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与景德镇吴城镇樟树镇号称江西四大名镇的是
老司城与芙蓉镇浦市茶峒并称为湘西四大古镇
四镇之乱
唐击败龟兹移安西都护府统龟兹四镇史称安西四镇以下不属于安西四镇的是
于阗
疏勒
高昌
唐太宗时期的安西四镇指的是①龟兹②焉耆③乐浪④于阗⑤疏勒
①②③④
①②④⑤
②③④⑤
①③④⑤
唐代的安西四镇是哪四镇
1876年葛元煦游户杂记所言向称天下繁华有四镇曰朱仙曰佛山曰汉口曰景德自香港兴而四镇逊焉自上海兴而香
鸦片战争
第二次鸦片战争
中日甲午战争
八国联军侵华战争
号称江西四大镇的是景德镇樟树镇河口镇吴城镇它们在全国市场体系中占据重要地位
明清
宋元
元明
唐宋
唐朝在天山以南设安西都护府掌管疏勒焉耆四镇史称安西四镇
迫使唐朝放弃安西四镇的当时是那个民族
1876年葛元煦游沪杂记中记载向称天下繁华有四大镇曰朱仙曰佛山曰汉口曰景德自香港兴而四镇逊焉自上海兴
沪港位于沿海，前四镇在内地
沪港卷入资本主义世界市场，前四镇则没有
沪港依靠贸易，前四镇依靠手工业
沪港的发展受到外国人帮助
河朔三镇安西四镇四镇之乱
唐朝的四镇之乱发生在哪个皇帝执政时期
清代出现的天下四镇指
景德镇、汉口镇、诛仙镇、河口镇
佛山镇、景德镇、汉口镇、镇江镇
佛山镇、景德镇、汉口镇、河口镇
佛山镇、景德镇、汉口镇、诛仙镇
唐代安西四镇是
哈密、伊犁、阿克苏、吐鲁番
龟兹、于阗、疏勒、碎叶
塔城、库尔勒、库车、若羌
尉犁、焉耆、莎车、和田
北洋军分为
三镇
四镇
六镇
八镇
唐太宗时期的安西四镇指的是①龟兹②焉耆③乐浪④于阗⑤疏勒⑥安息
①②③⑥
①②④⑤
②④⑤⑥
①③④⑤
我国的五岳和四镇分别指什么
唐太宗时期的安西四镇指的是①龟兹②焉耆③乐浪④于阗⑤疏勒
①②③④
①②④⑤
②③④⑤
①③④⑤
唐玄宗时期身任河东河西朔方陇右四镇节度使提拔了一批年轻将领为安史 之乱提供了大量将才其中哥舒翰郭子仪
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Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars. Theattitudeoftheauthoris
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars. Whydoestheauthorsay:hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality
AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem. "IworkedabitwithNASAengineers"saysVoss"butIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis."AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus. Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000. VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved."ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversities"Vossexplains."There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant." FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalso"bringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom." ThegreatsignificanceofVoss’sfindingsliesin Ⅰ.strengtheninghisdeterminationtojoininspaceflights Ⅱ.furtheringhisunderstandingofNASA Ⅲ.consolidatinghisastronautstatusinNASAprograms
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
科举是一种读书应考任官三位一体的选官方法其中的进士科始创于
唐顺宗时以王叔文王伾为首的朝臣与宦官之间发生的冲突称为
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. ByafactionIunderstandanumberofcitizenswhetheramountingtoamajorityorminorityofthewholewhoareunitedandactuatedbysomecommonimpulseofpassionorofinterestadversetotherightsofothercitizensortothepermanentandaggregateinterestsofthecommunity. Therearetwomethodsofcuringthemischiefoffactions:theonebyremovingitscauses;theotherbycontrollingitseffects. Thereareagaintwomethodsofremovingthecausesoffaction:theonebydestroyingthelibertywhichisessentialtoitsexistence;theotherbygivingtoeverycitizenthesameopinionsthesamepassionsandthesameinterests. 47Itcouldneverbemoretrulysaidthanofthefirstremedythatitwasworsethanthedisease.48Libertyistofactionwhatairistofireanailmentwithoutwhichitinstantlyexpires.49Butitcouldnotbelessfollytoabolishlibertywhichisessentialtopoliticallifebecauseitnourishesfactionthanitwouldbetowishtheannihilationofairwhichisessentialtoanimallifebecauseitimpartstofireitsdestructiveagency. Thesecondexpedientisasimpracticableasthefirstwouldbeunwise.Aslongasthereasonofmancontinuesfallibleandheisatlibertytoexerciseitdifferentopinionswillbeformed.Aslongastheconnectionsubsistsbetweenhisreasonandhisself-lovehisopinionsandhispassionswillhaveareciprocalinfluenceoneachother;andtheformerwillbeobjectstowhichthelatterwillattachthemselves. Thelatentcausesoffactionarethusshowninthenatureofman;andweseethemeverywherebroughtintodifferentdegreesofactivityaccordingtothedifferentcircumstancesofcivilsociety. Ifafactionconsistsoflessthanamajorityreliefissuppliedbytherepublicanprinciplewhichenablesthemajoritytodefeatitssinisterviewsbyregularvote…Whenamajorityisincludedinafactiontheformofpopulargovernmentontheotherhandenablesittosacrificetoitsrulingpassionorinterestboththepublicgoodandtherightsofothercitizens.50Tosecurethepublicgoodandprivaterightsagainstthedangerofsuchafactionandatthesametimetopreservethespiritandtheformofpopulargovernmentisthegreatobjecttowhichourinquiriesaredirected… Itcouldneverbemoretrulysaidthanofthefirstremedythatitwasworsethanthedisease
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutimageandbehindit.ChoosethemostsuitablefromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse. [F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 41
今明主在上群臣将顺之不暇毋用多言!诸君不见立仗马乎食三品料一鸣辄斥去悔之何及!这段话描述的是专权
