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8255A工作在方式1的输入状态时通过信号知道端口已经准备好了输入的数据
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8086CPU用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
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INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
EverydayitiseasytoseeadvertisementsinEnglisha11aro
Inte1CPU工作在内存的实地址模式时内存的物理地址由______和______两部分组成
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1线握手并行接口
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以下关于直播间手机/电脑配置的说法不正确的是
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Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 45
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 9
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 45
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10-yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublican-controlledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSalandnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthree-quarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork.
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. HowmanyvolunteersaretestedbyVaxGen'svaccine
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. Whydoesglobalizationwillleadsomecountriestobeunderthecontrolofothercountries
Text1 MoreAmericansarecohabiting-livingtogetheroutofwedlock--thanever.Someexportsapplaudthepracticebutotherswarnplayinghousedoesnotalwaysleadtomaritalbliss.AtonetimeinAmericalivingtogetheroutofwedlockwasscandalous.Unmarriedspouseswho"shackedup"weresaidtobe"livinginsin".Indeedcohabitationwasillegalthroughoutthecountryuntilabout1970.Todaystatisticstelladifferenttale.Thenumberofunwedcoupleslivingtogetherhasrisentoanewhigh--morethan4.1millionasofMarch1997accordingtotheCensusBureau.Thatfigurewasupfrom3.96millioncouplesthepreviousyearandrepresentsaquantumleapfromthe430000cohabitingcouplescountedin1960. Thebureaufound’thatcohabitingismostprevailinginthe24-35agegroupaccountingfor1.6millionsuchcouples.Cohabitantsclaimtheylivetogetherprimarilytosolidifytheirloveandcommitmenttoeachother.Mostintendtomarry;only13%ofcohabitantsdonotanticipatetolegalizetheirrelationship.Buttherealityfrommanycouplesisdifferent:Movingindoesnotleadto"happilyeverafter."Fortypercentofcohabitantsnevermakeittothealtar.Ofthe60%whodomarrymorethanhalfdivorcewithin10yearscomparedwith30%ofmarriedcoupleswhodidnotlivetogetherfirst.CohabitingpartnersaremoreunfaithfulandfightmoreoftenthanmarriedcouplesaccordingtoresearchbytheHowardCenterforFamilyReligionandSociety.Otherstudieshavecometoequallysimilarconclusions. Stillexpertspredictthenumberofcohabitingcouplesislikelytoincrease.Astheoffspringofthebabyboomercomeofagetheyareinclinedtodefermarriagesasdidtheirparents.Thiswillleadtomorecohabitationandnontraditionalfamilies.Untilpeopleunearththatlivingtogetherhaspitfallsitwon’twaneinpopularity.Cohabitinghasbeenportrayedwith"carefulneutrality"inthemediaandHollywoodcelebritieswhomoveinandoutofeachother’shomessetthestandard. ButWarrenFarrelltheSanDiego-basedauthorofWhyMenAretheWayTheyArearguesthatlivingtogetherisagoodideaforashortperiod."Tomakethejumpfromdatingwhenweputourbestfootforwardtobeingmarried"--withoutshowingeachotherthe"shadowsideofourselves"--istotreatmarriagefrivolouslyhesays. Itcanbeseenfromthepassagethat
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 43
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 1
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. Whatisthemainideaofthethirdparagraph
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 7
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 41
Directions:Yoursonkickedhisballthroughyourneighbor’swindow.Writealettertotellyourneighbor1yourregretathearingthenews2yourintentiontocompensateforthedamage3yourapology.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 11
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 3
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 13
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 19
