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Margaret Sanger and Birth Control Margaret Sanger, an American nurse, w...
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MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
Herfigurewasslenderand{{U}}graceful{{/U}}herfeaturesgood.
Througha{{U}}mixture{{/U}}ofgreedandintelligencehehasbecomethebiggestlandownerinthewholedistrict.
Yourfatherisfuriousaboutthedamageyouhavedonetotheflowerbeds.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
OntheTrain ThenighttrainfromGlasgowwassocrowdedthatDonaldwhowasonhiswaytoLondontofindatemporaryjobfortheuniversityvacationwishedthathehaddecidedtotravelbyday.Hehadneverbeensohardup. Hegotonthetrainandwalkedalongthecorridorofthesecond-classcompartments.Hecouldn’’tfindaseatanywhere.Hecouldnotaffordtotravelfirstclassandhedidnotwanttostandinthecorridor.Neitherdidhewanttositonhissuitcase.Hewassotiredthathedecidedtositdowninafirstclasscompartmentatleastforawhile.Hesoonfoundonewithasingleoccupant乘客agentlemanreadingdocumentsfromabriefcase.Withtheself-assuranceofafirstclasstravelerheopenedthedoorandwentin.Nosoonerhadhesatdownthantheticketinspectorarrived.Whatbadluck!Nowhewouldhavetopaytheexcess额外的fare.Asheturnedouthispockettofindenoughmoneyhesawthegentlemanwaswatchinghimwithamusement.Itwashumiliating令人感到羞辱的.Howeverhewassotiredthathesoonfellasleep. Presentlyhearinganoisehehalfopenedhiseyes.Notonlydidhenoticethathistravelingcompanionhadgonebuthealsosawthatarough-lookingmanwassearchingthroughthebusinessman’’sbriefcase.Donaldgrabbedthebriefcaseandwrenched猛夺itfreekickingattheman’’sleg.Themanfled. ThenthebusinessmanreturnedandfoundDonaldholdingthebriefcaseandpeeringinsideit.Donaldrealizedthathewasinquiteanawkwardsituationbutthemanwassmiling.Norwasthistheonlysurprisingthing.NotonlywasthegentlemanwhointroducedhimselfasMr.SmithsmilingbuthethankedDonaldwarmly.OnhiswaybacktothecompartmentMr.Smithhadseenthemanleavinginagreathurry.HehadsoquicklyassessedthesituationthatheknewDonaldwasinnocent. OnlyafteralongchatinwhichDonaldwasaskedmanyquestionsabouthimselfdidDonalddiscoverthatMr.SmithwasinfactmanagingdirectorofalargefactoryinLondon.DonaldhadneverimaginedthatthisstrangeincidentwouldhelphimtofindajobbutjustastheywereleavingthetrainMr.SmithofferedhimthepostoftemporaryNightSecurityOfficerforhisfactory. Mr.SmithrealizedthatDonaldwasinnocent______.
Theboywasseriouslywoundedintheaccident.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
AmericansDecrease IncreasinglyhistoriansareblamingdiseasesimportedfromtheOldWorldforthestaggeringdisparity不同betweentheindigenous本土的populationofAmericain1492—newestimatesofwhichsoarashighas100millionorapproximatelyone-sixthofthehumanraceatthattime—andthefewmillionfull-bloodedNativeAmericansaliveattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Thereisnodoubtthatchronicdiseasewasanimportantfactorintheprecipitous险峻的declineanditishighlyprobablethatthegreatestkillerwasepidemicdiseaseespeciallyasmanifestedinvirgin-soil处女地epidemics. Virgin-soilepidemicsarethoseinwhichthepopulationsatriskhavehadnopreviouscontactwiththediseasesthatstrikethemandarethereforeimmunologically免疫学的almostdefenseless.Thatvirgin-soilepidemicswereimportantinAmericanhistoryisstronglyindicatedbyevidencethatanumberofdangerousmaladies病—smallpoxmeasles麻疹malaria疟病yellowfeverandundoubtedlyseveralmore—wereunknowninthepre-ColumbianNewWorld.TheeffectsoftheirsuddenintroductionaredemonstratedintheearlychroniclesofAmericawhichcontainreportsofhorrendous可怕的epidemicsandsteeppopulationdeclinesconfirmedinmanycasesbyrecentequantitativeanalysesofSpanishtributerecordsandothersources.TheevidenceprovidedbythedocumentsofBritishandFrenchcoloniesisnotasdefinitivebecausetheconquerorsofthoseareasdidnotestablishpermanentsettlementsandbegintokeepcontinuousrecordsuntiltheseventiethcenturybywhichtimetheworstepidemicshadprobablyalreadytakenplace.FurthermoretheBritishtendedtodrivethenativepopulationsawayratherthanenslavingthemastheSpaniardsdidsothattheepidemicsofBritishAmericaoccurredbeyondtherangeofcolonistsdirectobservation. EvensothesurvivingrecordsofNorthAmericadocontainreferencestodeadlyepidemicsamongtheindigenouspopulation.In1616—1619anepidemicpossiblyofbubonicorpneumonic肺的plague瘟疫sweptcoastalNewEnglandkillingasmanyasnineoutoften.Duringthe1630’’ssmall-poxthediseasemostfataltotheNativeAmericanpeopleeliminatedhalfthepopulationoftheHuronandIroquoisconfederations.Inthe1820’’sfeverdevastatedthepeopleoftheCoulumbiaRiverareakillingeightoutoftenofthem. UnfortunatelythedocumentationoftheseandotherepidemicsisslightandfrequentlyunreliableanditisnecessarytosupplementwhatlittlewedoknowwithevidencefromrecentepidemicsamongNativeAmericans.Forexamplein1952anoutbreakofmeaslesamongtheNativeAmericaninhabitantsofUngavaBay.Quebecaffected99percentofthepopulationandkilled7percenteventhoughsomehadthebenefitofmodernmedicine.Casessuchasthisdemonstratethatevendiseasesthatarenotnormallyfatalcanhavedevastatingconsequenceswhentheystrikeanimmunologicallydefenselesscommunity. Accordingtothepassagevirgin-soilepidemicscanbedistinguishedfromothercatastrophicoutbreaksofdiseaseinthatvirgin-soilepidemics______.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
Thedoctorshaveabandonedthehopetorescuetheoldman.
OntheTrain ThenighttrainfromGlasgowwassocrowdedthatDonaldwhowasonhiswaytoLondontofindatemporaryjobfortheuniversityvacationwishedthathehaddecidedtotravelbyday.Hehadneverbeensohardup. Hegotonthetrainandwalkedalongthecorridorofthesecond-classcompartments.Hecouldn’’tfindaseatanywhere.Hecouldnotaffordtotravelfirstclassandhedidnotwanttostandinthecorridor.Neitherdidhewanttositonhissuitcase.Hewassotiredthathedecidedtositdowninafirstclasscompartmentatleastforawhile.Hesoonfoundonewithasingleoccupant乘客agentlemanreadingdocumentsfromabriefcase.Withtheself-assuranceofafirstclasstravelerheopenedthedoorandwentin.Nosoonerhadhesatdownthantheticketinspectorarrived.Whatbadluck!Nowhewouldhavetopaytheexcess额外的fare.Asheturnedouthispockettofindenoughmoneyhesawthegentlemanwaswatchinghimwithamusement.Itwashumiliating令人感到羞辱的.Howeverhewassotiredthathesoonfellasleep. Presentlyhearinganoisehehalfopenedhiseyes.Notonlydidhenoticethathistravelingcompanionhadgonebuthealsosawthatarough-lookingmanwassearchingthroughthebusinessman’’sbriefcase.Donaldgrabbedthebriefcaseandwrenched猛夺itfreekickingattheman’’sleg.Themanfled. ThenthebusinessmanreturnedandfoundDonaldholdingthebriefcaseandpeeringinsideit.Donaldrealizedthathewasinquiteanawkwardsituationbutthemanwassmiling.Norwasthistheonlysurprisingthing.NotonlywasthegentlemanwhointroducedhimselfasMr.SmithsmilingbuthethankedDonaldwarmly.OnhiswaybacktothecompartmentMr.Smithhadseenthemanleavinginagreathurry.HehadsoquicklyassessedthesituationthatheknewDonaldwasinnocent. OnlyafteralongchatinwhichDonaldwasaskedmanyquestionsabouthimselfdidDonalddiscoverthatMr.SmithwasinfactmanagingdirectorofalargefactoryinLondon.DonaldhadneverimaginedthatthisstrangeincidentwouldhelphimtofindajobbutjustastheywereleavingthetrainMr.SmithofferedhimthepostoftemporaryNightSecurityOfficerforhisfactory. Accordingtoparagraphs1and2whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutDonaldisNOTtrue?
