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Your friend Mr. Han could not use his dictionary because of your fault, and write a letter in about...
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Psychologistsoncebelievedthatthemotivethatcausedmentostrivetoattainhigh-levelmanagerialpositionswasthe"needforachievement".Butnowtheybelieveitisthe"needforpower". Powerseekersstrivehardtoreachpositionswheretheycanexerciseauthorityoverlargenumbersofpeople.46Individualperformerswholackthisdrivearenotlikelytoadvancefarupthemanagerialladder.Theyusuallyscorncompanypoliticsanddevotetheirenergiestoothertypesofactivities.Thepowergameispartofmanagementanditisplayedbestbythosewhoenjoyitmost. 47Oneoftheleastrationalactsofbusinessorganizationsisthatofhiringmanagerswhohaveahighneedtoexerciseauthorityandthenteachingthemthatauthoritativemethodsarewrongandthattheyshouldbeconsultativeorparticipative.48Itisaseriousmistaketoteachmanagersthattheyshouldadoptstylesthatareinconsistentwiththeiruniquepersonalities.Yetthisispreciselywhatalargenumberofbusinessorganizationsaredoing;anditexplainsinpartwhytheirmanagementdevelopmentprogramsarenoteffective. 49Whatmanagerialaspirantsshouldbetaughtishowtoexercisetheirauthorityinawaythatisappropriatetothesituationandthepeopleinvolved.Theyneedtolearnthattherealsourceoftheirpoweristheirownknowledgeandskillandthestrengthoftheirownpersonalitiesnottheauthorityconferredonthembytheirpositions.Whentheylacktheknowledgeorskillrequiredtoperformtheworktheyneedtoknowhowtosharetheirauthority.50Butwhentheyknowwhathastobedoneandhavetheskillandpersonalitytogetitdonetheymustexercisetheirtraditionalauthorityinwhateverwayisnecessary. 49Whatmanagerialaspirantsshouldbetaughtishowtoexercisetheirauthorityinawaythatisappropriatetothesituationandthepeopleinvolved.
[A]Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedthemorboughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutility:itaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproductionwhichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporationsaswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingapore.Anothertypeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarkettheymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservicessuchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblem.Thusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketingbuttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproductorwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleorspecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshipofbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelsasbulkfreightbutfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationorcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruckthismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiredquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgood.Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct.Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced. Order: 41.______→D→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→A 43
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 5
Despitedecadesofscientificresearchnooneyetknowshowmuchdamagehumanactivityisdoingtotheenvironment.Humansarethoughttoberesponsibleforawholehostofenvironmentalproblemsrangingfromglobalwarningtoozonedepletion.Whatisnotindoubthoweveristhedevastatingeffecthumansarehavingontheanimalandplantlifeoftheplanet. Currentlyanestimated50000speciesbecomeextincteveryyear.IfthiscarriesontheimpactonalllivingcreaturesislikelytobeprofoundsaysDr.NickMiddletonageographeratOxfordUniversity."Allspeciesdependinsomewayoneachothertosurvive.Andthedangeristhatifyouremoveonespeciesfromthisverycomplexwebofinterrelationshipsyouhaveverylittleideaabouttheknock-oneffectsofotherextinctions." Complicatingmattersisthefactthattherearenoobvioussolutionstotheproblem.Unlikeglobalwarningandozonedepletion—whichifthepoliticalwillwastherecouldbereducedbycuttinggasemissions—preservingbiodiversityremainsanintractableproblem. Thelatestideais"sustainablemanagement"whichisseenasapracticalandeconomicalwayofprotectingspeciesfromextinction.Thismeanshumansshouldbeabletouseanyspeciesofanimalorplantfortheirbenefitprovidedenoughindividualsofthatspeciesareleftalivetoensureitscontinuedexistence. Forinstanceinsteadofdependingonlargelyineffectivelawsagainstpoachingitgiveslocalpeopleagoodeconomicreasontopreserveplantsandanimals.InZimbabwethereisasustainablemanagementprojectelephants.Foreigntouristspaylargesumsofmoneytokilltheseanimalsforsport.Thismoneyisthengiventotheinhabitantsoftheareawherethehuntingtakesplace.Intheorylocalswillbeencouragedtoprotectelephantsinsteadofpoachingthem—orallowingotherstopoachthem—becauseoftheeconomicbenefitinvolved. Thissoundslikeasensiblestrategybutitremainstobeseenwhetheritwillwork.Withcorruptionendemicinmanydevelopingcountriessomeobserversareskepticalthatthemoneywillactuallyreachthepeopleitisintendedfor．