Text1 MoreAmericansarecohabiting-livingtogetheroutofwedlock--thanever.Someexportsapplaudthepracticebutotherswarnplayinghousedoesnotalwaysleadtomaritalbliss.AtonetimeinAmericalivingtogetheroutofwedlockwasscandalous.Unmarriedspouseswho"shackedup"weresaidtobe"livinginsin".Indeedcohabitationwasillegalthroughoutthecountryuntilabout1970.Todaystatisticstelladifferenttale.Thenumberofunwedcoupleslivingtogetherhasrisentoanewhigh--morethan4.1millionasofMarch1997accordingtotheCensusBureau.Thatfigurewasupfrom3.96millioncouplesthepreviousyearandrepresentsaquantumleapfromthe430000cohabitingcouplescountedin1960. Thebureaufound’thatcohabitingismostprevailinginthe24-35agegroupaccountingfor1.6millionsuchcouples.Cohabitantsclaimtheylivetogetherprimarilytosolidifytheirloveandcommitmenttoeachother.Mostintendtomarry;only13%ofcohabitantsdonotanticipatetolegalizetheirrelationship.Buttherealityfrommanycouplesisdifferent:Movingindoesnotleadto"happilyeverafter."Fortypercentofcohabitantsnevermakeittothealtar.Ofthe60%whodomarrymorethanhalfdivorcewithin10yearscomparedwith30%ofmarriedcoupleswhodidnotlivetogetherfirst.CohabitingpartnersaremoreunfaithfulandfightmoreoftenthanmarriedcouplesaccordingtoresearchbytheHowardCenterforFamilyReligionandSociety.Otherstudieshavecometoequallysimilarconclusions. Stillexpertspredictthenumberofcohabitingcouplesislikelytoincrease.Astheoffspringofthebabyboomercomeofagetheyareinclinedtodefermarriagesasdidtheirparents.Thiswillleadtomorecohabitationandnontraditionalfamilies.Untilpeopleunearththatlivingtogetherhaspitfallsitwon’twaneinpopularity.Cohabitinghasbeenportrayedwith"carefulneutrality"inthemediaandHollywoodcelebritieswhomoveinandoutofeachother’shomessetthestandard. ButWarrenFarrelltheSanDiego-basedauthorofWhyMenAretheWayTheyArearguesthatlivingtogetherisagoodideaforashortperiod."Tomakethejumpfromdatingwhenweputourbestfootforwardtobeingmarried"--withoutshowingeachotherthe"shadowsideofourselves"--istotreatmarriagefrivolouslyhesays. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 5
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 15
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 17
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10-yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublican-controlledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSalandnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthree-quarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools.
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectaccordingtothethirdparagraph
Text1 MoreAmericansarecohabiting-livingtogetheroutofwedlock--thanever.Someexportsapplaudthepracticebutotherswarnplayinghousedoesnotalwaysleadtomaritalbliss.AtonetimeinAmericalivingtogetheroutofwedlockwasscandalous.Unmarriedspouseswho"shackedup"weresaidtobe"livinginsin".Indeedcohabitationwasillegalthroughoutthecountryuntilabout1970.Todaystatisticstelladifferenttale.Thenumberofunwedcoupleslivingtogetherhasrisentoanewhigh--morethan4.1millionasofMarch1997accordingtotheCensusBureau.Thatfigurewasupfrom3.96millioncouplesthepreviousyearandrepresentsaquantumleapfromthe430000cohabitingcouplescountedin1960. Thebureaufound’thatcohabitingismostprevailinginthe24-35agegroupaccountingfor1.6millionsuchcouples.Cohabitantsclaimtheylivetogetherprimarilytosolidifytheirloveandcommitmenttoeachother.Mostintendtomarry;only13%ofcohabitantsdonotanticipatetolegalizetheirrelationship.Buttherealityfrommanycouplesisdifferent:Movingindoesnotleadto"happilyeverafter."Fortypercentofcohabitantsnevermakeittothealtar.Ofthe60%whodomarrymorethanhalfdivorcewithin10yearscomparedwith30%ofmarriedcoupleswhodidnotlivetogetherfirst.CohabitingpartnersaremoreunfaithfulandfightmoreoftenthanmarriedcouplesaccordingtoresearchbytheHowardCenterforFamilyReligionandSociety.Otherstudieshavecometoequallysimilarconclusions. Stillexpertspredictthenumberofcohabitingcouplesislikelytoincrease.Astheoffspringofthebabyboomercomeofagetheyareinclinedtodefermarriagesasdidtheirparents.Thiswillleadtomorecohabitationandnontraditionalfamilies.Untilpeopleunearththatlivingtogetherhaspitfallsitwon’twaneinpopularity.Cohabitinghasbeenportrayedwith"carefulneutrality"inthemediaandHollywoodcelebritieswhomoveinandoutofeachother’shomessetthestandard. ButWarrenFarrelltheSanDiego-basedauthorofWhyMenAretheWayTheyArearguesthatlivingtogetherisagoodideaforashortperiod."Tomakethejumpfromdatingwhenweputourbestfootforwardtobeingmarried"--withoutshowingeachotherthe"shadowsideofourselves"--istotreatmarriagefrivolouslyhesays. Accordingtothepassagethenumberofcohabitingcouplesislikelyto
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothearticle
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 43
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. WhichstatementisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 41
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. Whatistheauthor'sideaaboutAIDS
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