首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置:
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
假定某厂商需求如下:Q=5 000-50P。其中,Q为产量,P为价格。厂商的平均成本函数为: (1)使厂商利润最大化的价格与产量是多少最大的利润水平是多少 (2)如果政府对每单位产品征收10元...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
某垄断厂商的需求曲线为P=100-2q其成本函数为TC=50+40q则该垄断厂商实现利润最大化的产量
25
40
30
15
已知某完全竞争的成本不变行业中的单个厂商的长期总成本函数LTC=Q3-12Q2+40Q试求1当市场商
某完全垄断市场的需求曲线为Q=19-P/Q成本曲线为TC=5+2Q+e2则满足该垄断厂商利润最大化原
4
5
6
7
某完全垄断市场的需求曲线为Q=19-P/Q成本曲线为TC=5+2Q+Q则满足该垄断厂商利润最大化原则
5
6
4
7
垄断竞争市场中一厂商的长期总成本函数为LTC=0.001Q3-0.425Q2+85Q用元表示Q是月产
假定某厂商需求如下Q=5000-50P其中Q为产量P为价格厂商的平均成本函数为 1使厂商利润最大
假设某完全竞争行业有100个相同的厂商每个厂商的成本函数为TC=0.1Q2+Q+10求1市场供给函数
假设某完全竞争行业有100个相同的厂商每个厂商的成本函数为TC=0.1Q2+Q+10求1市场供给函数
一个实行支配型价格领导的寡头垄断行业中行业的需求曲线为P=300-Q其中P是支配型厂商制定的能为其他
假设某完全竞争行业中有100个相同的厂商每个厂商的成本函数为STC=0.1Q2+Q+10成本以美元计
假设双寡头面临如下一条线性需求曲线P=30-QQ表示两厂商的总产量即Q=Q再假设边际成本为0企业1是
Q1=Q2=10
Q1=5
Q1=Q2=15
Q1=15,Q2=5
假定某厂商需求如下Q=5000-50P其中Q为产量P为价格厂商的平均成本函数为1使厂商利润最大化的价
已知垄断竞争下典型厂商的需求曲线为P=A-0.1Q厂商的长期成本函数为C=0.0025Q3-0.5Q
假定某厂商需求如下Q=5000-50P其中Q为产量P为价格厂商的平均成本函数为 1使厂商利润最大化
设对一垄断厂商的两种产品的需求函数如下 Q1=40-2P1+P2 Q2=15+P1-P2 该厂商的总
设两个寡头构成的总市场需求曲线为P=30-Q式中Q=Q1+Q2假设MC1=M当达到均衡状态时每个厂商
Q1=Q2=10
Q1=5
Q1=Q2=15
Q1=Q5
一个歧视性垄断厂商在两个市场上销售假设不存在套利机会市场1的需求曲线为P1=100-Q1/2市场2的
Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ
Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ
假设某完全竞争行业中有100个相同的厂商每个厂商的成本函数为STC=0.1Q2+Q+10成本以美元计
已知垄断竞争下典型厂商的需求曲线为P=A-0.1Q厂商的长期成本函数为C=0.0025Q3-0.5Q
假设某垄断竞争厂商的产品需求函数为P=9400-4Q成本函数为TC=4000+3000Q求该厂商均衡
热门试题
更多
TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionisnotaloneinworryingabouttelevisionstationsthataircorporateadvertisementsmasqueradingasnewsstories.InfacttheFCCrequiresthatbroadcaststationsdisclosethecorporatebackersof"videonewsreleases"orfaceamaximumfineof$32500foreachviolation.Enoughviolationsandastationcouldloseitslicense.TheFCCsetsoutaclearpolicy:Alloutsidenewsreportingmustbeidentifieddisclosingthesourceofanyvideonewsreleaseairedonanewsprogram. Thereareoccasionaldeclines.AnonprofitconsumerwatchdoggroupreportedtotheFCCthat77stationsbroadcastvideofeaturesaboutproductsfrom49companieswithoutpointingoutthattheywereproducedbypublicrelationsfirmsrepresentingthesecorporations.Publicrelationsfirmshaveonegoal:tomaketheirvideonewsreleaseslookasiftheyarelegitimatenewsreportsnotpropaganda. HoweverPR-producedvideonewsreleasesmerelyarethetipoftheiceberg.Eversincenewspapersbeganspecial-interestgroupshavetriedtoinfluencethequalityandquantityofthenewsprinted.Ofteninexchangeforadvertisingrevenuenewspaperswouldprintglowingstoriesoftheirsponsorsandsuppressanynewsthatmighthurttheirheavyadvertisers.Thosewithouttheabilitytoinformthepresseitherthroughnewsreleasesorcontactsusuallyareignoredunlesstheycommitacrimeoractinattention-gettingways. Formostofthe20thcenturywomenandpeopleofcolorfounditalmostimpossibletobreakthespecial-interestnewsbarriers.Theirstorieswereignoredunlesstherewasasensationaloruniqueelement.Usuallythoughitemsconcerningtheseminoritiesrequiredanenormouswrongdoingsuchasthemurderofsomeoneinthewhitecommunityorsomeattackonthestatusquothatthreatenedthepeaceandquietaswellastheproductivityofaneighborhood. Therehavebeensplendidexceptionsbutnotmany.OnereasontheHispanicnewsmediahasbeensosuccessfulisthatitcaterstoitsaudienceinthesamemannerallmediadoes.Whileitsbiasmayseemdifferentitactuallyisthesamebiasallmediahas:anoverwhelmingconcerntokeepitssupportershappy.SowhilethehueandcryoverPR-createdvideonewsreleasesarewellandgoodtheyreallydonotattacktheproblemofbiasednewsandappealstoaspecificgroupthatsharesthesameprejudicesandconcernsaboutthepresentandfuture. AllofthisisonekeyreasonAmericanssooftenaresurprisedwhenthenewsoutletsareforcedtoreportstoriesthatdonotpleaseadvertisersorconsumers.Bettertocontinuewhenpossibleasteadysupplyofnewsaboutthelatestcelebritybabyoryetanotherpieceaboutsexoffendersorrestauranthealthviolations Itismostpossibleforasupporterofanewspapertobereportedfor
