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( )是指将缺乏流动性的资产转化为在金融市场上可以出售的证券的行为。
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金融工具在金融市场上能够迅速转化为现金而不致遭受损失的能力是指金融工具的
期限性
流动性
收益性
风险性
将缺乏流动性的资产转换为在金融市场上可以自由买卖的证券使其具有流动性这是
存托凭证
联营
资产证券化
融资租赁
资产证券化指将______的资产转化为在金融市场上可以出售的证券的行为
证券化是将缺乏流动性的资产汇集成资产池通过结构性重组将其转化为可以在金融市场上出售和流通的证券
金融工具在金融市场上可以迅速转化为钞票而不致遭受损失的能力是指金融工 具的
期限性
流动性
收益性
风险性
是指将缺乏流动性的资产转换为在金融市场上可以自由买卖的证券的行为使其具有流动性
资产证券化
危机处理方案
融资渠道管理
备用流动性
金融工具在金融市场上能够转化为现金的能力是指金融工具的
期限性
流动性
收益性
风险性
把缺乏流动性但具有未来现金流的金融资产汇集重组转变为可在金融市场上出售和流通的证券从而提高资产流动性
资产置换
资产出售
资产剥离
资产证券化
是指金融工具在金融市场上能够迅速地转化为现金而不致遭受损失的能力
期限性
风险性
收益性
流动性
信贷资产证券化是指将缺乏流动性但能够产生可预计的未来现金流的资产通过一定的结构安排对资产中的风险与收
金融工具在金融市场上可以迅速地转化为钞票而不致遭受损失能力是指金融工具
期限性
流动性
收益性
风险性
信贷资产证券化是指将缺乏流动性但能够产生可预计未来现金流的资产如银行的贷款企业的应收账款等通过一定的
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IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 3
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 11
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. 47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 5
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 9
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 1
Today’snewLaborDepartmentreportshowingthattheeconomylostjobslastmonththefirstlossthisyearseemsinstarkcontrasttowherethepresidentandtheCongressarefocusingtheirattentions.CongressrecessedwithoutextendingunemploymentbenefitsinlargemeasureduetorepeatedRepublicanobstruction. Theeconomyisnowpresentingastrangedichotomy.Thecorporatesectorhasreturnedtorudehealthwithimprovedbalancesheetsandtonsofcash.Ithashelpedleadtherecovery.41______. AndyetWashington’sresponseseemstobeacollectivethrowingupofhands.Thereareafewthingsthegovernmentcandoaboutpersistentlong-termunemployment.Firstitcanlessenthepainitcausesbyexpandingthesafetynetextendingunemployment-insurancebenefitssothatthelong-termunemployedhaveasourceofcashtohelpthemstaycurrentonrentmortgageandcreditcardbills.Seconditcanrespondtopersistentlong-termunemploymentbyenactingpoliciesaimedatcreatingandpreservingjobs.42______. ButsofarNothing.Andthequestioniswhy. Firstthere’sthematteroftheuncertaintrumpetattheFederalReserve.ChairmanBenBernankedidn’tseemtodonothingabouthighunemployment.Attheveryleasthecouldhavelentmoralsupporttotheneedforfurtherstimulus—ifonlyoutofself-interest.43______. Andpoliticsclearlyhasalottodowithit.OnthefringesoftheRepublicanrightthere’ssomestupidbehaviors—i.e.NevadaSenatecandidateSharronAnglearguingthatlazinessandadesiretolivelargeoffunemploymentchecksisresponsibleforherstate’s14percentunemploymentrate.There’ssomenarrow-mindedness.Sen.BenNelsonaDemocratfromNebraskaastatewheretheunemploymentrateisabouthalfthenationalaveragejoinedtheRepublicanobstructionofanextensionofunemploymentbenefits—hisconstituentsdon’tneedit.Inthebroadcenterthere’salotofserioushypocriticalnonsense.44______.FunnyhowsuchintegrityneversurfaceswhenlegislatorsvotetospendmuchlargersumsonthewarsinIraqandAfghanistanontheMedicareprescriptiondrugbenefitandontheBushtaxcuts. 45______.Theseeffortshaveexhaustedthepolicyteamanditscongressionalallies.Andperhapshighunemploymentissomethingwe’llhavetolivewithgiventhewaytheeconomyhasrecoveredfromrecentrecessions.Thepresident’sbudgetnotes"evenwithhealthyeconomicgrowththereislikelytobeanextendedperiodofhigher-than-normalunemploymentlastingforseveralyears."Achartinthebudgetnotesthatafterthe1991and2002recessionstheturningpointsforjobscamefiveandsevenquartersrespectivelyafterthelowestpointingrowth.Ifthere’sasensethatallmodernrecoverieswillbejoblessascompaniesfocusonproductivitythenfurtherstimulusprovidesdiminishingeconomicandpoliticalreturns. [A]IntheWhiteHousethere’sprobablyalevelofexhaustionandZen-likeacceptance—itpushedthroughalargestimuluspackageandmonumentalhealthcarereformtwoheroicmeasuresthatareworkingandwhosebenefitswillcontinuetophaseinovertime. [B]ForDemocratsthere’snowaytocutthedeficitorfindrevenuefornewinitiativesunlesstheygrow.ShouldRepublicansretakecontroloftheHouseandSenatenextyeartheirfirstorderofbusinesswouldbetopreservetheBushtaxcutsthataresettoexpire—amovethatwouldmakealreadylargedeficitsevenlargerandthusrendersignificanttax-reductionimpossible. [C]MaybehewantstoberememberedastheFedchairmanwhopresidedoveraneraofEuropean-levelunemploymentwhenskillserodedandseveralgraduatingclassesenteredagluttedworkforce. [D]AlongwithmanyothersenatorsNelsonopposedtherecentbenefitextensiononthegroundsthatitwasimmoralandwrongtoenacta$19billionspendingpackagewithoutoffsettingtaxincreasesorspendingcuts. [E]ButwithoutthemightyAmericanconsumerwhogenerates70percentofeconomicactivityparticipatingtothefullestdegreetherecoverywillseemweak.Withoutahealthyjobsmarkettherecession-shockedconsumerwon’tspend. [F]Andhe’sprobablyright.Republicanshavemadethecalculationthattheweakertheeconomyandtheemploymentmarketareinthenextfewmonthsthebettertheirprospectsfor2010and2012are—andthey’rerighttoo. [G]Thesecantaketheformofsummerjobsprogramsenhancedpublicworksprogramsaidtostrappedmunicipalitiessotheycanavoidlayoffsandtaxcutsandcreditsforinvestmentandhiring. 45
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 7
Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded. Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind. Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle. Intheauthor’sopinionwhatisthelastproductofcivilization
Directions: Youhaveacloseforeignfriend.HeaskedyoutosubscribetoacopyofChinaDailyforhimbecausehewillleaveawayfromChinaforonemonth.Nowwritealettertothecirculationdepartmentofthenewspaper: 1inquiryaboutdetailedinformation 2andexpressingcomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Accordingtothecontextthewordflamboyantmostlikelymeans
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 13
Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded. Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind. Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle. Accordingtothepassagesuccesscanmostlybemeasuredintermsof
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Theauthor’stoneinthetextmaybestbesummarizedasthatof
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ ThetextdoesnotdirectlysaybutimpliesthatKissinger
MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalyzethesmokinghabitsoftwins.HerresultspublishedinthePharmacogenomicsJournalsuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatcontainsdetailsofsome7000pairsofadulttwinsagedbetween15and70and28000pairsofchildhoodtwins.Suchdatabasesareprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviorpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehavior. Dr.Vinkfoundfourmarkerswhichseemedtobeassociatedwithsmoking.Theywereonchromosomes3010and14suggestingthatatleastfourgenesareinvolved.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programstobecustomized. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. TheultimatepurposeofDr.Vink’sresearchisto
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
Today’snewLaborDepartmentreportshowingthattheeconomylostjobslastmonththefirstlossthisyearseemsinstarkcontrasttowherethepresidentandtheCongressarefocusingtheirattentions.CongressrecessedwithoutextendingunemploymentbenefitsinlargemeasureduetorepeatedRepublicanobstruction. Theeconomyisnowpresentingastrangedichotomy.Thecorporatesectorhasreturnedtorudehealthwithimprovedbalancesheetsandtonsofcash.Ithashelpedleadtherecovery.41______. AndyetWashington’sresponseseemstobeacollectivethrowingupofhands.Thereareafewthingsthegovernmentcandoaboutpersistentlong-termunemployment.Firstitcanlessenthepainitcausesbyexpandingthesafetynetextendingunemployment-insurancebenefitssothatthelong-termunemployedhaveasourceofcashtohelpthemstaycurrentonrentmortgageandcreditcardbills.Seconditcanrespondtopersistentlong-termunemploymentbyenactingpoliciesaimedatcreatingandpreservingjobs.42______. ButsofarNothing.Andthequestioniswhy. Firstthere’sthematteroftheuncertaintrumpetattheFederalReserve.ChairmanBenBernankedidn’tseemtodonothingabouthighunemployment.Attheveryleasthecouldhavelentmoralsupporttotheneedforfurtherstimulus—ifonlyoutofself-interest.43______. Andpoliticsclearlyhasalottodowithit.OnthefringesoftheRepublicanrightthere’ssomestupidbehaviors—i.e.NevadaSenatecandidateSharronAnglearguingthatlazinessandadesiretolivelargeoffunemploymentchecksisresponsibleforherstate’s14percentunemploymentrate.There’ssomenarrow-mindedness.Sen.BenNelsonaDemocratfromNebraskaastatewheretheunemploymentrateisabouthalfthenationalaveragejoinedtheRepublicanobstructionofanextensionofunemploymentbenefits—hisconstituentsdon’tneedit.Inthebroadcenterthere’salotofserioushypocriticalnonsense.44______.FunnyhowsuchintegrityneversurfaceswhenlegislatorsvotetospendmuchlargersumsonthewarsinIraqandAfghanistanontheMedicareprescriptiondrugbenefitandontheBushtaxcuts. 45______.Theseeffortshaveexhaustedthepolicyteamanditscongressionalallies.Andperhapshighunemploymentissomethingwe’llhavetolivewithgiventhewaytheeconomyhasrecoveredfromrecentrecessions.Thepresident’sbudgetnotes"evenwithhealthyeconomicgrowththereislikelytobeanextendedperiodofhigher-than-normalunemploymentlastingforseveralyears."Achartinthebudgetnotesthatafterthe1991and2002recessionstheturningpointsforjobscamefiveandsevenquartersrespectivelyafterthelowestpointingrowth.Ifthere’sasensethatallmodernrecoverieswillbejoblessascompaniesfocusonproductivitythenfurtherstimulusprovidesdiminishingeconomicandpoliticalreturns. [A]IntheWhiteHousethere’sprobablyalevelofexhaustionandZen-likeacceptance—itpushedthroughalargestimuluspackageandmonumentalhealthcarereformtwoheroicmeasuresthatareworkingandwhosebenefitswillcontinuetophaseinovertime. [B]ForDemocratsthere’snowaytocutthedeficitorfindrevenuefornewinitiativesunlesstheygrow.ShouldRepublicansretakecontroloftheHouseandSenatenextyeartheirfirstorderofbusinesswouldbetopreservetheBushtaxcutsthataresettoexpire—amovethatwouldmakealreadylargedeficitsevenlargerandthusrendersignificanttax-reductionimpossible. [C]MaybehewantstoberememberedastheFedchairmanwhopresidedoveraneraofEuropean-levelunemploymentwhenskillserodedandseveralgraduatingclassesenteredagluttedworkforce. [D]AlongwithmanyothersenatorsNelsonopposedtherecentbenefitextensiononthegroundsthatitwasimmoralandwrongtoenacta$19billionspendingpackagewithoutoffsettingtaxincreasesorspendingcuts. [E]ButwithoutthemightyAmericanconsumerwhogenerates70percentofeconomicactivityparticipatingtothefullestdegreetherecoverywillseemweak.Withoutahealthyjobsmarkettherecession-shockedconsumerwon’tspend. [F]Andhe’sprobablyright.Republicanshavemadethecalculationthattheweakertheeconomyandtheemploymentmarketareinthenextfewmonthsthebettertheirprospectsfor2010and2012are—andthey’rerighttoo. [G]Thesecantaketheformofsummerjobsprogramsenhancedpublicworksprogramsaidtostrappedmunicipalitiessotheycanavoidlayoffsandtaxcutsandcreditsforinvestmentandhiring. 43
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 17
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 15
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 19
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Thepassageismostlikelyapartof
Directions:Yougotsickjusttwoweeksbeforethefinalexaminationandweresenttohospital.Onedoctortreatedyouverywellandyourecoveredsoon.WritealetterofappreciationtothedoctorMs.Green. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Today’snewLaborDepartmentreportshowingthattheeconomylostjobslastmonththefirstlossthisyearseemsinstarkcontrasttowherethepresidentandtheCongressarefocusingtheirattentions.CongressrecessedwithoutextendingunemploymentbenefitsinlargemeasureduetorepeatedRepublicanobstruction. Theeconomyisnowpresentingastrangedichotomy.Thecorporatesectorhasreturnedtorudehealthwithimprovedbalancesheetsandtonsofcash.Ithashelpedleadtherecovery.41______. AndyetWashington’sresponseseemstobeacollectivethrowingupofhands.Thereareafewthingsthegovernmentcandoaboutpersistentlong-termunemployment.Firstitcanlessenthepainitcausesbyexpandingthesafetynetextendingunemployment-insurancebenefitssothatthelong-termunemployedhaveasourceofcashtohelpthemstaycurrentonrentmortgageandcreditcardbills