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Gun Rights in the US Immediately after the shooting at Virginia Tech University, Americans gathered...
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TheValueofMotherhoodInshoppingmallstheassistantstrytopushyouintobuyingagifttothankherforherunselfishlove.Whenyoulogontoawebsiteasmallpop-upinvitesyoutobookabouquetforher.CommercialwarmthandgratitudearetheatmospherebeingspreadaroundforthisspecialSundayinMay.46.ThepopularityofMother’sDayaroundtheworldsuggeststhatJarvisgotallshewanted.Infactshegotmoreenoughtomakeherhorrified.47.Theybuyamongotherthings132millioncards.Mother’sDayistheNo.1holidayforflowerpurchases.Thentherearethevariouscommoditiesrangingfromjewelryandclothestocosmeticsandwashingpowderthattakeadvantageofthepromotionopportunities.BecauseofthisJarvisspentthelast40yearsofherlifetryingtostopMother’sDay.OneprotestagainstthecommercializationofMother’sDayevengotherarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceinterestingly.48.AsRalphFevreareporterattheUKnewspaperTheGuardianobservetraditionallymotherhoodissomethingthatwedobecausewethinkit’sright.Butinthelogicofcommercialismpeopleneedsomethinginexchangefortheirtimeandenergy.Acareerservesthispurposebetter.49Sotheyworkhardandplayhard.Becomingamotherhoweverinevitablyhandicapscareeranticipation.50.AccordingtotheGuardiantherearetwiceasmanychild-freeyoungwomenastherewereagenerationago.Ortheyputofftheresponsibilityofparentinguntillaterintheirlives.SoFevrewritesthatthemeaningofcelebratingMother’sDayneedstobeupdated:Itistopersuadepeoplethatparentingisagoodideaandtohonorpeoplefortheirattempttobegoodpeople.A.TheAmericanversionofMother’sDaywasthoughtupasearlyas1905byAnnaJarvisasawayofrecognizingtherealvalueofmotherhood.B.Butwhat’smorecommercialismchangesyoungpeople’sattitudetowardsmotherhood.C.Obviouslythebestgirlwillbeaphonecalloravisit.D.AccordingtoaresearchbytheUScardcompanyHalhnark96percentofAmericanconsumerscelebratetheholiday.E.Asaresultmotherhoodhassufferedahugedropinstatussincethe1950s.F.Inadditionwomenarebeingencouragedtopursueanycareertheydesir
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.PrizesandmoneyareusuallyprovidedbyTVstarsandlargecompaniesforwinners.
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HappinessIfyoursenseofwell-beingfluctuateswithstockmarketyoumightbecomfortedtoknowthatmoneycan’tbuyyouhappinessanyway.InoneAmericanstudyconductedin1993levelofincomewasshowntohaveaninverserelationtohappiness:Thegroupwhoseincomehaddeclinedwashappieroverallthanthegroupwhoseincomehadincreased.Asoon-to-bepublishedreviewofthehundredsofstudiesonthissubjectsupportsthe1993findings.Indevelopedcountriesthecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappinessisclosetozeroandsometimesnegative.Withacorrelationbetweenlevelofincomeandhappinesssomewherebetween0.12and0.18theUnitedStatesisnearthebottomofthelist;thatfactorsotherthanincomeareoverwhelminglymoreimportantinexplaininghappiness.Alsoasourmaterialwealthincreasesthegapbetweenincomeandsatisfactionwithlifeseemstobewidening.Predictablymoneyhasitsmostpositiveeffectonthepoorbutonceapersonhasachievedaminimalstandardoflivinglevelofincomehasalmostnothingtodowithhappiness.Closerelationshipratherthanmoneyisthekeytohappiness.Indeedthenumberofone’spersonalfriendsisamuchbetterindicatorofoverallsatisfactionwithlifethanpersonalwealth.Onestandsabetterchanceofachievingasatisfyinglifebyspendingtimewithfriendsandfamilythanbystrivingforhigherincome.IncidentallyintheUSaspeoplebecomerichertheprobabilityofdivorceincreases.Ourneedforcompanionshipispartlybiological.Allprimatesrespondwithpleasuretodemonstrationsofaffectionandwithpaintolossofcompanionship.Isolatedmonkeyswillsacrificefoodjustfortheglimpsesofanothermonkey.Byignoringourbiologicallyprogrammedneedforeachotherweriskphysicalandmentaldistress.Arecentcross-nationalstudyofmentaldepressionintheUSfoundthatinadvancedcountriesthereisarisingtideofmajordepression.Teenagesuicideshaveincreasedinrecentdecadesinalmostalladvancedcountries.MoreoverintheUSsinceWorldWarIItherehasbeenanactualdeclineintheproportionofpeoplewhoreportthemselvestobeveryunhappy.Youcaneasilytesttheclaimthatcompanionshipexceedswealthasasourceofhappiness.Askyourselfwhichhasagreaterinfluenceonyoursatisfactionwithlife:yourincomeortheaffectionofyourintimatecompanionsandthewell-beingofyourchildrenConverselywhichwouldmakeyoumoredepressed:areductioninsalaryoradivorceandisolationfromyourfriendsCapitalismsucceedsincreatingmaterialrichesbutitislesssuccessfulinbuildingcompanionablesocietiesandprotectingfamilyintegrity.Butdevelopingcountriesstillhavemuchworktodoinpursuingmaterialwealthwhereariseinproductivitystillgreatlyincreaseshappiness.Forpoorercountriesthetimeisnotyetripeforashiftinprioritiesfromwealthaccumulationtocompanionship.Canweaffordtobelievethatthepursuitofmaterialgainwillleadtoself-fulfilhnentWeshouldcontinuetoenjoyourwealthingoodcompanyorelsewemayfindthatitisnotsatisfying.Accordingtothe3rdparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrueindevelopedcountries
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SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.ThehugescandalofcheatinginTVgamesshowswasnotexposeduntil40yearslaterinthemovieQuizShow.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
BlastsfromthePast1Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethecarbontheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.2PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimalsbutallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagetheyseemedtodo.3Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeolderruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.4ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockin.SiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEuropeThosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10rigatonisofcarbonascarbondioxideTheglobalwaningthatfollowedwipedout8percentofallmarinegeneraatthetimeandittook5millionyearsfartireplanettorecover.5Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePaleocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobal-warmingbutnomassextinction.SomeanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyearsThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous65millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.6WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.ThiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountofCO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7VincentCourtillotdirectoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheyfasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8CourtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricVolcanoesproducedandthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsculpturedioxideemissions.A.KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptionsB.AssociationofMassExtinctionwithVolcanicEruptionC.CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsD.AMassExtinctionE.VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinctionF.AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsParagraph3______
RevolutionarydevelopmentsinChina'sastronomytookplaceinthe1960's.
Mylifeismoreprecioustomethanmyproperty.