Otherswonderhoweffectivethelocalswillbeatstoppingpoachers. Therearealsoquestionsaboutwhethersustainablemanagementispracticalwhenitcomestoprotectingareasofgreat-bio-diversitysuchastheworld’stropicalforests.Intheorytheprincipleshouldbethesameaswithelephants—allowloggingcompaniestocutdownacertainnumberoftreesbutnotsomanyastocompletelydestroytheforest. Sustainablemanagementofforestsrequirescontrolsonthenumberoftreeswhicharecutdownaswellasinvestmentinreplacingthem.Butbecausealmostalltropicalforestsarelocatedincountrieswhichdesperatelyneedrevenuefromloggingtherearefewregulationstodothis.Moreoverunrestrictedloggingissomuchmoreprofitablethatwoodpricesfrommanagedforestswouldcostuptofivetimesmore—anincreasethatconsumersnomatterhow"green"areunlikelytopay. Forthesereasonssustainablemanagementoftropicalforestsisunlikelytobecomewidespreadinthenearfuture.Thisisdishearteningnews.It’sestimatedtheseforestscontainanythingfrom50to90percentofallanimalandplantspeciesonEarth.Inonestudyofafive-square-kilometerareaofrainforestinPeruforinstancescientistscounted1300speciesofbutterflyand600speciesofbird.IntheentirecontinentalUnitedStatesonly400speciesofbutterflyand700speciesofbirdhavebeenrecorded. ScientistProfessorNormanMyersseesthissituationasagigantic"experimentwe’reconductingwithourplanet"."Wedon’tknowwhattheoutcomewillbe.Ifwemakeamessofitwecan’tmovetoanotherplanet…It’sacaseofoneplanetoneexperiment. Whatisaneffectivewaytopreservebiodiversity
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforabankloan.Writealettertothebankto 1introduceyourselfbriefly 2explainthereasonsofapplyingforabankloan. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatWenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 1
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 15
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 11
Withover10000librariesopenedworldwideand7.4millionbooksalreadydistributedtochildreninits10years46RoomtoRead—anonprofitthatpromotesgloballiteracy—aspirestocurbthestaggeringfigureof759millionilliterateadultslivinginemergingnations. "Ifeverycharitywasrunwithmoreofabusinessfocustheworldwouldbeabetterplace"saysJohnWoodaformerseniorexecutiveatMicrosoftbeforefoundingRoomtoReadin2000."We’vecreatedwhatIconsidertobeahybridorganization——thebestofcharitymergedwiththebestofbusiness." Theorganization’sgoalistoraise$30millionin2010.In2009RoomtoReadraised$28.3millionincashandstock—wellaboveits$23milliongoalanda28%increaseoverits2008contributions. Technologyiskeyforthecompanytoachieveitsgoals.TheSalesforce.comFoundationhasdonatedSalesforceCRMlicensestohelpRoomtoReadbuildtheirGlobalSolutionsDatabaseGSD.47TheGSDpaycloseattentiontoRoomtoRead’simplementationtimelinethenumberofstudentsandteachersbeingsupportedandthepercentageofcommunitycontribution.Thistechnologyhelpsthecompanyreportfigurestoitsdonors. 48"Technologyhasbeenaninvaluabletoolthat’sallowedustoreachouttoourcurrentinvestorsaswellasintroduceourselvestonewsupporters"explainsWood."Twitterhasopenedthedoortoanentirelynewbaseofsupportersforus—nowalmost430000strong—andwelikebeingabletoreachouttothemonareal-timebasisaboutourlatestnewsorstoriestheymayfindinteresting."RoomtoReadwasTwitter’sfirstcorporatesocialinnovationsponsor. 49Thenot-for-profitalsoaimstoimplanteffectiveeducationprogramsinthedevelopingworldthroughitsSchoolRoomprogramalongwithimprovingliteracyequalityamongthegenders.Two-thirdsofallilliterateadultsarefemale.Alreadyover9000femalestudentsareenjoyingscholarshipsthankstotheGirls’Educationprogram. WoodsaysRoomtoRead’simportancehasonlygrowninlightoftheworld’sstrugglingeconomy:"Iftherehasbeenanupsidetothefinancialcrisisit’sthatpeoplearebeingmorecarefulthaneverbeforeabouthowtheyinvestandthisappliesalsototheircharitableinvestments"heexplains.50"IthinkthemarketsareefficientinthesensethatalotofbusinessleadersseeinRoomtoReadanorganizationthatisrunlikeabusinessandtheythereforecontinuetoinvestinus." 49Thenot-for-profitalsoaimstoimplanteffectiveeducationprogramsinthedevelopingworldthroughitsSchoolRoomprogramalongwithimprovingliteracyequalityamongthegenders.