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Competitioncanleadtoconflict.
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. ComparedwithAIDSEbolavirus______.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
Ihaveapermanentjobhere.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
Heseemed{{U}}reluctant{{/U}}tohelpus.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
Policehavestillfoundno{{U}}clues{{/U}}astothewhereaboutsofthemissingchild.
MargaretSangerandBirthControl MargaretSangeranAmericannursewasthefirsttostartthemodernbirthcontrolmovementintheUnitedStates.In1912she【51】publishinginformationaboutwomen’’sreproductive生殖的concernsthrougharticlesandbooks.In1914Sangerwascharged【52】violationoftheComstockLawwhichfederallegislationhadpassedin1873forbiddingthemailingofsexymaterial【53】informationaboutbirthcontrolandcontraceptive避孕的devices.ThoughshewasputinjailfortheseactivitiesSanger【54】topublishandspreadinformationaboutbirthcontrol.SheandhersisterEthelByrneopenedthefirstofseveralbirthcontrolclinicsinAmericaonOctober161916inBrooklynNewYork. TheComstockLawwasrewrittenbyCongressin1936to【55】birthcontrolinformationanddevices.Manystateshadlawsforbiddingdistributionoruseofcontraceptivedevicesbuttheconstitutionality合宪性oftheselawswasincreasingly【56】In1965theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesruledthatmar?riedpeoplehavetherighttopracticebirthcontrolwithoutgovernmentintervention.In1972thecourt【57】thatunmarriedpeoplehavethesameright. Todaytherearemorebirthcontroloptions【58】butoverpopulationandunwantedpregnanciesremainworldwide【59】Havingmorechildrenthanonecansupportmaylead【60】povertyillnessandhighdeathratesforbabieschildrenandwomen. Theproblemofteenagepregnancyis【61】worseintheUnitedStates【62】inalmostanyotherdevelopedcountry.Studiesshowthatbirthratesforwomenunder20arehigherintheUnitedStatesthanin29other【63】countries.AdetailedstudysuggestedthattheproblemofteenagepregnancyintheUnitedStatesmaybe【64】tolesssexeducationinschoolsandloweravailabilityofcontraceptiveservicesandsuppliestoyoungpeople.Thisstudy【65】theviewofpeopleintheUnitedStateswhoarguethatsexeducationormakingcontraceptivesuppliesavailabletoschool-agechildrenpromotessexualactivity.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. ThephrasefunctioninthedisserviceofoneanotherPara.1mostprobablymeansharmeachother.
OntheTrain ThenighttrainfromGlasgowwassocrowdedthatDonaldwhowasonhiswaytoLondontofindatemporaryjobfortheuniversityvacationwishedthathehaddecidedtotravelbyday.Hehadneverbeensohardup. Hegotonthetrainandwalkedalongthecorridorofthesecond-classcompartments.Hecouldn’’tfindaseatanywhere.Hecouldnotaffordtotravelfirstclassandhedidnotwanttostandinthecorridor.Neitherdidhewanttositonhissuitcase.Hewassotiredthathedecidedtositdowninafirstclasscompartmentatleastforawhile.Hesoonfoundonewithasingleoccupant乘客agentlemanreadingdocumentsfromabriefcase.Withtheself-assuranceofafirstclasstravelerheopenedthedoorandwentin.Nosoonerhadhesatdownthantheticketinspectorarrived.Whatbadluck!Nowhewouldhavetopaytheexcess额外的fare.Asheturnedouthispockettofindenoughmoneyhesawthegentlemanwaswatchinghimwithamusement.Itwashumiliating令人感到羞辱的.Howeverhewassotiredthathesoonfellasleep. Presentlyhearinganoisehehalfopenedhiseyes.Notonlydidhenoticethathistravelingcompanionhadgonebuthealsosawthatarough-lookingmanwassearchingthroughthebusinessman’’sbriefcase.Donaldgrabbedthebriefcaseandwrenched猛夺itfreekickingattheman’’sleg.Themanfled. ThenthebusinessmanreturnedandfoundDonaldholdingthebriefcaseandpeeringinsideit.Donaldrealizedthathewasinquiteanawkwardsituationbutthemanwassmiling.Norwasthistheonlysurprisingthing.NotonlywasthegentlemanwhointroducedhimselfasMr.SmithsmilingbuthethankedDonaldwarmly.OnhiswaybacktothecompartmentMr.Smithhadseenthemanleavinginagreathurry.HehadsoquicklyassessedthesituationthatheknewDonaldwasinnocent. OnlyafteralongchatinwhichDonaldwasaskedmanyquestionsabouthimselfdidDonalddiscoverthatMr.SmithwasinfactmanagingdirectorofalargefactoryinLondon.DonaldhadneverimaginedthatthisstrangeincidentwouldhelphimtofindajobbutjustastheywereleavingthetrainMr.SmithofferedhimthepostoftemporaryNightSecurityOfficerforhisfactory. ThetrainDonaldtookwas______.