BlastsfromthePast1Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethecarbontheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.2PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimalsbutallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagetheyseemedtodo.3Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeolderruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.4ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockin.SiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEuropeThosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10rigatonisofcarbonascarbondioxideTheglobalwaningthatfollowedwipedout8percentofallmarinegeneraatthetimeandittook5millionyearsfartireplanettorecover.5Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePaleocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobal-warmingbutnomassextinction.SomeanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyearsThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous65millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.6WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.ThiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountofCO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7VincentCourtillotdirectoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheyfasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8CourtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricVolcanoesproducedandthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsculpturedioxideemissions.A.KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptionsB.AssociationofMassExtinctionwithVolcanicEruptionC.CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsD.AMassExtinctionE.VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinctionF.AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsParagraph5______
SmartWindowWindowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricityuseforlightingbutthelightcomingthroughthewindowalsoprovidesheat.Howeverwindowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedgetechnology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch.IttookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindowreallyissaysClaesGranqvist.He’saprofessorofsolid-statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden.It’scontactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisualcontactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell.Sowindowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey’restuckindoors.Yetwindowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenitcomestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewintercoldairleaksin.Whenit’shotandsunnysunlightstreamsin.Allofthissunlightcarrieslotsofheatandenergy.Andallofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirairconditioners.Producingblastsofcoldairwhichcanfeelsorefreshingactuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchforalongtime.Overtheyearsscientistshavecomeupwithavarietyofstrategiesforcoatingglazingandlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochangecolor.Forexampleasheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlikeabattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeisappliedanddarkwhenthechargeisremovedthatiswhentheamountofvoltageisdecreasedthewindowdarkensuntilit’scompletelydarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmartisthatithasasortofmemory.Allittakesisasmalljoltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Thenitstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutesdependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthatmassiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.InthefutureGranqvistsaysourbuildingsmaylookdifferent.Whenarewindowstheweaklinkinabuilding
HappinessIfyoursenseofwell-beingfluctuateswithstockmarketyoumightbecomfortedtoknowthatmoneycan’tbuyyouhappinessanyway.InoneAmericanstudyconductedin1993levelofincomewasshowntohaveaninverserelationtohappiness:Thegroupwhoseincomehaddeclinedwashappieroverallthanthegroupwhoseincomehadincreased.Asoon-to-bepublishedreviewofthehundredsofstudiesonthissubjectsupportsthe1993findings.Indevelopedcountriesthecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappinessisclosetozeroandsometimesnegative.Withacorrelationbetweenlevelofincomeandhappinesssomewherebetween0.12and0.18theUnitedStatesisnearthebottomofthelist;thatfactorsotherthanincomeareoverwhelminglymoreimportantinexplaininghappiness.Alsoasourmaterialwealthincreasesthegapbetweenincomeandsatisfactionwithlifeseemstobewidening.Predictablymoneyhasitsmostpositiveeffectonthepoorbutonceapersonhasachievedaminimalstandardoflivinglevelofincomehasalmostnothingtodowithhappiness.Closerelationshipratherthanmoneyisthekeytohappiness.Indeedthenumberofone’spersonalfriendsisamuchbetterindicatorofoverallsatisfactionwithlifethanpersonalwealth.Onestandsabetterchanceofachievingasatisfyinglifebyspendingtimewithfriendsandfamilythanbystrivingforhigherincome.IncidentallyintheUSaspeoplebecomerichertheprobabilityofdivorceincreases.Ourneedforcompanionshipispartlybiological.Allprimatesrespondwithpleasuretodemonstrationsofaffectionandwithpaintolossofcompanionship.Isolatedmonkeyswillsacrificefoodjustfortheglimpsesofanothermonkey.Byignoringourbiologicallyprogrammedneedforeachotherweriskphysicalandmentaldistress.Arecentcross-nationalstudyofmentaldepressionintheUSfoundthatinadvancedcountriesthereisarisingtideofmajordepression.Teenagesuicideshaveincreasedinrecentdecadesinalmostalladvancedcountries.MoreoverintheUSsinceWorldWarIItherehasbeenanactualdeclineintheproportionofpeoplewhoreportthemselvestobeveryunhappy.Youcaneasilytesttheclaimthatcompanionshipexceedswealthasasourceofhappiness.Askyourselfwhichhasagreaterinfluenceonyoursatisfactionwithlife:yourincomeortheaffectionofyourintimatecompanionsandthewell-beingofyourchildrenConverselywhichwouldmakeyoumoredepressed:areductioninsalaryoradivorceandisolationfromyourfriendsCapitalismsucceedsincreatingmaterialrichesbutitislesssuccessfulinbuildingcompanionablesocietiesandprotectingfamilyintegrity.Butdevelopingcountriesstillhavemuchworktodoinpursuingmaterialwealthwhereariseinproductivitystillgreatlyincreaseshappiness.Forpoorercountriesthetimeisnotyetripeforashiftinprioritiesfromwealthaccumulationtocompanionship.Canweaffordtobelievethatthepursuitofmaterialgainwillleadtoself-fulfilhnentWeshouldcontinuetoenjoyourwealthingoodcompanyorelsewemayfindthatitisnotsatisfying.Whichofthefollowingistheleastlikelycauseofone’sunhappinessinadvancedcountries
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
Asupernova超新星isastarthatexplodesandthenslowlyfadestolessthanitsoriginalbrightness.