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"humanrelations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 13
Directions: TomafriendofyourswouldliketovisityourpartofChina.Writealettertogivehimadviceaboutthefollowingsubjects: Whenandhowtotravel;whattobring;howlongtostay;weather;healthandmedicine;whichplacestovisit;whattobuy. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 1
Thehousingmarkethasbeenfortwoyearsproppingupconsumers’spiritswhiletherestoftheeconomyliesexhaustedonthefloorstilltryingtostruggletoitsfeet.AccordingtotheNationalAssociationofRealtorsthenationalmedianexisting-homepriceendedtheyearat$164000up7.1percentfrom2001.That’sthestrongestannualincreasesince1980. Althoughresidentialrealestateactivitymakesuplessthan8%oftotalU.S.GDPahousingmarketlikethisonecanmakethedifferencebetweenpositiveandnegativegrowth.Mostsignificantlyconsumerspendingis66%ofGDPandthepurchaseofanewhometendstohavean"umbrellaeffect"onthehomeowner’sspendingashehastostockitwithawasher/dryeranewbig-screenTVandmaybeaswingsetfortheyard. Themainfactorinhousing’scontinuedstrengthisaclassiceconomicexampleofzero-sumboom:thepersistentweaknesseverywhereelse.Asthe2003recoverycontinuestobemoreforecastthanreality.FallingstockpricesraisedinvestorappealforU.S.TreasuryBondswhichinturnallowedmostinterestratestodriftevenlower.Buttherearenotmanysignsthatthere’sabubblereadytoburst. December’snewrecordinhousingstartsforexamplewasnicelymatchedbythenewrecordinnewhomesales.Ifyoubuildittheywillbuyandevenifaneconomicpickupstartstoreducehousing’srelativeattractivenessthere’snoreasonwhymodesteconomicgrowthandimprovedconsumermoodcan’thelpsustaininghousing’sstrength."Themomentumgainedfromlowmortgageinterestrateswillcarrystronghomesalesinto2003withanimprovingeconomyoffsettingmodestlyhighermortgageinterestratesastheyearprogresses"saidDavidLereahchiefeconomistattheNationalAssociationofRealtors. Justashousinghastakenupmuchoftheeconomicslackforthepasttwoyearsbothasacomfortinginvestmentforfrettingconsumersandadriverofconsumerspendingitselfabigbumpelsewhereintheeconomyin2003couldbehousing’sdownfall.Ifstocksroarbackthisspringcapitalinflowscouldstealfromthebondmarketpushinguplong-terminterestrates.OrAlanGreenspanandtheFedcoulddothesametoshort-termratesasawaytohitthebrakesonarecoverythatisheatinguptoofast.Inotherwordsifeverythingpossiblegoeswrongforhousinghomeownersshouldhaveplentytocompensatethemintermsbfjobsecurityandincomehikes. Howdotheconsumersfeelabouttheirinvestmentinthehousingmarket
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"humanrelations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose
FormyproposedjourneythefirstprioritywasclearlytostartlearningArabic.Ihaveneverbeenalinguist.ThoughIhadtraveledwidelyasajournalistIhadnevermanagedtopickupmorethanasmatteringofphrasesinanytongueotherthanFrenchandevenmyFrenchwaslaboriousforwantoflengthypractice.Theprospectoftacklingoneofthenotoriouslydifficultlanguagesattheageoffortyandtryingtospeakitwellbothdeterredandexcitedme.ItwasperhapsexpectingalittletoomuchofacuriouslyunreceptivepartofmyselfyetthepossibilitythatImightgainaccesstoacompletelyaliencultureandtraditionbythismeanswasenormouslypleasing. Ienrolledasapupilinasmallschoolinthecenterofthecity.ItwasrunbyaMrBeheitofdapperappearanceandexplosivetemperamentwhoassuredmethatafterthreemonthsofhisspecialtreatmentIwouldspeakArabicfluently.WhereuponhedrewfromhisdeskapostcardwhichanoldpupilhadsenthimfromsomewhereintheMiddleEastexpressinggreatgratitudeandreportingtheastonishmentoflocalArabsthathecouldconversewiththemlikeanative.ItwaswritteninEnglish.MrBeheithimselfspentmostofhistimecoachingbusinessmeninFrenchandthroughthethinpartitionedwallsofhisschoolonecouldhearhimbellowinginexasperationatsomeconfusedentrepreneur:"NonM.Jones.Janesuispasfrancais.PasPasPas!"NoMr.JonesI’mNOTFrenchI’mnotnotNOT!.IwasgratifiedthatmyowntutorwhosenamewasAhmedwasinfinitelysofterandlesspublicinapproach. Foracoupleofhourseverymorningwewouldfaceeachotheracrossasmalltablewhilewediscussedinmeticulousdetailthecolourschemeofthetinycubicletheeventsinthestreetbelowandonceaweekthehair-raisingprogressofawindow-cleaneracrossthewallofthebuildingopposite.InbetweenhearinginmindtheparticularinterestIhadinacquiringArabicIwouldinquirethewaytosomeimaginaryoasisanxiouslydemandfodderandwaterformycamelswonderpolitelywhetherthesheikhwaspreparedtograntmeaudiencenow.Itwasallhardgoing.IfrequentlydespairedofeverbecominganythinglikeafluentspeakerthoughAhmedassuredmethatmypronunciationwasaboveaverageforaWestemer.ThisIsuspectedwaspartlyflatteryforthereareacoupleofArabicsoundswhichnotevenagiftformimicryallowedmetograspforages.ThereweremoreovervastdistinctionsofmeaningconveyedbysubtlesoundshiftsrarelyemployedinEnglish.AndformetheproblemwasincreasedbytheneedtoassimilateavocabularythatwouldvaryfromplacetoplaceacrossfiveessentiallyArabic-speakingcountriesthatpracticedvernacularsoftheirown:sothatthewordfor"people"forinstancemightbenaissah’aborsooken. EachdayIwasmentallyexhaustedbythestrainofamorninginschoolfollowedbyanafternoonstrugglingathomewithataperecorder.Yettherewasreliefinthemostelementaryformsofunderstandingandprogress.WhenmerelygotthedriftofatorrentwhichAhmedhadjustreleasedIwaschildishlyelated.WhenImanagedtorollacompletesentenceoffmytonguewithoutapparentlythinkingwhatIwassayinganditcameoutrightIbeamedlikeanidiot.AndtheenjoymentofreadingandwritingtheflowingArabicscriptwassomethingthatdidnotleavemeonceIhadmasteredit.BytheendofJuneno-onecouldhavedescribedmeasanythinglikeafluentspeakerofArabic.Iwasapproximatelyinthepositionofafifteen-yearoldwhoequippedwithamodicumofschoolroomFrenchnervouslyawaitshisfirsttriptoParis.ButthiswassomethingIcouldreproveuponinmyowntime.IbadefarewelltoMrBeheitstillstrugglingtodrivetheFrenchnegativeintothestillconfusedmindofMrJones. WhichofthefollowingisnotcharacteristicofMrBeheit
Psychologistsoncebelievedthatthemotivethatcausedmentostrivetoattainhigh-levelmanagerialpositionswasthe"needforachievement".Butnowtheybelieveitisthe"needforpower". Powerseekersstrivehardtoreachpositionswheretheycanexerciseauthorityoverlargenumbersofpeople.46Individualperformerswholackthisdrivearenotlikelytoadvancefarupthemanagerialladder.Theyusuallyscorncompanypoliticsanddevotetheirenergiestoothertypesofactivities.Thepowergameispartofmanagementanditisplayedbestbythosewhoenjoyitmost. 47Oneoftheleastrationalactsofbusinessorganizationsisthatofhiringmanagerswhohaveahighneedtoexerciseauthorityandthenteachingthemthatauthoritativemethodsarewrongandthattheyshouldbeconsultativeorparticipative.48Itisaseriousmistaketoteachmanagersthattheyshouldadoptstylesthatareinconsistentwiththeiruniquepersonalities.Yetthisispreciselywhatalargenumberofbusinessorganizationsaredoing;anditexplainsinpartwhytheirmanagementdevelopmentprogramsarenoteffective. 