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唐朝初年，“控弦数十万，霸有西域”的少数民族政权是( )。
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和同为一家是指唐朝与哪个少数民族政权的关系
吐蕃
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南诏
突厥
唐朝诗人胡曾有诗祖舜宗尧自太平秦皇何事苦苍生不知祸起萧墙内虚筑防胡万里城古代中国少数民族曾长期威胁中
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和同为一家是指唐朝与哪个少数民族政权的关系
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吐蕃
南诏
彝族
阅读下列材料据此回答下列问题材料一大宋皇帝谨致誓书于大契丹皇帝以风土之宜助军旅之费每岁以绢二十万匹银
唐朝时边疆少数民族首领政治上的共同趋向是
A统一本民族各部落
B建立本民族的政权
C与唐朝皇室通婚
D接受唐朝的领导
唐政府不同以前历代统治者贵中华贱夷狄的做法而采取挟九族以仁的政策说明
唐朝国力十分强大
唐政府支持少数民族建立自己的政权
唐朝民族政策比较开明
唐朝依靠少数民族巩固边疆
唐朝时边疆少数民族首领与中央王朝政治上关系的共同趋向是
统一本民族各部落
建立本民族政权
接受唐朝的领导
与唐朝皇室通婚
唐朝时中央政权与西南地区的两个少数民族政权的关系及对其影响的相同之处是
册封当地少数民族首领
与当地的少数民族首领“和亲”
建立都督府加以管辖
促进各民族经济文化的进步
北宋时期一个少数民族政权的疆域东尽黄河西界玉门南接萧关宁夏固原北控大漠地方万余里这个少数民族政权是
西夏
辽
金
吐蕃
我国东北地区的少数民族靺鞨族是我国古老的少数民族下列关于渤海政权的各项表述中符合史实的是
唐朝中央政权管辖下的地方民族政权
这个政权管理的地区包括渤海沿岸地区
是唐朝前期黑水靺鞨建立的强大政权
这个政权在唐太宗支持下统一靺鞨各部
和同为一家是指唐朝与哪个少数民族政权的关系
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吐蕃
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靺鞨
唐朝时期汉族与少数民族加强联系的方式有①唐朝册封少数民族首领②唐朝与少数民族通婚③中原政权在边疆设立
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和同为一家是指唐朝与哪个少数民族政权的关系
回纥
南诏
吐蕃
靺鞨
骨力裴罗大柞荣皮罗阁的相同之处有①边疆少数民族的首领②接受唐朝中央的领导③建立起本民族的政权④曾与唐
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阅读下列材料唐太宗曾说自古皆贵中华贱夷狄朕独爱之如一故其种落皆依朕如父母唐太宗的民族团结政策使少数民
唐朝时期汉族与少数民族加强联系的方式有①唐朝册封少数民族首领②与少数民族和亲③在边疆设立管辖机构④与
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关于唐朝与少数民族的关系不正确的是
在唐朝辽阔的土地上生活着许多民族
有的少数民族建立了自己的政权,也与唐王朝保持着密切联系
唐政府在边疆地区设置机构,加强管理
唐高祖李渊被北方少数民族尊奉为”天可汗”
构建和谐社会是当今的焦点话题之一加强与少数民族之间的和谐则更是事关国家统一地区发展的重大问题下列有关
北宋时期与之并存的少数民族政权的疆域为东尽黄河西界玉门南接萧关甘肃固原东南北控大漠地方万余里这个少数
西夏
辽
金
吐蕃
北宋时期与之并存的一个少数民族政权的疆域为东尽黄河西界玉门南接萧关甘肃固原东南北控大漠地方万余里这个
西夏
辽
金
吐蕃
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Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
阅读下列材料回答问题材料一 拿破仑既不是好人也不是坏人既不温柔敦厚也非蛮不讲理他是个特定品格的人 他不受__而且对别人的__也元动于衷在这一点上表现得非同一般拿破仑原就欠缺爱恨的情感因为唯有他才是人其他什么都不存在自己以外所有的人无非是芸芸众生在立场上．他企求国民的欢呼心底里他却藐视人民依我的看法他的成功除了凭他天赋的才华之外更有赖于他那有缺陷的性格 材料二梯也尔说有谁能预料到这位1800年的明智之士会变成1812年和1813年的疯子呢 有的只要谁记得随着拥有无限权力而来的总是一种不可救药的狂乱——因为一切都在权力所能及的范围之内于是就有以攫取一切为目的的野心而这种狂乱往往使得行使权力做过好事的人用同样的权力去干坏事那么谁就能够预料到这一点 材料三拿破仑__统治的前半期他完成了众多的事业给法国也给欧洲带来许多利益但他统 治的后半期却给国家给欧洲造成许多灾难拿破仑生活在十八十九世纪波澜壮阔的欧美资产阶级革命的伟大时代这个来自科西嘉的土里土气的小人物在转瞬之间被革命浪潮推向国家权力的最高峰建立起震撼世界的法兰西大帝国但一眨眼间又从高峰上掉下来成为大西洋孤岛上的一个囚犯这是世界历史舞台罕见的景象拿破仑不仅是卓越的军事统帅雄才大略的政治家而且象征一个时代代表一种制度和一种主义——波拿巴主义这是一个错综复杂的历史现象而拿破仑则是各种矛盾的最复杂的混合体马克思恩格斯用这样的话非凡的人物革命原理的传播者旧的封建社会的摧毁人伟大天才伟大军事家真正的伟大的波拿巴等等来赞扬他又用另一些话科西嘉岛的暴发户法国革命的__者冒险家变成皇帝大拿破仑所构思和扮演过的卑劣角色等等来贬斥拿破仑近代世界史对他的评价分歧更大一方面是一片赞扬声称他是从恺撒以来世界上曾经出现过的最伟大的人物是历史上最惊人的奇才之一是世纪的巨人另一方面却是一片愤怒厌恶和诟骂称他为匪徒科西嘉吃人魔王摧毁自由的暴君是以野心为法律以践踏他人为准则的无耻小人神经病患者癫痫病患者对于这样一个复杂的人物有各种不同评价这是可以理解的 拿破仑姓什么名什么
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Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
荷马史诗
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.AndnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchBetterthanmanyoftheirfriendsWhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagementisnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewearjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesaearisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbemusetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthigh-valuepathBesidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob. Order: 43
简述yī sī lán jiāo 的兴起
Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthat-therehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory. AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNA’samples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalysissuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.InmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialcultureIndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow. TheemergencedprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions. Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearch’process.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired. AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". Whichofthefollowingmayarchaeologistscurrentlyplaceleastimportanceon
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus--andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop’"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch. Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars--ThomasEmersonJeromeBarronWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green--wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls. Barnsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbe-causehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBarnsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacetheright-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow. Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.Butwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtothetighttoexperimentinthelab NeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible" Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. ItisbroadlyacceptedthatbytheFirstAmendmentcloningexperimentsshouldbe
Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthat-therehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory. AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNA’samples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalysissuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.InmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialcultureIndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow. TheemergencedprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions. Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearch’process.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired. AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". WhydoestheconclusiondrawnfromBahn’swordsseemcontradictory
