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Directions: Write an essay of 160 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you shou...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 2
Text4 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoftdrinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40km.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100years.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraqtheremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.Truesurgingdemandfrom’AmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. IntheeyesoftheauthorconventionalopiniononthestrategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 8
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 6
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 12
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyourcommentonthisphenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text4 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoftdrinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40km.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100years.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraqtheremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.Truesurgingdemandfrom’AmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. ItisgenerallybelievedthatoilproducedintheGulf
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whatistheattitudeofconsumerstowardsluxurygoodsinthepresentsituation
Text4 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoftdrinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40km.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100years.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraqtheremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.Truesurgingdemandfrom’AmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Text3 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpreeminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtooverSm.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. Thewildbehaviordepictedinthefirstparagraphisintendedto
Text1 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpoolButifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDr.Fehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that
ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Itcanlearnedfromthetextthat
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 16
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeople
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 18
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 10
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 4
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimself
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand.
Directions: Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethetrendand 2giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. TrendofPopulationinChina
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. 2
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness.
Text1 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpoolButifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDr.Fehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Thewritermentionedthecaseofthehunterwhoshareshisspoilswithotherstodemonstrate
Text3 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpreeminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtooverSm.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. AccordingtotheauthortheSaudieducationsystemischaracterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 20
InFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyarcofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41. AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"pals"or"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends. FortheFrenchfriendshipisoneto-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42. Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified. AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife.43Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacafe.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44. InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.45.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemostonthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife. [A]Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother. [B]AFrenchmanexplains"IfIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless." [C]Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. [D]Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. [E]Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". [F]BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. [G]Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. 42
InFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyarcofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41. AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"pals"or"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends. FortheFrenchfriendshipisoneto-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42. Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified. AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife.43Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacafe.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44. InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.45.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemostonthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife. [A]Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother. [B]AFrenchmanexplains"IfIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless." [C]Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. [D]Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. [E]Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". [F]BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. [G]Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. 44
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 14
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