49Whatmanagerialaspirantsshouldbetaughtishowtoexercisetheirauthorityinawaythatisappropriatetothesituationandthepeopleinvolved.Theyneedtolearnthattherealsourceoftheirpoweristheirownknowledgeandskillandthestrengthoftheirownpersonalitiesnottheauthorityconferredonthembytheirpositions.Whentheylacktheknowledgeorskillrequiredtoperformtheworktheyneedtoknowhowtosharetheirauthority.50Butwhentheyknowwhathastobedoneandhavetheskillandpersonalitytogetitdonetheymustexercisetheirtraditionalauthorityinwhateverwayisnecessary. 47Oneoftheleastrationalactsofbusinessorganizationsisthatofhiringmanagerswhohaveahighneedtoexerciseauthorityandthenteachingthemthatauthoritativemethodsarewrongandthattheyshouldbeconsultativeorparticipative
FormyproposedjourneythefirstprioritywasclearlytostartlearningArabic.Ihaveneverbeenalinguist.ThoughIhadtraveledwidelyasajournalistIhadnevermanagedtopickupmorethanasmatteringofphrasesinanytongueotherthanFrenchandevenmyFrenchwaslaboriousforwantoflengthypractice.Theprospectoftacklingoneofthenotoriouslydifficultlanguagesattheageoffortyandtryingtospeakitwellbothdeterredandexcitedme.ItwasperhapsexpectingalittletoomuchofacuriouslyunreceptivepartofmyselfyetthepossibilitythatImightgainaccesstoacompletelyaliencultureandtraditionbythismeanswasenormouslypleasing. Ienrolledasapupilinasmallschoolinthecenterofthecity.ItwasrunbyaMrBeheitofdapperappearanceandexplosivetemperamentwhoassuredmethatafterthreemonthsofhisspecialtreatmentIwouldspeakArabicfluently.WhereuponhedrewfromhisdeskapostcardwhichanoldpupilhadsenthimfromsomewhereintheMiddleEastexpressinggreatgratitudeandreportingtheastonishmentoflocalArabsthathecouldconversewiththemlikeanative.ItwaswritteninEnglish.MrBeheithimselfspentmostofhistimecoachingbusinessmeninFrenchandthroughthethinpartitionedwallsofhisschoolonecouldhearhimbellowinginexasperationatsomeconfusedentrepreneur:"NonM.Jones.Janesuispasfrancais.PasPasPas!"NoMr.JonesI’mNOTFrenchI’mnotnotNOT!.IwasgratifiedthatmyowntutorwhosenamewasAhmedwasinfinitelysofterandlesspublicinapproach. Foracoupleofhourseverymorningwewouldfaceeachotheracrossasmalltablewhilewediscussedinmeticulousdetailthecolourschemeofthetinycubicletheeventsinthestreetbelowandonceaweekthehair-raisingprogressofawindow-cleaneracrossthewallofthebuildingopposite.InbetweenhearinginmindtheparticularinterestIhadinacquiringArabicIwouldinquirethewaytosomeimaginaryoasisanxiouslydemandfodderandwaterformycamelswonderpolitelywhetherthesheikhwaspreparedtograntmeaudiencenow.Itwasallhardgoing.IfrequentlydespairedofeverbecominganythinglikeafluentspeakerthoughAhmedassuredmethatmypronunciationwasaboveaverageforaWestemer.ThisIsuspectedwaspartlyflatteryforthereareacoupleofArabicsoundswhichnotevenagiftformimicryallowedmetograspforages.ThereweremoreovervastdistinctionsofmeaningconveyedbysubtlesoundshiftsrarelyemployedinEnglish.AndformetheproblemwasincreasedbytheneedtoassimilateavocabularythatwouldvaryfromplacetoplaceacrossfiveessentiallyArabic-speakingcountriesthatpracticedvernacularsoftheirown:sothatthewordfor"people"forinstancemightbenaissah’aborsooken. EachdayIwasmentallyexhaustedbythestrainofamorninginschoolfollowedbyanafternoonstrugglingathomewithataperecorder.Yettherewasreliefinthemostelementaryformsofunderstandingandprogress.WhenmerelygotthedriftofatorrentwhichAhmedhadjustreleasedIwaschildishlyelated.WhenImanagedtorollacompletesentenceoffmytonguewithoutapparentlythinkingwhatIwassayinganditcameoutrightIbeamedlikeanidiot.AndtheenjoymentofreadingandwritingtheflowingArabicscriptwassomethingthatdidnotleavemeonceIhadmasteredit.BytheendofJuneno-onecouldhavedescribedmeasanythinglikeafluentspeakerofArabic.Iwasapproximatelyinthepositionofafifteen-yearoldwhoequippedwithamodicumofschoolroomFrenchnervouslyawaitshisfirsttriptoParis.ButthiswassomethingIcouldreproveuponinmyowntime.IbadefarewelltoMrBeheitstillstrugglingtodrivetheFrenchnegativeintothestillconfusedmindofMrJones. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAhmedwas
FormyproposedjourneythefirstprioritywasclearlytostartlearningArabic.Ihaveneverbeenalinguist.ThoughIhadtraveledwidelyasajournalistIhadnevermanagedtopickupmorethanasmatteringofphrasesinanytongueotherthanFrenchandevenmyFrenchwaslaboriousforwantoflengthypractice.Theprospectoftacklingoneofthenotoriouslydifficultlanguagesattheageoffortyandtryingtospeakitwellbothdeterredandexcitedme.ItwasperhapsexpectingalittletoomuchofacuriouslyunreceptivepartofmyselfyetthepossibilitythatImightgainaccesstoacompletelyaliencultureandtraditionbythismeanswasenormouslypleasing. Ienrolledasapupilinasmallschoolinthecenterofthecity.ItwasrunbyaMrBeheitofdapperappearanceandexplosivetemperamentwhoassuredmethatafterthreemonthsofhisspecialtreatmentIwouldspeakArabicfluently.WhereuponhedrewfromhisdeskapostcardwhichanoldpupilhadsenthimfromsomewhereintheMiddleEastexpressinggreatgratitudeandreportingtheastonishmentoflocalArabsthathecouldconversewiththemlikeanative.ItwaswritteninEnglish.MrBeheithimselfspentmostofhistimecoachingbusinessmeninFrenchandthroughthethinpartitionedwallsofhisschoolonecouldhearhimbellowinginexasperationatsomeconfusedentrepreneur:"NonM.Jones.Janesuispasfrancais.PasPasPas!"NoMr.JonesI’mNOTFrenchI’mnotnotNOT!.IwasgratifiedthatmyowntutorwhosenamewasAhmedwasinfinitelysofterandlesspublicinapproach. Foracoupleofhourseverymorningwewouldfaceeachotheracrossasmalltablewhilewediscussedinmeticulousdetailthecolourschemeofthetinycubicletheeventsinthestreetbelowandonceaweekthehair-raisingprogressofawindow-cleaneracrossthewallofthebuildingopposite.InbetweenhearinginmindtheparticularinterestIhadinacquiringArabicIwouldinquirethewaytosomeimaginaryoasisanxiouslydemandfodderandwaterformycamelswonderpolitelywhetherthesheikhwaspreparedtograntmeaudiencenow.Itwasallhardgoing.IfrequentlydespairedofeverbecominganythinglikeafluentspeakerthoughAhmedassuredmethatmypronunciationwasaboveaverageforaWestemer.ThisIsuspectedwaspartlyflatteryforthereareacoupleofArabicsoundswhichnotevenagiftformimicryallowedmetograspforages.ThereweremoreovervastdistinctionsofmeaningconveyedbysubtlesoundshiftsrarelyemployedinEnglish.AndformetheproblemwasincreasedbytheneedtoassimilateavocabularythatwouldvaryfromplacetoplaceacrossfiveessentiallyArabic-speakingcountriesthatpracticedvernacularsoftheirown:sothatthewordfor"people"forinstancemightbenaissah’aborsooken. EachdayIwasmentallyexhaustedbythestrainofamorninginschoolfollowedbyanafternoonstrugglingathomewithataperecorder.Yettherewasreliefinthemostelementaryformsofunderstandingandprogress.WhenmerelygotthedriftofatorrentwhichAhmedhadjustreleasedIwaschildishlyelated.WhenImanagedtorollacompletesentenceoffmytonguewithoutapparentlythinkingwhatIwassayinganditcameoutrightIbeamedlikeanidiot.AndtheenjoymentofreadingandwritingtheflowingArabicscriptwassomethingthatdidnotleavemeonceIhadmasteredit.BytheendofJuneno-onecouldhavedescribedmeasanythinglikeafluentspeakerofArabic.Iwasapproximatelyinthepositionofafifteen-yearoldwhoequippedwithamodicumofschoolroomFrenchnervouslyawaitshisfirsttriptoParis.ButthiswassomethingIcouldreproveuponinmyowntime.IbadefarewelltoMrBeheitstillstrugglingtodrivetheFrenchnegativeintothestillconfusedmindofMrJones. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSEaccordingtothepassage
