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Text 4 In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external wo...
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Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Ausefulfeatureofthenewdrillforspacemissionis
Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. 47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear. "Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden". Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit." Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. 46
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfive-year-oldchildrendoestheresearchofNesduleandRulesuggest
Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. 47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear. "Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden". Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit." Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. 48
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Inthepassagetheauthorintroduceshistopicby
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Telecommutingmayaffectatelecommuter’sfamilylifebecause
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Itcanbeinferredthatthetermpublicdutydenotes
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthepatentofthedrillisheldby
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. AstothepunishmentthatchildrenundersevenareassignedtowrongdoingPiagetsuggests
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. TheauthorconsidersthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUSassolitarytobe
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. ThesocietyenvisionedbySaintSimonianswouldbeasocietyinwhich
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
TheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood. 42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 44
Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. 47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear. "Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden". Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit." Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. 50
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Thepurposeofinsurancecompaniestosupportdisasterpredictionresearchisthat
TheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood. 42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 42
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 42
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. ThedifferencebetweentheactuallosscausedbyHurricaneAndrewandthelossestimatedbyinsurancecompaniesbeforethehurricaneis
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. ThewordcounterproductiveLine3Paragraph4probablymeans
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. TheSenecaFallsconferenceonwomen'srightwas
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