.Seconditcanrespondtopersistentlong-termunemploymentbyenactingpoliciesaimedatcreatingandpreservingjobs.42______. ButsofarNothing.Andthequestioniswhy. Firstthere’sthematteroftheuncertaintrumpetattheFederalReserve.ChairmanBenBernankedidn’tseemtodonothingabouthighunemployment.Attheveryleasthecouldhavelentmoralsupporttotheneedforfurtherstimulus—ifonlyoutofself-interest.43______. Andpoliticsclearlyhasalottodowithit.OnthefringesoftheRepublicanrightthere’ssomestupidbehaviors—i.e.NevadaSenatecandidateSharronAnglearguingthatlazinessandadesiretolivelargeoffunemploymentchecksisresponsibleforherstate’s14percentunemploymentrate.There’ssomenarrow-mindedness.Sen.BenNelsonaDemocratfromNebraskaastatewheretheunemploymentrateisabouthalfthenationalaveragejoinedtheRepublicanobstructionofanextensionofunemploymentbenefits—hisconstituentsdon’tneedit.Inthebroadcenterthere’salotofserioushypocriticalnonsense.44______.FunnyhowsuchintegrityneversurfaceswhenlegislatorsvotetospendmuchlargersumsonthewarsinIraqandAfghanistanontheMedicareprescriptiondrugbenefitandontheBushtaxcuts. 45______.Theseeffortshaveexhaustedthepolicyteamanditscongressionalallies.Andperhapshighunemploymentissomethingwe’llhavetolivewithgiventhewaytheeconomyhasrecoveredfromrecentrecessions.Thepresident’sbudgetnotes"evenwithhealthyeconomicgrowththereislikelytobeanextendedperiodofhigher-than-normalunemploymentlastingforseveralyears."Achartinthebudgetnotesthatafterthe1991and2002recessionstheturningpointsforjobscamefiveandsevenquartersrespectivelyafterthelowestpointingrowth.Ifthere’sasensethatallmodernrecoverieswillbejoblessascompaniesfocusonproductivitythenfurtherstimulusprovidesdiminishingeconomicandpoliticalreturns. [A]IntheWhiteHousethere’sprobablyalevelofexhaustionandZen-likeacceptance—itpushedthroughalargestimuluspackageandmonumentalhealthcarereformtwoheroicmeasuresthatareworkingandwhosebenefitswillcontinuetophaseinovertime. [B]ForDemocratsthere’snowaytocutthedeficitorfindrevenuefornewinitiativesunlesstheygrow.ShouldRepublicansretakecontroloftheHouseandSenatenextyeartheirfirstorderofbusinesswouldbetopreservetheBushtaxcutsthataresettoexpire—amovethatwouldmakealreadylargedeficitsevenlargerandthusrendersignificanttax-reductionimpossible. [C]MaybehewantstoberememberedastheFedchairmanwhopresidedoveraneraofEuropean-levelunemploymentwhenskillserodedandseveralgraduatingclassesenteredagluttedworkforce. [D]AlongwithmanyothersenatorsNelsonopposedtherecentbenefitextensiononthegroundsthatitwasimmoralandwrongtoenacta$19billionspendingpackagewithoutoffsettingtaxincreasesorspendingcuts. [E]ButwithoutthemightyAmericanconsumerwhogenerates70percentofeconomicactivityparticipatingtothefullestdegreetherecoverywillseemweak.Withoutahealthyjobsmarkettherecession-shockedconsumerwon’tspend. [F]Andhe’sprobablyright.Republicanshavemadethecalculationthattheweakertheeconomyandtheemploymentmarketareinthenextfewmonthsthebettertheirprospectsfor2010and2012are—andthey’rerighttoo. [G]Thesecantaketheformofsummerjobsprogramsenhancedpublicworksprogramsaidtostrappedmunicipalitiessotheycanavoidlayoffsandtaxcutsandcreditsforinvestmentandhiring. 41
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. 49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago
MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalyzethesmokinghabitsoftwins.HerresultspublishedinthePharmacogenomicsJournalsuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatcontainsdetailsofsome7000pairsofadulttwinsagedbetween15and70and28000pairsofchildhoodtwins.Suchdatabasesareprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviorpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehavior. Dr.Vinkfoundfourmarkerswhichseemedtobeassociatedwithsmoking.Theywereonchromosomes3010and14suggestingthatatleastfourgenesareinvolved.Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programstobecustomized. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. ThemajordifferencebetweenDr.Vinkandothergeneticistsisthat
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