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Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. ThepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestionWhyisthereconflictandcompetition?
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Infirstparagraphtheauthorgivesthedefinitionofsometermsinordertodistinguishbetweentwokindsofopposition.
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. TheCDCcalledonallpregnantwomentobetestedforHIV______.
AmericansDecrease IncreasinglyhistoriansareblamingdiseasesimportedfromtheOldWorldforthestaggeringdisparity不同betweentheindigenous本土的populationofAmericain1492—newestimatesofwhichsoarashighas100millionorapproximatelyone-sixthofthehumanraceatthattime—andthefewmillionfull-bloodedNativeAmericansaliveattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Thereisnodoubtthatchronicdiseasewasanimportantfactorintheprecipitous险峻的declineanditishighlyprobablethatthegreatestkillerwasepidemicdiseaseespeciallyasmanifestedinvirgin-soil处女地epidemics. Virgin-soilepidemicsarethoseinwhichthepopulationsatriskhavehadnopreviouscontactwiththediseasesthatstrikethemandarethereforeimmunologically免疫学的almostdefenseless.Thatvirgin-soilepidemicswereimportantinAmericanhistoryisstronglyindicatedbyevidencethatanumberofdangerousmaladies病—smallpoxmeasles麻疹malaria疟病yellowfeverandundoubtedlyseveralmore—wereunknowninthepre-ColumbianNewWorld.TheeffectsoftheirsuddenintroductionaredemonstratedintheearlychroniclesofAmericawhichcontainreportsofhorrendous可怕的epidemicsandsteeppopulationdeclinesconfirmedinmanycasesbyrecentequantitativeanalysesofSpanishtributerecordsandothersources.TheevidenceprovidedbythedocumentsofBritishandFrenchcoloniesisnotasdefinitivebecausetheconquerorsofthoseareasdidnotestablishpermanentsettlementsandbegintokeepcontinuousrecordsuntiltheseventiethcenturybywhichtimetheworstepidemicshadprobablyalreadytakenplace.FurthermoretheBritishtendedtodrivethenativepopulationsawayratherthanenslavingthemastheSpaniardsdidsothattheepidemicsofBritishAmericaoccurredbeyondtherangeofcolonistsdirectobservation. EvensothesurvivingrecordsofNorthAmericadocontainreferencestodeadlyepidemicsamongtheindigenouspopulation.In1616—1619anepidemicpossiblyofbubonicorpneumonic肺的plague瘟疫sweptcoastalNewEnglandkillingasmanyasnineoutoften.Duringthe1630’’ssmall-poxthediseasemostfataltotheNativeAmericanpeopleeliminatedhalfthepopulationoftheHuronandIroquoisconfederations.Inthe1820’’sfeverdevastatedthepeopleoftheCoulumbiaRiverareakillingeightoutoftenofthem. UnfortunatelythedocumentationoftheseandotherepidemicsisslightandfrequentlyunreliableanditisnecessarytosupplementwhatlittlewedoknowwithevidencefromrecentepidemicsamongNativeAmericans.Forexamplein1952anoutbreakofmeaslesamongtheNativeAmericaninhabitantsofUngavaBay.Quebecaffected99percentofthepopulationandkilled7percenteventhoughsomehadthebenefitofmodernmedicine.Casessuchasthisdemonstratethatevendiseasesthatarenotnormallyfatalcanhavedevastatingconsequenceswhentheystrikeanimmunologicallydefenselesscommunity. Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmeasles?
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