以下是关于中国革命道路的部分材料 材料1 党在这里也应当见着自己的主要任务是在准备城市与乡村相配合相适应的发动准备几个邻近省区之间的相配合相适应的发动而且准备有组织的有预备的广泛的发动因此必须反对对于游击战争的溺爱反对沉溺于散乱的不相关联的必致失败的游击战争 ——摘自共产国际执行委员会第九次扩大会议关于中国问题的决议案 1928年2月25日通过见六大以前 中国__已经抱定武装起义的方针建立苏维埃政府这就是表示中国__立意在巨大的和最大的工业中心地点举行武装起义 ——摘自共产国际执委给中__关于立三路线问题的信1930年10月 见中共党史教学参考资料第三批 中__宣传部1957年编印 材料2 在中心城市爆发了伟大的工人斗争必然形成全国革命高潮并且这一伟大斗争的本身就是全国革命高潮到来的标志在准备全国革命高潮的时候必须严重地注意全国的配合与发动割据一省或几省来推动全国革命高潮的观念无疑是极端错误的 没有工人阶级的罢工高潮没有中心城市的武装暴动决不能有一省与几省的胜利不特别注意城市工作想‘以乡村包围城市’‘单凭红军来夺取城市’是一种极错误的观念 ——摘自新的革命高潮与一省或几省的首先胜利1930年6月11日__会议通过 目前政治任务的决议 见中共党史教学参考资料第一批 中__宣传部1957年编印 材料3 扩大苏区将零点的苏区联系成整个的苏区利用目前顺利的政治与军事的条件占取一二个重要的中心城市把开始革命在一省或数省的首先胜利放到党的全部工作与苏维埃运动的议事日程上面来 一切国民党统治区域的党的工作的中心应该集中到工厂去到工会工作上去到领导罢工斗争上去. ——摘自中央关于争取革命在一省与数省首先胜利的决议1932年1月9日 见中共党史教学参考资料第一批 中__宣传部1957年编印 材料4 他们这种全国范围的包括一切地方的先争取群众后建立政权的理论是与中国革命的实情不适合的他们的这种理论的来源主要是没有把中国是一个许多帝国主义国家互相争夺的半殖民地这件事认清楚如果认清了就会明白全世界何以只有中国有这种统治阶级内部互相长期混战的怪事而产生出来的另一件怪事即红军和游击队的存在和发展以及伴随着红军和游击队而来的成长于四周白色政权中的小块红色区域的存在和发展中国以外无此怪事就会明白红军游击队和红色区域的建立和发展是半殖民地中国在无产阶级领导之下的农民斗争的最高形式和半殖民地农民斗争发展的必然结果并且无疑是促进全国革命高潮的最重要因素有根据地的有计划地建设政权的深入土地革命的扩大人民武装的路线是经由乡赤卫队区赤卫大队县赤卫总队地方红军直至正规红军这样一套办法的政权发展是波浪式地向前扩大的等等的政策无疑是正确的必须这样才能树立全国革命群众的信仰如苏联之于全世界然必须这样才能给反动统治阶级以甚大的困难动摇其基础而促进其内部的分解也必须这样才能真正地创造红军成为将来大革命的主要工具总而言之必须这样才能促进革命的高潮 ——摘自__星星之火可以燎原 见__选集第1卷 请回答 1从材料123看共产国际及当时中__在中国革命道路问题上持何种观点 2从材料4看__是怎样认识中国革命道路的 3对比材料123与4在中国革命道路问题上他们的分歧所在这对中国革命有何影响
阅读下列材料回答问题 材料1 以美国为首的北约对南斯拉夫联盟共和国进行狂轰滥炸并悍然袭击中国驻南联盟大使馆引起中国政府和人民的极大愤慨受到全世界爱好和平的国家和人民的严厉谴责美国的这些野蛮暴行充分暴露了霸权主义的凶恶面目和帝国主义的侵略本性 从世界的范围进行观察就可以看出美国对南联盟发动这场武力干涉并不是孤立的偶然的现象它是美国在世纪之交加紧推行其称霸全球战略的一个重要步骤足美国霸权主义新发展的一个重要标志这是当前国际局势中一个值得严重注意的新动向 ——摘自人民日报2000年5月27日文章论美国霸权主义的新发展 材料2 尽管理论家们竭力想证实圆圈是方的但毫无疑问北约的轰炸进一步破坏了脆弱的国际法框架的残存部分在最终导致北约作出决定的讨论中美国将这一点表露无遗除了英国到目前为止它与戈尔巴乔夫时代之前的乌克兰一样是个亦步亦趋的角色之外北约成员国都对美国的政策心存疑虑国务院官员解释说美国坚持它的立场认为北约应该能够独立于联合国之外行事美国拒绝允许在最后的北约声明中出现‘授权’这个令人头痛的词不愿将任何权威拱手让于联合国宪章和国际法它只允许使用认可这个词 在里根时代美国开始公然与国际法和联合国宪章对抗最高当局以令人不快但又不可否认的明确态度解释说国际法院联合国和其他机构已经毫无意义因为它们已经不再像战后初期那样听命于美国 在克林顿执政期间对世界秩序的违抗已经走向极端甚至连鹰派政策分析家都感到忧虑塞缪尔•亨廷顿在重要的权威期刊外交政策的最新一期中告诫说在世界许多国家也许是大多数国家看来美国正在成为无赖超级大国它被看作是对它们的社会惟一最大的外部威胁 ——摘自英国新政治家周刊2000年4月9日丈章评判美国不要听其言而要观其行 材料3 充当世界惟一的超级大国这件事可能并不完全像人们所说的那样美好美国本应是一个支配世界的巨人可突然之间它在外交上频频受到冷遇. 请看美国同俄罗斯和中国的关系这种关系还像多年来一样紧张——而且这两个老战友如今在谈论共同解决科索沃危机的办法 与此同时联合国正设法加入科索沃会谈被其基地上停满的F-16战斗机弄得昏昏然的欧洲又在发誓不要那么依靠美国的军事保护了今天的世界已不是9年前——那时美国支配着国际上对伊拉克出兵科威特事件所作的反应——的那个世界了那个单极时期可能已经过去了正如科索沃冲突所表明的美国越来越需要考虑可能感觉受到它的力量威胁的其他国家意见了 哈佛大学国际关系教授塞缪尔•亨廷顿最近在外交杂志上撰文说几乎所有地区大国都越来越坚持自己的意见以促进自己独特的往往与美国利益相冲突的利益 美国仍旧是世界最重要的国家而且它的重要性比所有其他国家都大得多.它是惟一能够投送从军事到经济到文化等各种力量的国家但是它已不再是罗马帝国了如果说它以前曾是的话它不能独自解决全球的难题 ——摘自美国jī dū jiāo 科学箴言报2000年5月13日文章超级大国的神话 材料4 美国国务卿奥尔布赖特始终关心使这个超级大国在全世界得到尊重必要时也进行粗暴的威胁或有力的制裁 上个星期这位美国最高的外交官不仅仅因在__上提出尖锐批评使中国的党和____感到不满华盛顿也粗暴地对待其朋友和盟友美国作出3个有争议的决定再次证明它信仰自己的政策的伦理优势它不容置疑玩世不恭对国际上的抗议总是置之不理尤其在欧洲大发雷霆 白宫的肥皂剧折腾了一年多在这个肥皂剧中极端保守的共和党人向克林顿总统发起了攻击现在这个丢脸的世界大国又开始耀武扬威不仅仅是对不顺从的伊拉克进行空袭或者在科索沃悲剧中对塞尔维亚进行空袭威胁德国公民瓦尔特•拉格朗刚刚在亚利桑那州被处决接着北卡罗来纳州的评审委员会宣布在意大利卡瓦莱塞造成不幸事件的美国飞行员无罪最后华盛顿在与欧盟的贸易战中宣布对海外的盟友实行很高的惩罚性关税 在过去数十年里美国毋宁说是一位不情愿的世界警察是一个受越南战争创伤折磨的国家但在共产主义结束之后这个具有无限可能性的国家为建立全球霸权地位扩大了其军事优势这个世界大国在未来技术——计算机航空和信息——方面居主导地位而且美国在这方面的优势仍在不断扩大 欧洲国家在为严重疲软的欧元的前途和协调税收进行争吵而持续的经济繁荣股市景气和美元坚挺使美国成为无可争议的世界统治者——华盛顿挑衅性地炫耀它的优势 谁反对这个超级大国谁就会处于不利地位德黑兰和阿富汗的__与北朝鲜的斯大林主义政权或苏丹的穆斯林原教旨主义者一样被列入红色名单 在战胜社会主义——美国把这场胜利赞扬为是自由战胜奴役——之后对美国的所有怀疑显然都消失了自由市场开放边境完全资本主义这就是华盛顿向全世界宣传的良方 报业大王亨利•卢斯宣告的美国世纪也许将对新的千年产生影响专门撰写社论的里夫斯欢呼说美国世纪将继续下去我们可以告诉所有的国家它们该如何制定其政策 但并不是所有的人都对此欢欣鼓舞在围绕进口拉美香蕉的长期争论中美国威胁要对欧洲的商品——床上用品奶酪饼干和开司米毛衣等——加收100%的关税因此英国的经济学家周刊评论说美国和欧洲处在战争之中香蕉之争——在这场争论中欧洲人迄今为止已回避了世界贸易组织的两次判决——并不是引起贸易战的惟一事件美国的牛肉和经过基因处理的食品中的荷尔蒙附加物也引起欧洲人的不满据说陈旧的波音飞机——因噪音太大一一将不再允许飞往欧洲美国当局也打算取消协和运输机在美国的降落权 大西洋两岸还可能出现糟糕的冲突如果世界贸易组织的调解机构不起作用那么痛苦的贸易冲突不久就可能不断升级为破坏性的对抗然后美国可能试图获得采取单独行动的权利 欧洲人指责美国蛮横实施其利益是单边主义法国早已谴责美国充分利用其在经济军事外交政策和文化方面的压倒优势是超级大国的无原则行为 ——摘自德国明镜周刊2000年3月8日文章自以为是的超级大国 请回答 1材料1说从世界范围进行观察就可以看出美国对南联盟发动这场武力干涉并不是孤立的偶然的现象结合材料1~4予以简要分析 2材料2说在世界许多国家也许是大多数国家看来美国正在成为无赖超级大国它被看作是对它们的社会惟一最大的外部威胁试简要分析 3材料4说专门撰写社论的里夫斯欢呼说‘美国世纪将继续下去我们可以告诉所有的国家它们该如何制定其政策’结合材料2~4予以分析 选做题Ⅱ: 根据材料回答 材料1 夺取全国的胜利这只是万里长城走完了第一步如果这一步也值得骄傲那是比较渺小的更值得骄傲的还在后头在过了几十年之后来看中国人民民主革命的胜利就会使人们感觉那好像只是一出长剧的一个短小的序幕剧是必须从序幕开始的但序幕还不是高潮.中国的革命是伟大的但革命以后的路程更长工作更伟大更艰苦这一点现在就必须向党内讲明务必使同志们继续保持谦虚谨慎不骄不躁的作风务必使同志们继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风 —__在中国__第七届中央委员会第三次全体会议上的报告 材料2 我们讲艰苦奋斗当然不是要人们去过清教徒式苦行僧式的生活也不是要否定合理的物质利益而是要大力提倡艰苦奋斗自强不息与时俱进开拓创新的精神要求每个领导干部始终保持__人的政治本色越是改革开放和发展社会主义市场经济越要弘扬艰苦奋斗的精神即使将来我们的国家发达了人民的生活富裕了艰苦奋斗的精神也不能丢那种认为艰苦奋斗是老一套已经过时了的想法是错误的也是很有害的 —__同志2002年12有6日在西柏坡学习考察时的讲话 请回答 1根据材料1简述革命战争时期我党对执政党建设的探索 2结合全面建设小康社会的新形势和新任务阐释重新提出两个务必的重要意义