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyon’ANSWERSHEET2. Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleroleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweamallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteam-boatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports. Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass. Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot. Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes." Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Theexamplementionedinparagraph3showsthat
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.AndnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchBetterthanmanyoftheirfriendsWhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagementisnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewearjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesaearisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbemusetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthigh-valuepathBesidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob. Order: 41
阅读下列材料回答问题材料一 坚发长安戎卒六十余万骑二十七万前后千里旗鼓相望坚至项城凉州之兵始达成 阳蜀汉之军顺流而下幽冀之众至于彭城东西万里水陆齐进运漕万艘晋龙骧将军刘牢之率劲卒五千夜袭梁城垒克之士卒死者万五千谢石等水陆继进坚与苻融登城而望王师见部阵整齐将士精锐又北望八公山上草木皆类人形顾谓融日此亦京力敌也何谓少乎怃然有惧色谢玄谢琰勒卒数万阵以待之张蚝乃退列阵逼肥水王师不得渡遣使谓融日君悬军深入置阵逼水此持久之计岂欲战者乎若小退师令将士周旋仆与君公缓辔而观之不亦美乎融于是麾军却阵欲因其济水覆而取之军遂奔退制之不可止融驰骑略阵马倒被杀军遂大败王师乘胜追击至于青冈死者相枕坚为流矢所中单骑遁还于河北闻风声鹤唳皆谓晋师之至 材料二 谢玄等既破坚有驿书至谢安方对客围棋看书既竞便摄放床上了无喜色棋如故客问之徐答日小儿辈遂已破贼既罢还内过户限心喜甚不觉屐齿之折 材料中描述的战争史称什么战争发生于公元何年并请写出交战双方的名称
Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus--andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop’"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch. Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars--ThomasEmersonJeromeBarronWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green--wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls. Barnsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbe-causehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBarnsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacetheright-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow. Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.Butwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtothetighttoexperimentinthelab NeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible" Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. Whichofthefollowingisstronglyagainstcloningresearch
WithoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwallFernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifethekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds."Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway." Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetel1ourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsoBusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter" FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawoman.says"Iamexhaust-edallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownschedulere-mainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotheronthedeckDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." InDarrah’sopinionpeopleshould
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.AndnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchBetterthanmanyoftheirfriendsWhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagementisnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewearjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesaearisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbemusetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthigh-valuepathBesidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob. Order: 45
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports. Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass. Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot. Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes." Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Airlinedelaysmayresultin
WithoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwallFernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifethekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds."Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway." Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetel1ourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsoBusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter" FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawoman.says"Iamexhaust-edallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownschedulere-mainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotheronthedeckDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." TheauthorwoulddescribetheReisses’lifeas
WithoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwallFernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifethekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds."Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway." Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetel1ourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsoBusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter" FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawoman.says"Iamexhaust-edallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownschedulere-mainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotheronthedeckDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." Theexampleofthepublicistisusedtoshowmostpeople’s
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports. Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass. Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot. Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes." Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Aviationexpertsbelievethatthecustomerserviceofthemajorairlines
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