唐朝初年控弦数十万霸有西域的少数民族政权是
Directions: Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouintendtoworkparttimeduringyourvacation.Inyourletteryouaresupposedtoincludethepostyouwouldliketoapplyforyourexperienceandyourhobbiesetc. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. ByafactionIunderstandanumberofcitizenswhetheramountingtoamajorityorminorityofthewholewhoareunitedandactuatedbysomecommonimpulseofpassionorofinterestadversetotherightsofothercitizensortothepermanentandaggregateinterestsofthecommunity. Therearetwomethodsofcuringthemischiefoffactions:theonebyremovingitscauses;theotherbycontrollingitseffects. Thereareagaintwomethodsofremovingthecausesoffaction:theonebydestroyingthelibertywhichisessentialtoitsexistence;theotherbygivingtoeverycitizenthesameopinionsthesamepassionsandthesameinterests. 47Itcouldneverbemoretrulysaidthanofthefirstremedythatitwasworsethanthedisease.48Libertyistofactionwhatairistofireanailmentwithoutwhichitinstantlyexpires.49Butitcouldnotbelessfollytoabolishlibertywhichisessentialtopoliticallifebecauseitnourishesfactionthanitwouldbetowishtheannihilationofairwhichisessentialtoanimallifebecauseitimpartstofireitsdestructiveagency. Thesecondexpedientisasimpracticableasthefirstwouldbeunwise.Aslongasthereasonofmancontinuesfallibleandheisatlibertytoexerciseitdifferentopinionswillbeformed.Aslongastheconnectionsubsistsbetweenhisreasonandhisself-lovehisopinionsandhispassionswillhaveareciprocalinfluenceoneachother;andtheformerwillbeobjectstowhichthelatterwillattachthemselves. Thelatentcausesoffactionarethusshowninthenatureofman;andweseethemeverywherebroughtintodifferentdegreesofactivityaccordingtothedifferentcircumstancesofcivilsociety. Ifafactionconsistsoflessthanamajorityreliefissuppliedbytherepublicanprinciplewhichenablesthemajoritytodefeatitssinisterviewsbyregularvote…Whenamajorityisincludedinafactiontheformofpopulargovernmentontheotherhandenablesittosacrificetoitsrulingpassionorinterestboththepublicgoodandtherightsofothercitizens.50Tosecurethepublicgoodandprivaterightsagainstthedangerofsuchafactionandatthesametimetopreservethespiritandtheformofpopulargovernmentisthegreatobjecttowhichourinquiriesaredirected… Butitcouldnotbelessfollytoabolishlibertywhichisessentialtopoliticallifebecauseitnourishesfactionthanitwouldbetowishtheannihilationofairwhichisessentialtoanimallifebecauseitimpartstofireitsdestructiveagency
隋朝时在北魏北齐基础上修订而成的刑律是
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
武则天时期为管辖天山以北西至中亚咸海的广阔游牧地带而设立的都护府是
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
其首领被封为云南王的是
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Animalsthataregoodsleepers
AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem. "IworkedabitwithNASAengineers"saysVoss"butIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis."AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus. Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000. VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved."ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversities"Vossexplains."There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant." FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalso"bringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom." WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtowhatVosssaidontheASEEprogram
唐朝官营手工业中每年服役二十天在政府趋役不尽及别有和雇的情况下可纳资代役的是
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutimageandbehindit.ChoosethemostsuitablefromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse. [F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 45
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutimageandbehindit.ChoosethemostsuitablefromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse. [F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 43
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Accordingtotheauthorallanimals
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars. Themainideaofthispassageis
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. Whichofthefollowingisthefourthstep
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Howcanresearchersinsleeplaboratoriestellthattheanimalstheyareobservingareasleepornot
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. TheSQ3Rmethodconsistsofsteps.
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