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionisnotaloneinworryingabouttelevisionstationsthataircorporateadvertisementsmasqueradingasnewsstories.InfacttheFCCrequiresthatbroadcaststationsdisclosethecorporatebackersof"videonewsreleases"orfaceamaximumfineof$32500foreachviolation.Enoughviolationsandastationcouldloseitslicense.TheFCCsetsoutaclearpolicy:Alloutsidenewsreportingmustbeidentifieddisclosingthesourceofanyvideonewsreleaseairedonanewsprogram. Thereareoccasionaldeclines.AnonprofitconsumerwatchdoggroupreportedtotheFCCthat77stationsbroadcastvideofeaturesaboutproductsfrom49companieswithoutpointingoutthattheywereproducedbypublicrelationsfirmsrepresentingthesecorporations.Publicrelationsfirmshaveonegoal:tomaketheirvideonewsreleaseslookasiftheyarelegitimatenewsreportsnotpropaganda. HoweverPR-producedvideonewsreleasesmerelyarethetipoftheiceberg.Eversincenewspapersbeganspecial-interestgroupshavetriedtoinfluencethequalityandquantityofthenewsprinted.Ofteninexchangeforadvertisingrevenuenewspaperswouldprintglowingstoriesoftheirsponsorsandsuppressanynewsthatmighthurttheirheavyadvertisers.Thosewithouttheabilitytoinformthepresseitherthroughnewsreleasesorcontactsusuallyareignoredunlesstheycommitacrimeoractinattention-gettingways. Formostofthe20thcenturywomenandpeopleofcolorfounditalmostimpossibletobreakthespecial-interestnewsbarriers.Theirstorieswereignoredunlesstherewasasensationaloruniqueelement.Usuallythoughitemsconcerningtheseminoritiesrequiredanenormouswrongdoingsuchasthemurderofsomeoneinthewhitecommunityorsomeattackonthestatusquothatthreatenedthepeaceandquietaswellastheproductivityofaneighborhood. Therehavebeensplendidexceptionsbutnotmany.OnereasontheHispanicnewsmediahasbeensosuccessfulisthatitcaterstoitsaudienceinthesamemannerallmediadoes.Whileitsbiasmayseemdifferentitactuallyisthesamebiasallmediahas:anoverwhelmingconcerntokeepitssupportershappy.SowhilethehueandcryoverPR-createdvideonewsreleasesarewellandgoodtheyreallydonotattacktheproblemofbiasednewsandappealstoaspecificgroupthatsharesthesameprejudicesandconcernsaboutthepresentandfuture. AllofthisisonekeyreasonAmericanssooftenaresurprisedwhenthenewsoutletsareforcedtoreportstoriesthatdonotpleaseadvertisersorconsumers.Bettertocontinuewhenpossibleasteadysupplyofnewsaboutthelatestcelebritybabyoryetanotherpieceaboutsexoffendersorrestauranthealthviolations TelevisionstationsintheU.S.areNOTallowedtobroadcastprogramsof
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Ananalysisofworkplacetrendsshowsthatemployeeperksareliableindicatorofjobmarketstrengtharebeginningtomakeacomeback.WhilenotasExtravagantasthoseofferedinthelate1990scompaniesclearlyareshiftingtheirfocusfromworkforcereductiontoworkforceretention.Firmsrealizethattheyrequireafoundationofexperiencedtrainedandmotivatedworkers.Theseemployersareimprovingand/oraddingperkstopreventanexodusofworkersthatcouldoccurastheeconomycontinuesimproving.Theyalsomaybelookingfurtherdowntheroadwhenseverelaborshortagesareexpectedtoreturn. Ananalysisofperksofferedintoday’sworkplaceshowsthatmanyofthe1990s-stylebenefitssuchasgameroomsandluxurycarleaseshavebeenabandoned.Theperksthatremainpopularwithemployersandemployeesarethosethathelpworkersstayhealthycareerfocusedandfinanciallystable.Perhapsthemostappreciatedarethosethathelpindividualsmaintainwork-lifebalance. Work-lifebalanceisjustonepartofthegrowingconcerncompanieshaveabouttheoverallemotionalandphysicalhealthoftheirworkers.Employeeswhoarestressedoutordepressedbecausetheydonotfeelasiftheyaregivingenoughattentiontothenonworkaspectsoftheirlivesultimatelyareunproductive.Moreandmorecompaniesalsoarelearningthatworkersdesiretheopportunitytogrowprofessionallyintheworkplace.HewlettPackardforinstancehasboosteditsemployeeeducationanddevelopmentbudgetby20%. NationwideInsurancebasedinColumbusOhioestablishedacareer-planningwebsitein2003.Thesiteprovidesinformationoncompanyjobopportunitiescareerdevelopmentandanin-housementoringprogram.Nationwidealsoishelpingtoeducateitsemployeesinfinancialmattersacknowledgingthatworkersdistractedbysuchissuesonthejobarenotgivingtheirfullattentiontothecompany’spriorities.Itisaddingclassesandseminarsonpersonalfinanceissuesand401kinvestments. Sometimesperkssimplyareaboutkeepingemployeemoraleelevated.KnowingthatanimprovingeconomymightpromptvaluedemployeestoseeknewopportunitiestheownerofTicketcity.comhaslavishedhisbestperformerswithticketstotheMastersgolftournament锦标赛accesstocountryclubsandinvitationstoamanagementretreatinSedonaAriz. Moreoverevencompaniesthatcannotaffordtoinstitutecostlyperkscanfindwaystomakesurecurrentemployeesarehappy.DougDormanvicepresidentofhumanresourcesfortheGreenvilleS.C.HospitalSystemexplainsthatthereisadefinitesenseofurgencywhenitcomestoemployeeretentionknowingthatlaborshortagesarereturning.Dormannoteshoweverthattheyhavenotfocusedonperks"butratheroncreatingacultureofrecognitionandappreciation.Employeesstaywhentheyhavegoodtwo-waycommunicationwithmanagementandaretrulyappreciatedandrecognizedfortheircontributions." Accordingtothetextthereturnofperksismostlybecause
TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionisnotaloneinworryingabouttelevisionstationsthataircorporateadvertisementsmasqueradingasnewsstories.InfacttheFCCrequiresthatbroadcaststationsdisclosethecorporatebackersof"videonewsreleases"orfaceamaximumfineof$32500foreachviolation.Enoughviolationsandastationcouldloseitslicense.TheFCCsetsoutaclearpolicy:Alloutsidenewsreportingmustbeidentifieddisclosingthesourceofanyvideonewsreleaseairedonanewsprogram. Thereareoccasionaldeclines.AnonprofitconsumerwatchdoggroupreportedtotheFCCthat77stationsbroadcastvideofeaturesaboutproductsfrom49companieswithoutpointingoutthattheywereproducedbypublicrelationsfirmsrepresentingthesecorporations.Publicrelationsfirmshaveonegoal:tomaketheirvideonewsreleaseslookasiftheyarelegitimatenewsreportsnotpropaganda. HoweverPR-producedvideonewsreleasesmerelyarethetipoftheiceberg.Eversincenewspapersbeganspecial-interestgroupshavetriedtoinfluencethequalityandquantityofthenewsprinted.Ofteninexchangeforadvertisingrevenuenewspaperswouldprintglowingstoriesoftheirsponsorsandsuppressanynewsthatmighthurttheirheavyadvertisers.Thosewithouttheabilitytoinformthepresseitherthroughnewsreleasesorcontactsusuallyareignoredunlesstheycommitacrimeoractinattention-gettingways. Formostofthe20thcenturywomenandpeopleofcolorfounditalmostimpossibletobreakthespecial-interestnewsbarriers.Theirstorieswereignoredunlesstherewasasensationaloruniqueelement.Usuallythoughitemsconcerningtheseminoritiesrequiredanenormouswrongdoingsuchasthemurderofsomeoneinthewhitecommunityorsomeattackonthestatusquothatthreatenedthepeaceandquietaswellastheproductivityofaneighborhood. Therehavebeensplendidexceptionsbutnotmany.OnereasontheHispanicnewsmediahasbeensosuccessfulisthatitcaterstoitsaudienceinthesamemannerallmediadoes.Whileitsbiasmayseemdifferentitactuallyisthesamebiasallmediahas:anoverwhelmingconcerntokeepitssupportershappy.SowhilethehueandcryoverPR-createdvideonewsreleasesarewellandgoodtheyreallydonotattacktheproblemofbiasednewsandappealstoaspecificgroupthatsharesthesameprejudicesandconcernsaboutthepresentandfuture. AllofthisisonekeyreasonAmericanssooftenaresurprisedwhenthenewsoutletsareforcedtoreportstoriesthatdonotpleaseadvertisersorconsumers.Bettertocontinuewhenpossibleasteadysupplyofnewsaboutthelatestcelebritybabyoryetanotherpieceaboutsexoffendersorrestauranthealthviolations Fromthetextwecanconcludethatnewsmediathatreleasebiasednewsreportswouldprobably
