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“行之明觉精察处便是知，知之真切笃实处便是行”，这个观点的错误是
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唐代诗人柳宗元在三赠刘员外一诗中写道信书成自误经事渐知非下列观点与该诗句所含哲理相符的是①知是行之始
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阅读下列材料材料1正如在社会中每个人的能力总是在动荡的情况下而不是在其他情况下发挥出来所以同样隐蔽在
不闻不若闻之闻之不若见之见之不若知之知之不若行之学至于行而止矣行之明也明之为圣人继承和发展了孔子讲过
教与学
师与生
学与思、学与行
行与知
行之明觉精察处便是知知之真发笃实处便是行这说明了
知和行是对立统一的关系
行先知后的关系
知行是合一的
知易行难的关系
关于认识与实践的关系下列错误的观点有
知行合一
一念发动处便是行了
知行相须，知行互发
行而后知，行后验知
唐代诗人柳宗元在三赠刘员外一诗中写道信书成自误经事渐知非下列观点与该诗句所含哲理相符的是 ①知是行
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中国明代的王阳明说一念发动处便即是行了在他看来凡是认识之真切情感之发动意志之决断都是行实践对此认识错
否认了实践的客观性
王阳明坚持“知就是行，行就是知”
是唯心主义的实践观
科学地揭示了实践的概念
下列能正确表达实践与认识关系的有①工欲善其事必先利其器孔子②信书成自误经事渐知非柳宗元③旧书不厌百回
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荀子认为不闻不若闻之闻之不若见之见之不若知之知之不若行之这是
否认“眼见为实”的错误观点
否认“知”的作用的观点
重视“行”的作用的观点
强调知行相互作用的观点
唐代诗人柳宗元在三赠刘员外一诗中写道信书成自误经事渐知非下列观点与该诗句所含哲理相符的是①知是行之始
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下列是一组关于实践观的材料材料1正如在社会中每个人的能力总是最容易在动荡的情况下而不是在其他情况下发
阅读下列材料材料一所谓致知在格物者言欲致吾之知在即物而穷其理也盖人心之灵莫不有知而天下之物莫不有理惟
阅读下面材料[材料1]正如在社会中每个人的能力总是在动荡的情况下而不是在其他情况下发挥出来所以同样隐
苟子曰不闻不若闻之闻之不若见之见之不若知之知之不若行之学至于行而止矣明之行也这段话说明的主要哲理是①
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阅读下列材料 材料1正如在社会中每个人的能力总是在动荡的情况下而不是在其他情况下发挥出来所以同样隐
唐代诗人柳宗元在三赠刘员外一诗中写道信书成自误经事渐知非下列观点与该诗句所含哲理相符的是 ①知是行
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2011年11月北京海淀区期中22题知之真切笃实处即是行行之明觉精察处即是知这句话应该出自
朱熹
王阳明
黄宗羲
顾炎武
在中国哲学中认识和实践的关系表述为知和行的关系从孔夫子到孙中山十分重视知和行的探索提出了许多深刻的思
行先于知，由行致知
知之明也，因知进行
以行验知，以行证知
知行并进，相知为用
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ThisyearthecombinedadvertisingrevenuesofGoogleandYahoo!willrivalthecombinedprime-timeadrevenuesofAmerica’sthreebigtelevisionnetworksABCCBSandNBCpredictsAdvertisingAge.41.______.Andthisweekonlineadvertisingmadeanotherleapforward.ThelatestinnovationcomesfromGooglewhichhasbeguntestinganewauction-basedservicefordisplayadvertising.ItalreadyprovidesaservicecalledAdSense.Itworksratherlikeanadvertisingagencyautomaticallyplacingsponsoredlinksandotheradsonthird-partywebsites.Googlethensplitstherevenuewiththeownersofthosewebsiteswhocanrangefrommultinationalstoindividualspublishingblogsasonlinejournalsareknown.Google’snewservicesextendAdSenseinthreeways.42.______ThisprovidesbothmoreflexibilityandcontrolsaysPatrickKeaneGoogle’sheadofsalesstrategy.Companiestryingtoraiseawarenessofabrandoftenwantahighlevelofcontroloverwheretheiradsappear.Thesecondchangeinvolvespricing.43.______.Click-throughmarketingtendstobeaimedatpeoplewhoalreadyknowtheywanttobuysomethingandaresearchingforproductandpriceinformationwhereasdisplayadvertisingismoreoftenusedtopersuadepeopletobuythingsinthefirstinstance.ThethirdchangeisthatGooglewillnowofferanimatedads--butnothingtooflashyorannoyinginsistsMr.Keane.Googlehaslongbeenextremelyconservativeabouttheuseofadvertising;itstillplanstouseonlysmalltext-basedadsonitsownsearchsites.44.______.Thiscouldfuelonlinead-growthevenfurther.Worldwideadrevenueontheinternetgrewby21%in2004anditisexpectedtocontinueatthatpaceforthenextfewyearssaysZenithOptimediaaresearchfirm.AsGoogleandYahoo!aretwoofthemostwidelyvisitedsitesthisgreatlybenefitsthem.45.