeChinaandtheU.S.
Willhumansalwaysbesuperiortomachines Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:1machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;2humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;and3itisbecausemachinesarehuman’toolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaimwhetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines"superiority"andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios. 41AfterallwouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventeditOfcoursenot.MoreoverIwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexampletoyrobotscarsandvideogamesandnoveltyitems—areinfacttoolswhichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement. 42AndtheclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitselfwithoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoeverisdubiousatbestsinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine. 43Asforthestatement’ssecondclaimincertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Howeverifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherwayshumanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthoughtformakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderationsorfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems. 44Upuntilnowthenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirownandtodevelopso-called"emotionalintelligence"hasbeenpurefiction.Besideseveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHatthecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Inotherwordsmachineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority. 45Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthoughtsubjectivejudgmentandemotionalresponseitalsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besidesshouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-beingthenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe"machines"anymore. [A]Recentadvancesinbiotechnologyparticularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearchsuggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirowntorepairandnurturethemselvestoexperienceVisceralsensationsandsoforth. [B]Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds. [C]Insumbecausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveusitisfairtocharacterizemachinesas"toolsofhumanminds." [D]It’shardlysurprisingthathuman-mademachinecandothemostworksthatbelongtohumanbefore. [E]Infactitisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem--asourtools—tobeginwith. [F]Whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine. 41
在下列成对的理论中属于唯物主义与唯心主义对立的是
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge. Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents. Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries. Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences. Thewriterclaimsthatitisimportantforspecialiststobeabletotravelbecause
转变经济增长方式的核心是
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.
Tounderstandhowastrologyworksweshouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormousdistancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinnersurfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfactliterallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearthspinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachdaypivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.ThisdailyturningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemtoriseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainsfixedpatternsonthespherejustasthecontinentofAustralianmaintainsitsshapeonaspinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelyareflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancientsbelievedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsowneastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebuttheancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandthesloweastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegreeseachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesoftheyear. Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalsohasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitspositionrelativelyrapidly.Althoughitappearstoriseandseteachdayasdoesnearlyeverythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringasshortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearlyinthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseenveryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibletothenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundofstarsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMarsJupiterandtheSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplaneastheearthdoessotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic.Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveinacomplicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotions’onthecelestialspherereflectingboththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionaswell. Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthemotionofthemoon
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