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Ananalysisofworkplacetrendsshowsthatemployeeperksareliableindicatorofjobmarketstrengtharebeginningtomakeacomeback.WhilenotasExtravagantasthoseofferedinthelate1990scompaniesclearlyareshiftingtheirfocusfromworkforcereductiontoworkforceretention.Firmsrealizethattheyrequireafoundationofexperiencedtrainedandmotivatedworkers.Theseemployersareimprovingand/oraddingperkstopreventanexodusofworkersthatcouldoccurastheeconomycontinuesimproving.Theyalsomaybelookingfurtherdowntheroadwhenseverelaborshortagesareexpectedtoreturn. Ananalysisofperksofferedintoday’sworkplaceshowsthatmanyofthe1990s-stylebenefitssuchasgameroomsandluxurycarleaseshavebeenabandoned.Theperksthatremainpopularwithemployersandemployeesarethosethathelpworkersstayhealthycareerfocusedandfinanciallystable.Perhapsthemostappreciatedarethosethathelpindividualsmaintainwork-lifebalance. Work-lifebalanceisjustonepartofthegrowingconcerncompanieshaveabouttheoverallemotionalandphysicalhealthoftheirworkers.Employeeswhoarestressedoutordepressedbecausetheydonotfeelasiftheyaregivingenoughattentiontothenonworkaspectsoftheirlivesultimatelyareunproductive.Moreandmorecompaniesalsoarelearningthatworkersdesiretheopportunitytogrowprofessionallyintheworkplace.HewlettPackardforinstancehasboosteditsemployeeeducationanddevelopmentbudgetby20%. NationwideInsurancebasedinColumbusOhioestablishedacareer-planningwebsitein2003.Thesiteprovidesinformationoncompanyjobopportunitiescareerdevelopmentandanin-housementoringprogram.Nationwidealsoishelpingtoeducateitsemployeesinfinancialmattersacknowledgingthatworkersdistractedbysuchissuesonthejobarenotgivingtheirfullattentiontothecompany’spriorities.Itisaddingclassesandseminarsonpersonalfinanceissuesand401kinvestments. Sometimesperkssimplyareaboutkeepingemployeemoraleelevated.KnowingthatanimprovingeconomymightpromptvaluedemployeestoseeknewopportunitiestheownerofTicketcity.comhaslavishedhisbestperformerswithticketstotheMastersgolftournament锦标赛accesstocountryclubsandinvitationstoamanagementretreatinSedonaAriz. Moreoverevencompaniesthatcannotaffordtoinstitutecostlyperkscanfindwaystomakesurecurrentemployeesarehappy.DougDormanvicepresidentofhumanresourcesfortheGreenvilleS.C.HospitalSystemexplainsthatthereisadefinitesenseofurgencywhenitcomestoemployeeretentionknowingthatlaborshortagesarereturning.Dormannoteshoweverthattheyhavenotfocusedonperks"butratheroncreatingacultureofrecognitionandappreciation.Employeesstaywhentheyhavegoodtwo-waycommunicationwithmanagementandaretrulyappreciatedandrecognizedfortheircontributions." Whichofthefollowingisnotthereasonwhycompanieshavebeguntoshifttheirattentionontheretentionofworkforce
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
PresidentBushhasonceagainstartedspeakingoutforcomprehensiveimmigrationreformandadraftplantorallyRepublicansenatorsontheissueiscirculatingjustasCongressionalhearingsontheissueapproach.MembersofCongressrecognizethatvotersarelookingforrealreformthatrestsonresoluteeffectiveenforcementofourimmigrationlaws. Theonlyseriouslegislativeproposalonthetableofferssuchenforcementbecauseitfocusesonmakingemployersaccountablefortheirhiringpractices.Tothatendthebillincorporateslessonslearnedfromthelargestimmigrationenforcementoperationeverundertaken.LastDecemberDepartmentofHomelandSecurityagentsdescendedonmeatprocessingplantsrunbySwirl&Companyinsixstatesarrestingmorethan1200unauthorizedworkers. ThearrestswereastonishingbecauseSwiftparticipatesinBasicPilotavoluntaryDepartmentofHomelandSecurityprogramthatallowsemployerstoelectronicallyverifytheworkeligibilityofnewlyhiredworkersagainstdepartmentandSocialSecuritydatabases.Theprogramisseenastheprecursorforaverificationsystemthatwouldbecomemandatorywithcomprehensiveimmigrationreform.SinceSwirlwasusingthedepartment’ssystemhowdiditendupwithillegalworkers