______.TerrySemelYahoo!’schiefexecutivebelievesthereisalotmoregrowthtocomeascompaniesbecomemorefamiliarwithonlineadvertising.Otherinnovationsinonlinemarketingaresaidtobeinthepipeline.Localsearchanditsassociatedadvertisingopportunitiesareonehugegrowtharea.ThisweekYahoo!appointedanothertopexecutivetoitsmediagroupfuellingindustryspeculationthatthewebsitemaystarttoproduceitsownentertainmentcontent.Televisionstationswouldthenhavealotmoretoworryaboutthanjustlosingadrevenuetotheinternet. [A]InsteadofGoogle’ssoftwareanalyzingthird-partywebsitestodeterminefromtheircontentwhatrelevantadstoplaceonthemadvertiserswillinsteadbeabletoselectthespecificsiteswheretheywanttheiradstoappear. [B]Googlerecentlyannouncedanetprofitof$369minitsfirstquarterfromrevenuethatsoaredto$1.3billionup93%comparedwiththesameperiodayearearlier.Yahoo!’sfirst-quarternetprofitsmorethandoubledto$205monrevenueof$1.2billionup55%fromayearearlier. [C]Manybigfirmsstillallocateonly2-4%oftheirmarketingbudgetstotheinternetalthoughitrepresentsabout15%ofconsumers’mediaconsumption--asharethatisgrowing.ManyyoungpeoplealreadyspendmoretimeonlinethantheydowatchingTV. [D]Itwillsaysthetrademagazinerepresenta"watershedmoment"intheevolutionoftheinternetasanadvertisingmedium.A30-secondprime-timeTVadwasonceconsideredthemosteffective--andthemostexpensive--formofadvertising.Butthatwasbeforetheinternetgotgoing. [E]ButmanyofitsAdSensepartnersmightwellbetemptedbytheprospectofearningashareofrevenuefromdisplayandanimatedadstooespeciallyassuchadsarelikelytobemoreappealingtosomeofthebig-brandadvertisers [F]SitessuchaseBaytheleadingonlineauctioneerandCraigslistwhichhostslocalsitesaresoakinguplargeamountsofspendingthatmightotherwisehavegoneonclassifiedadvertising-andforeverythingfromusedcarstojobvacancies.Yahoo!isexpandingheavilyintoentertainmentwithfilmandvideoclipsprovidinganotheravenueforadvertisers. [G]Potentialinternetadvertisersmustbidfortheiradtoappearona"cost-per-thousand"knownasCPMbasis.CPMbidswillhavetocompeteagainstrivalbidsforthesameadspacefromthosewantingtopayona"cost-per-click"basisthewaysearchtermsarepresentlysold. 43
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.InadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflameorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingortaiji. Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwavesitalsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites’allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronlineatyogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Inthisnewerameditationischaracterizedby
OnSeptember30thstudentsattheUniversityofMassachusettsthrewatogaaceremonialgownparty.Thecopsshowedupuninvited.TheychargedthehostJamesConnollywithunderagedrinkingmakingtoomuchnoiseandhavingakegwithoutalicence.Forpunishmenthehadtoputonhistogaagainandstandinfrontofthepolicestationforanhour. DanMarkelofFloridaStateUniversityreckonsthatsuch"shamingpunishments"areontherise.In2003acoupleofteenagerswhodefacedanativitysceneinOhiohadtoparadethroughtownwithadonkey. "Thepunishmentmustfitthecrime"explainedthejudgeMichaelCicconetti.Severalcitieshaveairedthenamesofmencaughtsolicitingprostituteson"JohnTV".In2004afederalappealscourtagreedthatamailthiefcouldbemadetostandoutsideaCaliforniapostofficewearingasandwichboard."Istolemail"itread."Thisismypunishment."InVirginiaifyoufailtopaychildsupportyoumayfindyourcarwheel-clamped:pinkifyouareneglectingagirlblueforaboy. Manysupportshamingpunishments.AmitaiEtzioniofGeorgeWashingtonUniversityhasarguedthattheyareagoodwaytoexpresscommunalvalues.Finesincontrastimplythatyoucanbuyaclearconscience.Andshameseemstobeapowerfuldeterrent.MrCicconettisaysheseesfewrepeatoffenders.CheerfulHobbesiantypeswanteveryonetoknowwhothebadguysaresothatdecentcitizenscanavoidthem. Othersaredoubtful.AccordingtoMrMarkelshamingpunishmentsunderminehumandignity.Hesuggestsalternativepunishmentsthatomitthepublic-humiliationfactor.Alandlordwhofloutsthehealthcodeforexamplecouldbemadetostayinoneofhisownslums.Anditistruethatthereissomethingunpleasantaboutthedesiretoseeotherpeoplehumiliated.RememberthematronwhoobjectstoHesterPrynne’sscarletletter:"Whylookyoushemaycoveritwithabroochorsuchlikeheathenishadornmentandsowalkthestreetsasbraveasever!" Butvotersappeartobecomfortableonthehighhorse.TedPoeaformerdistrictjudgefromTexasmadehisreputationbyissuingastringofembarrassingsentences.Hecalledthis"Poeticjustice."OncehesentencedamanwhostolepistolsfromtheLoneRangertoshovelmanureintheHoustonpolicestables.In2004MrPoewaselectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesathisfirstattempt. Mr.PoebecametheHouseofRepresentativesmainlybecause
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Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults. OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable"offences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase. Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal--theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeepconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue. ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.."EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow"saysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology. TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencearguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty. Thecaseoftwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapeinparagraph3
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46.Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. 47.Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandinuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywiserandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchatreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. 48.Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajoritycaninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.49.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.50.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelection Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandinuseoftheirownfaculties
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.InadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflameorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingortaiji. Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwavesitalsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites’allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronlineatyogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Theincreasingpopularityofmeditationresultsfrompeople’sneedfor
ThisyearthecombinedadvertisingrevenuesofGoogleandYahoo!willrivalthecombinedprime-timeadrevenuesofAmerica’sthreebigtelevisionnetworksABCCBSandNBCpredictsAdvertisingAge.41.______.Andthisweekonlineadvertisingmadeanotherleapforward.ThelatestinnovationcomesfromGooglewhichhasbeguntestinganewauction-basedservicefordisplayadvertising.ItalreadyprovidesaservicecalledAdSense.Itworksratherlikeanadvertisingagencyautomaticallyplacingsponsoredlinksandotheradsonthird-partywebsites.Googlethensplitstherevenuewiththeownersofthosewebsiteswhocanrangefrommultinationalstoindividualspublishingblogsasonlinejournalsareknown.Google’snewservicesextendAdSenseinthreeways.42.______ThisprovidesbothmoreflexibilityandcontrolsaysPatrickKeaneGoogle’sheadofsalesstrategy.Companiestryingtoraiseawarenessofabrandoftenwantahighlevelofcontroloverwheretheiradsappear.Thesecondchangeinvolvespricing.43.