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下列哪本书是内扎米写的
蔷薇园
蕾莉与马杰农
果园
玛斯纳维集
下面第不属于__关于决战论述时的决战三原则
恰当地选择决战时机。
正确地选定决战方向。
必须打胜。
慎重初战。
虚拟现实技术的发展使成为可能
网上决战
虚拟战场
远程决战
隐蔽战场
用油毡纸做防潮层油毡接口应朝下并用沥青玛王帝脂密封每mm扎镀锌铅丝或铁箍一道
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阿尔扎玛斯社
伊斯兰百科全书玛斯纳维全集的作者是
萨拉丁
涅扎米
内扎米
莫拉维
阿尔扎玛斯的__预示了托尔斯泰精神危机的来临
纳木错是西藏三大神湖之一也是藏传fó jiāo 的著名圣地意为天湖相传这里是密宗本尊胜乐金刚的道场信徒们尊其为四
羊卓雍措和玛旁雍措
羊卓雍措和扎日南木错
青海湖和色另错
青海湖和玛旁雍措
人民解放战争战略性决战的第一个大决战是什么战役是哪一年
伊斯兰百科全书玛斯纳维全集的作者是
萨拉丁
涅扎米
内扎米
莫拉维
下列哪本书是内扎米写的
蔷薇园
蕾莉与马杰农
果园
玛斯纳维集
人民解放战争战略性决战的第一个大决战是
平津战役
淮海战役
辽沈战役
简述黄桥决战
__关于决战论述时的决战三原则是
恰当地选择决战时机。
正确地选定决战方向。
必须打胜。
慎重初战。
世界上最长的流动沙漠等级公路――塔克拉玛干沙漠公路全长552公里为防止这条世界第一路被流沙吞噬在公路
短期内建设防护林网
扎设草方格沙障
恢复自然植被
退耕还草、还林
巨鹿之战是
秦军与赵军的决战
刘邦与秦军的作战
项羽与秦军的作战
项羽与刘邦的决战
人民解放战争战略性决战的第一个大决战是
平津战役
淮海战役
辽沈战役
十一世纪有为著名的人物相传他曾建一百多座寺院其中以扎塘寺比较著名他撰写了一部重要的史籍玛尼噶布通称他
是人民解放战争战略性决战的第一个大决战
潍海战役
平津战役
辽沈战役
X射线与伽玛射线有何不同
伽玛射线的穿透力比X射线强
X射线的波长比伽玛射线长
X射线与伽玛射线的来源不同
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某计算机系统中有8台打印机由K个进程竞争使用每个进程最多需要3台打印机该系统可能会发生死锁的最小值是
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways. Accordingtotheauthordistinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. 48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 8
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 16
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. MelissaMahan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. WhichofthefollowingistrueastotheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N
死锁的解除方法有
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways. What’sthebesttitleofthepassage
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotosbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 14
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 4
46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.47FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. 49Saint-Simon’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. 50Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N. "WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims." Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay. TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends. NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates. WhatdidPresidentRoosevelthavetodowiththeUnitedNations
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 20
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 18
OneoftheenduringmythsofAmericanfolkloreisthatJesseJameswasahome-grownRobinHoodwho"stolefromtherichandgavetothepoor"Thatlegendenjoyedarevivedpopularityinthe1960s.Supportedbymoviespulpfictionandevenseriousscholarshipthisimagehasdominatedourunderstandingofthepost-CivilWarJamesgangandotherwesternoutlaws.HistorianshavedescribedJamesasa"primitiverebel"whochampioned"aspecialtypeofpeasantprotestandrebellion"againstmodernizingforcesbyrobbingbanksandrailroads. ButJameshimselfwouldhaveconsideredthisnotionagreatjoke.InfactJames’srobberswentaftertheexpresscompanysafesjustbecausethat’swherethemoneywas.AsfortheRobinHoodthemethereisnoevidencetheJamesgangdidanythingwiththecashtheystoleexcepttospenditonfinehorsefleshandgambling. ThekeytounderstandingthemotivesoftheJamesgang—besidesgreed—istheCivilWarespeciallytheviciousguerrillacombatwithinthelargerwarthatplaguedMissouri.SupportfortheConfederacywasstrongintheLittleDixiecountiesthatflankedtheMissouriRiverjusteastoftheKansasborder.InthesecountieslivedmostofthemenandboyswhowentintothebushasConfederateguerrillasincludingFrankandJesseJames.Theylearnedtheirtradeunderthetutelageofsuchpsychopathickillersas"BloodyBill"AndersonandWilliamClarkeQuantrillwhomurderedscoresofMissouriUnionistsandfoughtitoutwithUnionsoldiersduringfouryearsofinternecinewarfare. Theseguerrillaswereanythingbutthepoorfarmersoffolklore.ManyofthemlikeJamescamefromfamiliesthatwerethreetimesmorelikelytoownslavesandpossessedtwiceasmuchwealthastheaverageMissourifamily.JamesfoughtduringthewaragainstemancipationandafterthewaragainsttheRepublicanPartythatfreedandenfranchisedtheslaves.ManyofthebanksandexpresscompaniesstruckbytheJamesgangwereownedbyindividualsorgroupsassociatedwiththeRepublicanParty.LiketheKuKluxKlaninformerConfederatestatestheJamesgangdiditsbesttounderminetheneworderusheredinbyNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar. WhenDemocratsregainedcontrolofMissouriinthe1870stheJamesganglookedforgreenerpasturesoutsidethestate.InAugust1876theyrodeallthewaytoNorthfieldMinn.withtheaimofrobbingabankthereinwhichaUniongeneralwasreportedtohavedepositedlargefunds.Whenthebankcashier—alsoaUnionveteran—refusedtoopenthevaultJamesshothimincoldblood.ThecitizensofNorthfieldfoughtbackkillingtwoofthebanditsbeforetheycouldfleethetown.JesseandFrankJamesgotawaybutthisaffairwasthebeginningoftheendforJesse’scareerastheself-described"Napoleonofcrime. Whichisthebesttitleofthispassage
Directions: StudythepicturescarefullyandwriteacompositionentitledTheIncreasingUseofPrivateCarsinChina.Baseyouressayontheoutlinegivenbelow: 1.showyourunderstandingofthepictures 2.presentpossiblereasonsforthephenomenonand 3.drawaconclusion. Youshouldneatlywrite160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
OneoftheenduringmythsofAmericanfolkloreisthatJesseJameswasahome-grownRobinHoodwho"stolefromtherichandgavetothepoor"Thatlegendenjoyedarevivedpopularityinthe1960s.Supportedbymoviespulpfictionandevenseriousscholarshipthisimagehasdominatedourunderstandingofthepost-CivilWarJamesgangandotherwesternoutlaws.HistorianshavedescribedJamesasa"primitiverebel"whochampioned"aspecialtypeofpeasantprotestandrebellion"againstmodernizingforcesbyrobbingbanksandrailroads. ButJameshimselfwouldhaveconsideredthisnotionagreatjoke.InfactJames’srobberswentaftertheexpresscompanysafesjustbecausethat’swherethemoneywas.AsfortheRobinHoodthemethereisnoevidencetheJamesgangdidanythingwiththecashtheystoleexcepttospenditonfinehorsefleshandgambling. ThekeytounderstandingthemotivesoftheJamesgang—besidesgreed—istheCivilWarespeciallytheviciousguerrillacombatwithinthelargerwarthatplaguedMissouri.SupportfortheConfederacywasstrongintheLittleDixiecountiesthatflankedtheMissouriRiverjusteastoftheKansasborder.InthesecountieslivedmostofthemenandboyswhowentintothebushasConfederateguerrillasincludingFrankandJesseJames.Theylearnedtheirtradeunderthetutelageofsuchpsychopathickillersas"BloodyBill"AndersonandWilliamClarkeQuantrillwhomurderedscoresofMissouriUnionistsandfoughtitoutwithUnionsoldiersduringfouryearsofinternecinewarfare. Theseguerrillaswereanythingbutthepoorfarmersoffolklore.ManyofthemlikeJamescamefromfamiliesthatwerethreetimesmorelikelytoownslavesandpossessedtwiceasmuchwealthastheaverageMissourifamily.JamesfoughtduringthewaragainstemancipationandafterthewaragainsttheRepublicanPartythatfreedandenfranchisedtheslaves.ManyofthebanksandexpresscompaniesstruckbytheJamesgangwereownedbyindividualsorgroupsassociatedwiththeRepublicanParty.LiketheKuKluxKlaninformerConfederatestatestheJamesgangdiditsbesttounderminetheneworderusheredinbyNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar. WhenDemocratsregainedcontrolofMissouriinthe1870stheJamesganglookedforgreenerpasturesoutsidethestate.InAugust1876theyrodeallthewaytoNorthfieldMinn.withtheaimofrobbingabankthereinwhichaUniongeneralwasreportedtohavedepositedlargefunds.Whenthebankcashier—alsoaUnionveteran—refusedtoopenthevaultJamesshothimincoldblood.ThecitizensofNorthfieldfoughtbackkillingtwoofthebanditsbeforetheycouldfleethetown.JesseandFrankJamesgotawaybutthisaffairwasthebeginningoftheendforJesse’scareerastheself-described"Napoleonofcrime. Asfortheguerrillawhichistheright
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 6
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. 50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. 46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment.