Itisveryconsiderateofyoutoremembermybirthday.
EgyptFelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblameandthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavediminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablizethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDobertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonDC.AnythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./Theworddevastatinginthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby______.
TheValueofMotherhoodInshoppingmallstheassistantstrytopushyouintobuyingagifttothankherforherunselfishlove.Whenyoulogontoawebsiteasmallpop-upinvitesyoutobookabouquetforher.CommercialwarmthandgratitudearetheatmospherebeingspreadaroundforthisspecialSundayinMay.46.ThepopularityofMother’sDayaroundtheworldsuggeststhatJarvisgotallshewanted.Infactshegotmoreenoughtomakeherhorrified.47.Theybuyamongotherthings132millioncards.Mother’sDayistheNo.1holidayforflowerpurchases.Thentherearethevariouscommoditiesrangingfromjewelryandclothestocosmeticsandwashingpowderthattakeadvantageofthepromotionopportunities.BecauseofthisJarvisspentthelast40yearsofherlifetryingtostopMother’sDay.OneprotestagainstthecommercializationofMother’sDayevengotherarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceinterestingly.48.AsRalphFevreareporterattheUKnewspaperTheGuardianobservetraditionallymotherhoodissomethingthatwedobecausewethinkit’sright.Butinthelogicofcommercialismpeopleneedsomethinginexchangefortheirtimeandenergy.Acareerservesthispurposebetter.49Sotheyworkhardandplayhard.Becomingamotherhoweverinevitablyhandicapscareeranticipation.50.AccordingtotheGuardiantherearetwiceasmanychild-freeyoungwomenastherewereagenerationago.Ortheyputofftheresponsibilityofparentinguntillaterintheirlives.SoFevrewritesthatthemeaningofcelebratingMother’sDayneedstobeupdated:Itistopersuadepeoplethatparentingisagoodideaandtohonorpeoplefortheirattempttobegoodpeople.A.TheAmericanversionofMother’sDaywasthoughtupasearlyas1905byAnnaJarvisasawayofrecognizingtherealvalueofmotherhood.B.Butwhat’smorecommercialismchangesyoungpeople’sattitudetowardsmotherhood.C.Obviouslythebestgirlwillbeaphonecalloravisit.D.AccordingtoaresearchbytheUScardcompanyHalhnark96percentofAmericanconsumerscelebratetheholiday.E.Asaresultmotherhoodhassufferedahugedropinstatussincethe1950s.F.Inadditionwomenarebeingencouragedtopursueanycareertheydesir
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
HappinessIfyoursenseofwell-beingfluctuateswithstockmarketyoumightbecomfortedtoknowthatmoneycan’tbuyyouhappinessanyway.InoneAmericanstudyconductedin1993levelofincomewasshowntohaveaninverserelationtohappiness:Thegroupwhoseincomehaddeclinedwashappieroverallthanthegroupwhoseincomehadincreased.Asoon-to-bepublishedreviewofthehundredsofstudiesonthissubjectsupportsthe1993findings.Indevelopedcountriesthecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappinessisclosetozeroandsometimesnegative.Withacorrelationbetweenlevelofincomeandhappinesssomewherebetween0.12and0.18theUnitedStatesisnearthebottomofthelist;thatfactorsotherthanincomeareoverwhelminglymoreimportantinexplaininghappiness.Alsoasourmaterialwealthincreasesthegapbetweenincomeandsatisfactionwithlifeseemstobewidening.Predictablymoneyhasitsmostpositiveeffectonthepoorbutonceapersonhasachievedaminimalstandardoflivinglevelofincomehasalmostnothingtodowithhappiness.Closerelationshipratherthanmoneyisthekeytohappiness.Indeedthenumberofone’spersonalfriendsisamuchbetterindicatorofoverallsatisfactionwithlifethanpersonalwealth.Onestandsabetterchanceofachievingasatisfyinglifebyspendingtimewithfriendsandfamilythanbystrivingforhigherincome.IncidentallyintheUSaspeoplebecomerichertheprobabilityofdivorceincreases.Ourneedforcompanionshipispartlybiological.Allprimatesrespondwithpleasuretodemonstrationsofaffectionandwithpaintolossofcompanionship