TheBasicPilotprogramhasafatalflawwhichisthatitrequiresonlyelectronicverificationofemploymentqualification.Aneffectiveprogramshouldalsoinsistontamper-proofidentificationdocumentsforjob-seekersincorporatingbiometricslikedigitalphotographsandfingerprintstoproveidentity.Onlythenwoulditbepossibletoestablishnotonlythatjobapplicantsareauthorizedtoworkbutalsothattheyarewhotheysaytheyare.OtherwisevalidSocialSecuritynumberscanbepresentedtoemployersandBasicPilotwillverifythembutthenumbersmaynotbelongtotheworkerswhopresentthem. ToinsistonsecuredocumentswithbiometricidentifiersisnotacallforanationalID.Greencardstemporaryworkpermitsandpassportsaresecureandreliableforhiringpurposes.AddingSocialSecuritycardstothislistestablishingasinglestandardfortheirsecurityfeaturesandreplacingoldcardsoveradesignatedperiodwouldresolvetheproblemonanationalscale. Onlythenwouldemployersbeabletocomplyreliablywithverificationrequirementsasthebasisforsoundenforcementandbyextensionbordercontrol.LegalimmigrantsandAmericancitizenscouldprovetheiridentitiesandqualificationstoworkwithoutfacingdiscriminationbasedonappearanceorlanguage.Scarceenforcementresourcescouldbespentonapprehendingrealcriminalsandaddressingnationalsecuritythreats.Andanewsystemofenforcementwouldatlasthaveachancetowinbackpublicconfidenceinthenation’simmigrationpolicies.Aftermorethan20yearsoffailedeffortsCongressmustnotbakehalfaloaf.SecurebiometricSocialSecuritycardsareanessentialingredientinanycomprehensiveimmigrationreform. Intheauthor’sopinionwhichofthefollowingisthebestwayforaUScitizentobejudged
Eventheirparentsstruggletodrawthetiniesthintofemotionorsocialconnectionfromautistic患孤独症的childrensoimaginewhathappenswhenastrangersitswiththechildforhourstogetthroughthestandardIQtest.For10ofthetest’s12sectionsthechildmustlistenandrespondtospokenquestions.Sinceformanyautisticsitistorturetotrytoengagewithsomeoneevenonthisimpersonallevelit’snowondersomanywindupwithIQscoresjustaboveacarrot’s.Morepreciselyfullythreequartersofautisticsareclassifiedashavingbelow-normalintelligencewithmanydeemedmentallyretarded. ResearchershavetriedadifferentIQtestonethatrequiresnosocialinteraction.AstheyreportinthejournalPsychologicalScienceautisticchildren’sscorescameoutstarklydifferentthanontheoralinteractiveIQtest—suggestingaburningintelligenceinsidethesekidsthateducatorsarefailingtouncover. ForthestudychildrentooktwoIQtests.InthemorewidelyusedWechslertheytriedtoarrangeandcompletepicturesdosimplearithmeticdemonstratevocabularycomprehensionandanswerquestions—almostallinresponsetoastranger’squestions.IntheRaven’sProgressiveMatricestesttheygotbriefinstructionsthenwentoffontheirowntoanalyzethree-by-threearraysofgeometricdesignswithonemissingandchoosethedesignthatbelongedintheemptyplace.Thedisparityinscoreswasstriking.Overalltheautisticsscoredaroundthe30thpercentileontheWechslerwhichcorrespondsto"lowaverage"IQ.Buttheyaveragedinthe56thpercentileontheRaven’s.notasingleautisticchildscoredinthe"highintelligence"rangeontheWechsler;ontheRaven’sonethirddid.Healthychildrenshowednosuchdisparity. Thatpresentsapuzzle.IfmanyautisticsarcmoreintelligentthananIQtestshowswhyhaven’ttheirparentsnoticedPartlybecausemanyparentswelcomealowscorewhichbringstheirchildmorespecialservicesfromschoolsandpublicagencies.Butanotherforceisatwork."Weoftenthinkofintelligenceaswhatyoucanshowsuchasbyspeakingfluently"saysapsychologist."Parentsaswellasprofessionalsmightbebiasedtolookatthat"ratherthandigforthehiddenintellectualspark. Thechallengeistocoaxthatsparkintothekindofintelligencethatmanifestsitselfinpractice.Thatissomethingautismresearchersarefarfromdoing.Manyexpertsdismissautistics’exceptionalreadingartisticorotherabilitiesassideeffectsofabnormalbrainfunction.Theyadviseparentstosteertheirchildawayfromwhatheexcelsatandobsessesoverandtowardwhathestruggleswith.Itmakesyouwonderhowmanyotherchildrenwhoseintellectualpotentialwe’retooblindtoseewe’vealsogivenupon. Whichofthefollowingisnotthereasonwhyparentsareunabletofindthehiddenintelligenceintheirautisticchildren