______.Click-throughmarketingtendstobeaimedatpeoplewhoalreadyknowtheywanttobuysomethingandaresearchingforproductandpriceinformationwhereasdisplayadvertisingismoreoftenusedtopersuadepeopletobuythingsinthefirstinstance.ThethirdchangeisthatGooglewillnowofferanimatedads--butnothingtooflashyorannoyinginsistsMr.Keane.Googlehaslongbeenextremelyconservativeabouttheuseofadvertising;itstillplanstouseonlysmalltext-basedadsonitsownsearchsites.44.______.Thiscouldfuelonlinead-growthevenfurther.Worldwideadrevenueontheinternetgrewby21%in2004anditisexpectedtocontinueatthatpaceforthenextfewyearssaysZenithOptimediaaresearchfirm.AsGoogleandYahoo!aretwoofthemostwidelyvisitedsitesthisgreatlybenefitsthem.45.______.TerrySemelYahoo!’schiefexecutivebelievesthereisalotmoregrowthtocomeascompaniesbecomemorefamiliarwithonlineadvertising.Otherinnovationsinonlinemarketingaresaidtobeinthepipeline.Localsearchanditsassociatedadvertisingopportunitiesareonehugegrowtharea.ThisweekYahoo!appointedanothertopexecutivetoitsmediagroupfuellingindustryspeculationthatthewebsitemaystarttoproduceitsownentertainmentcontent.Televisionstationswouldthenhavealotmoretoworryaboutthanjustlosingadrevenuetotheinternet. [A]InsteadofGoogle’ssoftwareanalyzingthird-partywebsitestodeterminefromtheircontentwhatrelevantadstoplaceonthemadvertiserswillinsteadbeabletoselectthespecificsiteswheretheywanttheiradstoappear. [B]Googlerecentlyannouncedanetprofitof$369minitsfirstquarterfromrevenuethatsoaredto$1.3billionup93%comparedwiththesameperiodayearearlier.Yahoo!’sfirst-quarternetprofitsmorethandoubledto$205monrevenueof$1.2billionup55%fromayearearlier. [C]Manybigfirmsstillallocateonly2-4%oftheirmarketingbudgetstotheinternetalthoughitrepresentsabout15%ofconsumers’mediaconsumption--asharethatisgrowing.ManyyoungpeoplealreadyspendmoretimeonlinethantheydowatchingTV. [D]Itwillsaysthetrademagazinerepresenta"watershedmoment"intheevolutionoftheinternetasanadvertisingmedium.A30-secondprime-timeTVadwasonceconsideredthemosteffective--andthemostexpensive--formofadvertising.Butthatwasbeforetheinternetgotgoing. [E]ButmanyofitsAdSensepartnersmightwellbetemptedbytheprospectofearningashareofrevenuefromdisplayandanimatedadstooespeciallyassuchadsarelikelytobemoreappealingtosomeofthebig-brandadvertisers [F]SitessuchaseBaytheleadingonlineauctioneerandCraigslistwhichhostslocalsitesaresoakinguplargeamountsofspendingthatmightotherwisehavegoneonclassifiedadvertising-andforeverythingfromusedcarstojobvacancies.Yahoo!isexpandingheavilyintoentertainmentwithfilmandvideoclipsprovidinganotheravenueforadvertisers. [G]Potentialinternetadvertisersmustbidfortheiradtoappearona"cost-per-thousand"knownasCPMbasis.CPMbidswillhavetocompeteagainstrivalbidsforthesameadspacefromthosewantingtopayona"cost-per-click"basisthewaysearchtermsarepresentlysold. 45
实践活动区别于意识活动的本质是实践活动具有
OnSeptember30thstudentsattheUniversityofMassachusettsthrewatogaaceremonialgownparty.Thecopsshowedupuninvited.TheychargedthehostJamesConnollywithunderagedrinkingmakingtoomuchnoiseandhavingakegwithoutalicence.Forpunishmenthehadtoputonhistogaagainandstandinfrontofthepolicestationforanhour. DanMarkelofFloridaStateUniversityreckonsthatsuch"shamingpunishments"areontherise.In2003acoupleofteenagerswhodefacedanativitysceneinOhiohadtoparadethroughtownwithadonkey. "Thepunishmentmustfitthecrime"explainedthejudgeMichaelCicconetti.Severalcitieshaveairedthenamesofmencaughtsolicitingprostituteson"JohnTV".In2004afederalappealscourtagreedthatamailthiefcouldbemadetostandoutsideaCaliforniapostofficewearingasandwichboard."Istolemail"itread."Thisismypunishment."InVirginiaifyoufailtopaychildsupportyoumayfindyourcarwheel-clamped:pinkifyouareneglectingagirlblueforaboy. Manysupportshamingpunishments.AmitaiEtzioniofGeorgeWashingtonUniversityhasarguedthattheyareagoodwaytoexpresscommunalvalues.Finesincontrastimplythatyoucanbuyaclearconscience.Andshameseemstobeapowerfuldeterrent.MrCicconettisaysheseesfewrepeatoffenders.CheerfulHobbesiantypeswanteveryonetoknowwhothebadguysaresothatdecentcitizenscanavoidthem. Othersaredoubtful.AccordingtoMrMarkelshamingpunishmentsunderminehumandignity.Hesuggestsalternativepunishmentsthatomitthepublic-humiliationfactor.Alandlordwhofloutsthehealthcodeforexamplecouldbemadetostayinoneofhisownslums.Anditistruethatthereissomethingunpleasantaboutthedesiretoseeotherpeoplehumiliated.RememberthematronwhoobjectstoHesterPrynne’sscarletletter:"Whylookyoushemaycoveritwithabroochorsuchlikeheathenishadornmentandsowalkthestreetsasbraveasever!" Butvotersappeartobecomfortableonthehighhorse.TedPoeaformerdistrictjudgefromTexasmadehisreputationbyissuingastringofembarrassingsentences.Hecalledthis"Poeticjustice."OncehesentencedamanwhostolepistolsfromtheLoneRangertoshovelmanureintheHoustonpolicestables.In2004MrPoewaselectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesathisfirstattempt. Alotofpeopleapproveshamingpunishmentsbecause
Wehavetorealizehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedas"aged"whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeath.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. If"revolution"isarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheraboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Butthisiswhatelementarydemographymakesclear.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathasprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengtheningexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowthegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
辩证唯物主义认为认识的客体是
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults. OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable"offences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase. Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal--theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeepconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue. ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.."EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow"saysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology. TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencearguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty. Thetextmainlytalksabout
当代西方哲学的主要思潮是
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults. OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable"offences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase. Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal--theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeepconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue. ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.."EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow"saysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology. TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencearguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph’
