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全面发展教育的重要组成部分是
教育、智育、体育、美育和劳动技术教育
思想政治教育、智育、体育、美育和劳动技术教育
德育、智育、体育、美育和劳动技术教育
道德教育、智育、体育、美育和劳动技术教育
以提升教育对象的智慧水平为目标的教育即
德育
智育
美育
技术教育
下列哪一观点是正确的
智育等于教学
创造性思维即发散思维
进行美育即实施素质教育
智育是实现人全面发展的途径之一
蔡元培的实利主义教育即
实用主义教育
智育
功利主义教育
商业教育
全面发展教育主要包括
德育和智育
德育、智育和体育
德育、智育、体育和美育
德育、智育、体育、美育和劳动技术教育
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EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight. Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearson"blueskies"research.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential. InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent. ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence. ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther. OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope. ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless. WhichofthefollowingcontributestotheweakperformanceofEurope
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutthedevelopmentofmaritimelaws.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 44
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults."Idonotbelieve"wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMonde"thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess." ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement. Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedofthe"riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.""IhavenothinginparicularagainstGoogle"hetoldL’Expressamagazine."IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking."Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication. TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa"committeeofexperts".HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting. France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—"SuperNanny"and"StarAcademy"arecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual. TherealconflictbehindFrenchresistancetoGoogleisactuallytheonebetween
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington. 2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis…wellmoody. Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsago Notreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit. AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments. ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim. TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositiveoutcomesinIraqif
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington. 2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis…wellmoody. Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsago Notreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit. AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments. ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim. AccordingtotheauthorthepresentpessimismintheUSismainlydueto
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown. Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs. Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave. Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea. Whenopeningsmallbusinessesthemostimportantthingforsmall-businessownerstodois
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults."Idonotbelieve"wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMonde"thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess." ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement. Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedofthe"riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.""IhavenothinginparicularagainstGoogle"hetoldL’Expressamagazine."IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking."Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication. TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa"committeeofexperts".HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting. France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—"SuperNanny"and"StarAcademy"arecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual. PresidentJacquesChiracwantstosetupaFrenchsearchengineto
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight. Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearson"blueskies"research.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential. InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent. ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence. ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther. OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope. ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless. AccordingtoERCsupportersscientistsarenotreachingtheirfullpotentialbecause
如果朋友委托你代他到裁缝铺做衣服那么裁缝可以不问这件衣服做几个领子几个袖子但却要问身高腰围各是多少这是因为
本题为选做题请在ⅠⅡ两道试题中选取其中一道解答若两题都回答只按第1道试题的成绩记人总分 选做题Ⅰ 材料1不出几年中国就会成为世界上经济规模最大的国家而且它正在朝着成为一个令人生畏的军事大国的方向前进中国是一个未得到满足的雄心勃勃的大国它的目标是支配亚洲其办法不是入侵和占领邻国而是使自己远比邻国强大从而使东亚发生的一切都必须至少得到中国的默许 摘自即将到来的美中冲突理查德•伯恩斯坦罗斯•芒罗 材料2西方国家不管是以经济还是军事方面的威胁为由阻止中国选择自己的经济体制中同其共同生存共同发展的道路对和平与繁荣来说都是极大的不幸不管怎样都应该使中国成为世界经济中的一强强国拥有强大的军事力量本身并不构成威胁问题在于是否把拥有的强大力量作为威胁的手段 摘自韩国朝鲜日报1996年1月 材料32003年10月7日____出席了在印尼巴厘岛举行的首后东盟商业与投资峰会并发表了题为中国的发展和亚洲的振兴的演讲他强调发展是实现亚洲振兴的必由之路积极促进亚洲的发展振兴与和平稳定是中国的既定方针睦邻安邻和富邻是中国实现自身发展战略的重要组成部分睦邻就是继承和发扬中华民族亲仁善邻以和为贵的哲学思想在与周边国家和睦相处的原则下共筑本地区稳定和谐的国家关系结构安邻就是积极维护本地区的和平与稳定坚持通过对话合作增进互信通过和平谈判解决分歧为亚洲的发展营造和平安定的地区环境富邻就是加强与邻国的互利合作深化区域和次区域合作积极推进地区经济一体化与亚洲各国实现共同发展这是我国领导人对党的十六大确定的以邻为善与邻为伴重要方针的第一次具体阐述是对近年来我国周边外交实践新的概括和总结进一步丰富了我国睦邻外交政策的内涵 请回答 1如何理解‘睦邻’‘安邻’和‘富邻’是中国实现自身发展战略的重要组成部分 2依据上述材料的论述评述中国是一个未得到满足的雄心勃勃的大国它的目标是支配亚洲这一观点 选做题Ⅱ 反全球化作为一种社会思潮也是逐步发展成为世界范围的一种有组织有规模有目的的杜会运动已成为当前国际政治的一个重要现象各种反全球化力量将继续存在并呈扩大之势在更广的范围内继续对全球化进行批评和抗议其声音和力度还将会逐步走高为扩大影响和施加压力各种形式的反全球化抗议活动还会频繁发生但反全球化将加强行动协调逐步走向国际化理性化和机制化 请回答 1导致反全球化运动兴起的深层原因是什么 2如何全面看待反全球化运动
阅读下列材料 宇宙是无限的而人类总有灭亡之时直至人类覆灭之时也不可能完成对宇宙的全部认识因此不可知论者所主张的“人类不能彻底认识世界”“人类不具有彻底认识世界的能力”以及“人类的认识能力不具备无限性”的观点是正确的 评析上述观点
古希腊哲学家柏拉图认为现实世界中的每一个具体事物都有决定其自身存在的理念具体的桌子决定于桌子的理念具体的床决定于床的理念然而具体的桌子有方桌圆桌之分具体的床有大床小床之别它们是变动不居的因而是不真实的惟有桌子床的理念永恒存在着因此属于真实的存在和第一性的东西由此而论
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown. Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs. Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave. Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea. Accordingtothetextthemaindifferencebetweenamultinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesin
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown. Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs. Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave. Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesis
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults."Idonotbelieve"wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMonde"thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess." ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement. Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedofthe"riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.""IhavenothinginparicularagainstGoogle"hetoldL’Expressamagazine."IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking."Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication. TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa"committeeofexperts".HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting. France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—"SuperNanny"and"StarAcademy"arecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual. Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheFrencheffortsseemstobe
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
新殖民主义的特点是
根据以下材料回答问题 材料l“我们必须和这种党内的腐化思想作斗争但是不要把反对党内资本主义思想的斗争错误地移到社会经济方面去反对资本主义的经济成分” 摘自__农村调查的序言和跋1941年4月19日 材料2“有些人不了解__人为什么不但不怕资本主义反而在一定的条件下提倡它的发展我们的回答是这样简单拿资本主义的某种发展去代替帝国主义和本国封建主义的压迫不但是一个进步而且是一个不可避免的过程…现在的中国是多了一个外国的帝国主义和本国的封建主义而不是多了一个本国的资本主义相反地我们的资本主义是太少了” 摘自__论联合政府1945年4月24日 材料3“为了对付帝国主义的压迫为了使落后的经济地位进一步提高中国必须利用一切于国计民生有利而不是有害的城乡资本主义因素团结民族资产阶级共同奋斗我们现在的方针是节制资本主义而不是消灭资本主义但是民族资产阶级不能充当革命的领导者也不应当在国家政权中占主要的地位” 摘自__论人民民主专政1949年6月30日 根据材料请回答 中国__对资本主义经济的政策是什么基本依据是什么
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutthedevelopmentofmaritimelaws.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 42
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