PresidentBushhasonceagainstartedspeakingoutforcomprehensiveimmigrationreformandadraftplantorallyRepublicansenatorsontheissueiscirculatingjustasCongressionalhearingsontheissueapproach.MembersofCongressrecognizethatvotersarelookingforrealreformthatrestsonresoluteeffectiveenforcementofourimmigrationlaws. Theonlyseriouslegislativeproposalonthetableofferssuchenforcementbecauseitfocusesonmakingemployersaccountablefortheirhiringpractices.Tothatendthebillincorporateslessonslearnedfromthelargestimmigrationenforcementoperationeverundertaken.LastDecemberDepartmentofHomelandSecurityagentsdescendedonmeatprocessingplantsrunbySwirl&Companyinsixstatesarrestingmorethan1200unauthorizedworkers. ThearrestswereastonishingbecauseSwiftparticipatesinBasicPilotavoluntaryDepartmentofHomelandSecurityprogramthatallowsemployerstoelectronicallyverifytheworkeligibilityofnewlyhiredworkersagainstdepartmentandSocialSecuritydatabases.Theprogramisseenastheprecursorforaverificationsystemthatwouldbecomemandatorywithcomprehensiveimmigrationreform.SinceSwirlwasusingthedepartment’ssystemhowdiditendupwithillegalworkers TheBasicPilotprogramhasafatalflawwhichisthatitrequiresonlyelectronicverificationofemploymentqualification.Aneffectiveprogramshouldalsoinsistontamper-proofidentificationdocumentsforjob-seekersincorporatingbiometricslikedigitalphotographsandfingerprintstoproveidentity.Onlythenwoulditbepossibletoestablishnotonlythatjobapplicantsareauthorizedtoworkbutalsothattheyarewhotheysaytheyare.OtherwisevalidSocialSecuritynumberscanbepresentedtoemployersandBasicPilotwillverifythembutthenumbersmaynotbelongtotheworkerswhopresentthem. ToinsistonsecuredocumentswithbiometricidentifiersisnotacallforanationalID.Greencardstemporaryworkpermitsandpassportsaresecureandreliableforhiringpurposes.AddingSocialSecuritycardstothislistestablishingasinglestandardfortheirsecurityfeaturesandreplacingoldcardsoveradesignatedperiodwouldresolvetheproblemonanationalscale. Onlythenwouldemployersbeabletocomplyreliablywithverificationrequirementsasthebasisforsoundenforcementandbyextensionbordercontrol.LegalimmigrantsandAmericancitizenscouldprovetheiridentitiesandqualificationstoworkwithoutfacingdiscriminationbasedonappearanceorlanguage.Scarceenforcementresourcescouldbespentonapprehendingrealcriminalsandaddressingnationalsecuritythreats.Andanewsystemofenforcementwouldatlasthaveachancetowinbackpublicconfidenceinthenation’simmigrationpolicies.Aftermorethan20yearsoffailedeffortsCongressmustnotbakehalfaloaf.SecurebiometricSocialSecuritycardsareanessentialingredientinanycomprehensiveimmigrationreform. AccordingtothetexttheBasicPilotprogramcanonlybefullyeffectiveunless
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Eventheirparentsstruggletodrawthetiniesthintofemotionorsocialconnectionfromautistic患孤独症的childrensoimaginewhathappenswhenastrangersitswiththechildforhourstogetthroughthestandardIQtest.For10ofthetest’s12sectionsthechildmustlistenandrespondtospokenquestions.Sinceformanyautisticsitistorturetotrytoengagewithsomeoneevenonthisimpersonallevelit’snowondersomanywindupwithIQscoresjustaboveacarrot’s.Morepreciselyfullythreequartersofautisticsareclassifiedashavingbelow-normalintelligencewithmanydeemedmentallyretarded. ResearchershavetriedadifferentIQtestonethatrequiresnosocialinteraction.AstheyreportinthejournalPsychologicalScienceautisticchildren’sscorescameoutstarklydifferentthanontheoralinteractiveIQtest—suggestingaburningintelligenceinsidethesekidsthateducatorsarefailingtouncover. ForthestudychildrentooktwoIQtests.InthemorewidelyusedWechslertheytriedtoarrangeandcompletepicturesdosimplearithmeticdemonstratevocabularycomprehensionandanswerquestions—almostallinresponsetoastranger’squestions.IntheRaven’sProgressiveMatricestesttheygotbriefinstructionsthenwentoffontheirowntoanalyzethree-by-threearraysofgeometricdesignswithonemissingandchoosethedesignthatbelongedintheemptyplace.Thedisparityinscoreswasstriking.Overalltheautisticsscoredaroundthe30thpercentileontheWechslerwhichcorrespondsto"lowaverage"IQ.Buttheyaveragedinthe56thpercentileontheRaven’s.notasingleautisticchildscoredinthe"highintelligence"rangeontheWechsler;ontheRaven’sonethirddid.Healthychildrenshowednosuchdisparity. Thatpresentsapuzzle.IfmanyautisticsarcmoreintelligentthananIQtestshowswhyhaven’ttheirparentsnoticedPartlybecausemanyparentswelcomealowscorewhichbringstheirchildmorespecialservicesfromschoolsandpublicagencies.Butanotherforceisatwork."Weoftenthinkofintelligenceaswhatyoucanshowsuchasbyspeakingfluently"saysapsychologist."Parentsaswellasprofessionalsmightbebiasedtolookatthat"ratherthandigforthehiddenintellectualspark. Thechallengeistocoaxthatsparkintothekindofintelligencethatmanifestsitselfinpractice.Thatissomethingautismresearchersarefarfromdoing.Manyexpertsdismissautistics’exceptionalreadingartisticorotherabilitiesassideeffectsofabnormalbrainfunction.Theyadviseparentstosteertheirchildawayfromwhatheexcelsatandobsessesoverandtowardwhathestruggleswith.Itmakesyouwonderhowmanyotherchildrenwhoseintellectualpotentialwe’retooblindtoseewe’vealsogivenupon. AutisticchildrenalwaysgetlowerscoresinIQteststhanotherchildrenbecause
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
运用经济基础和上层建筑辩证关系的原理说明把依法治国和以德治国结合起来的重要意义
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Eventheirparentsstruggletodrawthetiniesthintofemotionorsocialconnectionfromautistic患孤独症的childrensoimaginewhathappenswhenastrangersitswiththechildforhourstogetthroughthestandardIQtest.For10ofthetest’s12sectionsthechildmustlistenandrespondtospokenquestions.Sinceformanyautisticsitistorturetotrytoengagewithsomeoneevenonthisimpersonallevelit’snowondersomanywindupwithIQscoresjustaboveacarrot’s.Morepreciselyfullythreequartersofautisticsareclassifiedashavingbelow-normalintelligencewithmanydeemedmentallyretarded. ResearchershavetriedadifferentIQtestonethatrequiresnosocialinteraction.AstheyreportinthejournalPsychologicalScienceautisticchildren’sscorescameoutstarklydifferentthanontheoralinteractiveIQtest—suggestingaburningintelligenceinsidethesekidsthateducatorsarefailingtouncover. ForthestudychildrentooktwoIQtests.InthemorewidelyusedWechslertheytriedtoarrangeandcompletepicturesdosimplearithmeticdemonstratevocabularycomprehensionandanswerquestions—almostallinresponsetoastranger’squestions.IntheRaven’sProgressiveMatricestesttheygotbriefinstructionsthenwentoffontheirowntoanalyzethree-by-threearraysofgeometricdesignswithonemissingandchoosethedesignthatbelongedintheemptyplace.Thedisparityinscoreswasstriking.Overalltheautisticsscoredaroundthe30thpercentileontheWechslerwhichcorrespondsto"lowaverage"IQ.Buttheyaveragedinthe56thpercentileontheRaven’s.notasingleautisticchildscoredinthe"highintelligence"rangeontheWechsler;ontheRaven’sonethirddid.Healthychildrenshowednosuchdisparity. Thatpresentsapuzzle.IfmanyautisticsarcmoreintelligentthananIQtestshowswhyhaven’ttheirparentsnoticedPartlybecausemanyparentswelcomealowscorewhichbringstheirchildmorespecialservicesfromschoolsandpublicagencies.Butanotherforceisatwork."Weoftenthinkofintelligenceaswhatyoucanshowsuchasbyspeakingfluently"saysapsychologist."Parentsaswellasprofessionalsmightbebiasedtolookatthat"ratherthandigforthehiddenintellectualspark. Thechallengeistocoaxthatsparkintothekindofintelligencethatmanifestsitselfinpractice.Thatissomethingautismresearchersarefarfromdoing.Manyexpertsdismissautistics’exceptionalreadingartisticorotherabilitiesassideeffectsofabnormalbrainfunction.Theyadviseparentstosteertheirchildawayfromwhatheexcelsatandobsessesoverandtowardwhathestruggleswith.Itmakesyouwonderhowmanyotherchildrenwhoseintellectualpotentialwe’retooblindtoseewe’vealsogivenupon. Whichofthefollowingconflictswithwhatthetextconveys
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规