Lowlevelsofliteracyandnumeracyhaveadamagingimpactonalmosteveryaspectofadultsaccordingtoasurveypublishedyesterdaywhichoffers1ofadevelopingunderclass.Testsand2withhundredsofpeopleborninaweekin1958graphicallyillustratedfile3ofeducationalunderachievement.Theeffectscanbeseeninunemploymentfamily4lowincomesdepressionandsocialinactivity. Thosewholeftschoolat16withpoorbasicskillshadbeenemployedforUPtofouryearslessthangoodreaders5theyreached37.ProfessorJohnBynnerofCityUniversitywhocarriedtheresearchsaidthattoday’s6teenagerswouldevenencountergreaterproblemsbecausethesupplyof7jobshadshrunk. Almostonefifthofthe1700peopleinterviewedforyesterday’sreporthadpoorliteracyandalmosthalf8withinnumeracyaproportion9othersurveysfortheBasicSkillsAgency.Somecouldnotreadachild’sbookandmostfounddifficult10writteninstruction. Poorreadersweretwiceaslikelytobealowwageandfourtimeslikelytoliveinahouseholdwherepartnersworked.Womeninthis11werefivetimesaslikelytobe12depressed13bothtendedtofeeltheyhadnocontrolovertheirlivesandtotrustothers14. Thosewhohadlowliteracyandnumeracywereseldom15inanycommunityorganizationandlesslikelythanothersto16inageneralelection.Therehadbeenno17intheliterarylevelof18. AlanWellstheagency’sdirectorsaid:"Theresultsemphasizethedangersofdevelopinganunderclasspeoplewhowereoutofwork19depressedandoftenlabeledthemselvesas20.Thereisacircleofmarginalizationwiththediceagainstthesepeopleandtheirfamilies." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
46.Theclassicdifficultyfeltwithdemocracyarisesfromthefactthatdemocracycanneverexpressthewillofthewholepeoplebecausethereneverexistsanysuchunchangingwillatleastinanysocietythatcallitselfdemocratic.Theconceptofgovernmentofthewholepeoplebythewholepeoplemustbelookedonasbeinginthepoetryratherthanintheproseofdemocracy;thefactofproseisthatrealdemocracymeansgovernmentbysomekindofdominantmajority. 47.Andtheever-presentdangerrepeatedlyrealizedinfactisthatthisdominantmajoritymaybehavetowardthosewhoarenotofthemajorityinsuchamannerastounderminethemoralbasisoftherightofpeoplebecausetheyarepeopletohavesomeimportantsayinthesettingoftheirowncourseandinuseoftheirownfaculties.Otherformsofgovernmentmaysimilarlyfailtorespecthumanindependence.Butthereisatleastnocontradictioninthat;theunderlyingassumptionofeverykindofgovernmentbywiserandbettersisthatpeopleonthewholearenotfittomanagetheirownaffairsbutmusthavesomeoneelsedoitforthemandthereisnoparadoxwhensuchatreatsitssubjectswithoutrespectordealswiththemonthebasisoftheirhavingnorightsthatthegovernmentmusttakeintoaccount. 48.Butdemocracyaffirmsthatpeoplearefittocontrolthemselvesanditcannotliveinthesameairwiththetheorythatthereisnolimittotheextenttowhichpublicpower--eventhepowerofamajoritycaninterferewiththelivesofpeople. Rationallimitationonpoweristhereforenotacontradictiontodemocracybutisoftheveryessenceofdemocracyassuch.Othersortsofgovernmentmayimposesuchlimitationsonthemselvesasanactofgrace.49.Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.Respectforthefreedomofallpeoplecannotofcoursebetheonlyguidefortherewouldthenbenogovernment.Delicateongoingcompromiseiswhatmustbelookedfor.50.Butdemocracyunlessitistodenyitsownmoralbasismustacceptthenecessityformakingthiscompromiseandforgivingrealweighttotheclaimsofthosewithoutthepresentlyeffectivepoliticalpowertomaketheirclaimsprevailinelection Democracyisunderthemoraldutyoflimitingitselfbecausesuchlimitationisessentialtothesurvivalofthatrespectforhumankindwhichisinthefoundationsofdemocracy.
1yoursincerecongratulations 2yourbestwishestohimorher. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
认识的最终目的是
对立统一规律是揭示事物发展的
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.InadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflameorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingortaiji. Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwavesitalsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites’allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronlineatyogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Variousmeditativetechniquesallrequires
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