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 12
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 10
OneoftheenduringmythsofAmericanfolkloreisthatJesseJameswasahome-grownRobinHoodwho"stolefromtherichandgavetothepoor"Thatlegendenjoyedarevivedpopularityinthe1960s.Supportedbymoviespulpfictionandevenseriousscholarshipthisimagehasdominatedourunderstandingofthepost-CivilWarJamesgangandotherwesternoutlaws.HistorianshavedescribedJamesasa"primitiverebel"whochampioned"aspecialtypeofpeasantprotestandrebellion"againstmodernizingforcesbyrobbingbanksandrailroads. ButJameshimselfwouldhaveconsideredthisnotionagreatjoke.InfactJames’srobberswentaftertheexpresscompanysafesjustbecausethat’swherethemoneywas.AsfortheRobinHoodthemethereisnoevidencetheJamesgangdidanythingwiththecashtheystoleexcepttospenditonfinehorsefleshandgambling. ThekeytounderstandingthemotivesoftheJamesgang—besidesgreed—istheCivilWarespeciallytheviciousguerrillacombatwithinthelargerwarthatplaguedMissouri.SupportfortheConfederacywasstrongintheLittleDixiecountiesthatflankedtheMissouriRiverjusteastoftheKansasborder.InthesecountieslivedmostofthemenandboyswhowentintothebushasConfederateguerrillasincludingFrankandJesseJames.Theylearnedtheirtradeunderthetutelageofsuchpsychopathickillersas"BloodyBill"AndersonandWilliamClarkeQuantrillwhomurderedscoresofMissouriUnionistsandfoughtitoutwithUnionsoldiersduringfouryearsofinternecinewarfare. Theseguerrillaswereanythingbutthepoorfarmersoffolklore.ManyofthemlikeJamescamefromfamiliesthatwerethreetimesmorelikelytoownslavesandpossessedtwiceasmuchwealthastheaverageMissourifamily.JamesfoughtduringthewaragainstemancipationandafterthewaragainsttheRepublicanPartythatfreedandenfranchisedtheslaves.ManyofthebanksandexpresscompaniesstruckbytheJamesgangwereownedbyindividualsorgroupsassociatedwiththeRepublicanParty.LiketheKuKluxKlaninformerConfederatestatestheJamesgangdiditsbesttounderminetheneworderusheredinbyNorthernvictoryintheCivilWar. WhenDemocratsregainedcontrolofMissouriinthe1870stheJamesganglookedforgreenerpasturesoutsidethestate.InAugust1876theyrodeallthewaytoNorthfieldMinn.withtheaimofrobbingabankthereinwhichaUniongeneralwasreportedtohavedepositedlargefunds.Whenthebankcashier—alsoaUnionveteran—refusedtoopenthevaultJamesshothimincoldblood.ThecitizensofNorthfieldfoughtbackkillingtwoofthebanditsbeforetheycouldfleethetown.JesseandFrankJamesgotawaybutthisaffairwasthebeginningoftheendforJesse’scareerastheself-described"Napoleonofcrime. Fromthefirstparagraphwecanknowthat
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage".Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen—publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. 2
LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate. Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing 43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewerealsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet. Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast. Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed.44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [C]Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. [D]Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea. [F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. [G]Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago. 44
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform. Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways. Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat
LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate. Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing 43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewerealsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet. Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast. Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed.44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [C]Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. [D]Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea. [F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. [G]Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago. 42
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