首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Text 4 Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attent...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单项选择》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworld
IndependenceDayiscelebratedoneveryyearintheUSA.A.J
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworld
热门试题
更多
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.4
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. Accordingtothepassageearly-twentieth-centuryeducationreformersbelievedthat
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.12
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.18
Text3 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Inthetropicalareas
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.20
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.16
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1thatoneimportantfactorintheincreasingimportanceofeducationintheUnitedStateswas
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.8
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe
Text4 AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety. ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies. Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome. Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren"efficiently"intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date. VacationschoolsandextracurricularactivitiesarementionedinPara.2toillustratealternativestoformaleducationpro-videdbypublicschools.
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." AccordingtotheNAS'sreportoneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.14
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. Inthelastparagraphplaydowntheirvisibilityrefersto
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.10
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 42
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.6
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 44
Text2 Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization. ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead. Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&TCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%. Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion. Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes. "Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs"saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues."Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou’11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion."Sheadded"Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility."Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight. Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey
Atthebeginningofthecenturymedicalscientistsmadeasurprisingdiscovery:thatweare1notjustoffleshandbloodbutalsooftime.Theywereableto2thatweallhaveaninternal"bodyclock"which3theriseandfallofourbodyenergiesmakingusdifferentfromonedaytothe5.Theseforcesbecameknownasbiorhythms:theycreatethe5inoureverydaylife. The6ofaninternal"bodyclock"shouldnotbetoosurprising7thelivesofmostlivingthingsaredominatedbythe24-hournight-and-daycycle.Themostobvious8ofthiscycleisthe9wefeeltiredandfallasleepatnightandbecomeawakeand10duringtheday.11the24-hourrhythmisinterruptedmostpeopleexperienceunpleasantsideeffects. 12internationalaeroplanetravelersoftenexperience"jetlag"whentravelingacrosstime13.Peoplewhoarenotusedto14workcanfindthatlackofsleepaffectstheirworkperformance. 15thedailyrhythmofsleepingandwakingwealsohaveotherrhythmswhich16.longerthanonedayandwhichinfluencewideareasofourlives.Mostofuswouldagreethatwefeelgoodon17daysandnetsogoodonothers.Sometimesweare18fingersandthumbsbutonotherdayswehaveexcellentcoordination.Therearetimeswhenweappeartobeaccident-proneorwhenourtemperseemstobeonashortfuse.Isn’titalsostrange19ideasseemtoflowonsomedaysbutatothertimesare20nonexistentMusicianspaintersandwritersoftentalkabout"dryspells". Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.2
Text1 TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeath."GeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It’slikesurgery"hesays."Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide." Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension." Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext
Text3 Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper. Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect. Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints. Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent. TheworddiffusesinPara.3isclosestinmeaningto
Directions: Title:BeijingToHost2008OlympicGames Outline: 1.BeijingsubmittedapplicationstotheInternationalOlympicCommittee. 2.WhydoesBeijingwanttohost2008OlympicGames 3.Beijingshouldmakefurthereffort. Youshouldwriteabout160200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号