.Isolatedmonkeyswillsacrificefoodjustfortheglimpsesofanothermonkey.Byignoringourbiologicallyprogrammedneedforeachotherweriskphysicalandmentaldistress.Arecentcross-nationalstudyofmentaldepressionintheUSfoundthatinadvancedcountriesthereisarisingtideofmajordepression.Teenagesuicideshaveincreasedinrecentdecadesinalmostalladvancedcountries.MoreoverintheUSsinceWorldWarIItherehasbeenanactualdeclineintheproportionofpeoplewhoreportthemselvestobeveryunhappy.Youcaneasilytesttheclaimthatcompanionshipexceedswealthasasourceofhappiness.Askyourselfwhichhasagreaterinfluenceonyoursatisfactionwithlife:yourincomeortheaffectionofyourintimatecompanionsandthewell-beingofyourchildrenConverselywhichwouldmakeyoumoredepressed:areductioninsalaryoradivorceandisolationfromyourfriendsCapitalismsucceedsincreatingmaterialrichesbutitislesssuccessfulinbuildingcompanionablesocietiesandprotectingfamilyintegrity.Butdevelopingcountriesstillhavemuchworktodoinpursuingmaterialwealthwhereariseinproductivitystillgreatlyincreaseshappiness.Forpoorercountriesthetimeisnotyetripeforashiftinprioritiesfromwealthaccumulationtocompanionship.Canweaffordtobelievethatthepursuitofmaterialgainwillleadtoself-fulfilhnentWeshouldcontinuetoenjoyourwealthingoodcompanyorelsewemayfindthatitisnotsatisfying.Intheauthor’sopinionwhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue
A.thanmorerecentonesB.thekillingefficiencyforoldereruptionsC.hasremainedcontroversialD.Wignall’scalculationsasacceptableE.hasbeenmowntousallF.hisideasThePermianextinctionisusedtoillustrate______.
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.TVcanmakeabeggarworld-famousovernight.
SmartWindowWindowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricityuseforlightingbutthelightcomingthroughthewindowalsoprovidesheat.Howeverwindowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedgetechnology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch.IttookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindowreallyissaysClaesGranqvist.He’saprofessorofsolid-statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden.It’scontactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisualcontactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell.Sowindowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey’restuckindoors.Yetwindowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenitcomestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewintercoldairleaksin.Whenit’shotandsunnysunlightstreamsin.Allofthissunlightcarrieslotsofheatandenergy.Andallofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirairconditioners.Producingblastsofcoldairwhichcanfeelsorefreshingactuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchforalongtime.Overtheyearsscientistshavecomeupwithavarietyofstrategiesforcoatingglazingandlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochangecolor.Forexampleasheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlikeabattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeisappliedanddarkwhenthechargeisremovedthatiswhentheamountofvoltageisdecreasedthewindowdarkensuntilit’scompletelydarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmartisthatithasasortofmemory.Allittakesisasmalljoltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Thenitstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutesdependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthatmassiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.InthefutureGranqvistsaysourbuildingsmaylookdifferent.Tomakeelectrochromicwindowschangecolorwhatisappliedtothewindowglass
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
Ididn'thavemuchconfidenceinmytalentasanactor.
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.Winnersofpresent-dayTVshowsnolongergetmoneyfromtheshows.
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