[A]Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedthemorboughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutility:itaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproductionwhichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporationsaswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingapore.Anothertypeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarkettheymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservicessuchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblem.Thusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketingbuttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproductorwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleorspecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshipofbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelsasbulkfreightbutfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationorcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruckthismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiredquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgood.Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct.Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced. Order: 41.______→D→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→A 45
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 9
Withover10000librariesopenedworldwideand7.4millionbooksalreadydistributedtochildreninits10years46RoomtoRead—anonprofitthatpromotesgloballiteracy—aspirestocurbthestaggeringfigureof759millionilliterateadultslivinginemergingnations. "Ifeverycharitywasrunwithmoreofabusinessfocustheworldwouldbeabetterplace"saysJohnWoodaformerseniorexecutiveatMicrosoftbeforefoundingRoomtoReadin2000."We’vecreatedwhatIconsidertobeahybridorganization——thebestofcharitymergedwiththebestofbusiness." Theorganization’sgoalistoraise$30millionin2010.In2009RoomtoReadraised$28.3millionincashandstock—wellaboveits$23milliongoalanda28%increaseoverits2008contributions. Technologyiskeyforthecompanytoachieveitsgoals.TheSalesforce.comFoundationhasdonatedSalesforceCRMlicensestohelpRoomtoReadbuildtheirGlobalSolutionsDatabaseGSD.47TheGSDpaycloseattentiontoRoomtoRead’simplementationtimelinethenumberofstudentsandteachersbeingsupportedandthepercentageofcommunitycontribution.Thistechnologyhelpsthecompanyreportfigurestoitsdonors. 48"Technologyhasbeenaninvaluabletoolthat’sallowedustoreachouttoourcurrentinvestorsaswellasintroduceourselvestonewsupporters"explainsWood."Twitterhasopenedthedoortoanentirelynewbaseofsupportersforus—nowalmost430000strong—andwelikebeingabletoreachouttothemonareal-timebasisaboutourlatestnewsorstoriestheymayfindinteresting."RoomtoReadwasTwitter’sfirstcorporatesocialinnovationsponsor. 49Thenot-for-profitalsoaimstoimplanteffectiveeducationprogramsinthedevelopingworldthroughitsSchoolRoomprogramalongwithimprovingliteracyequalityamongthegenders.Two-thirdsofallilliterateadultsarefemale.Alreadyover9000femalestudentsareenjoyingscholarshipsthankstotheGirls’Educationprogram. WoodsaysRoomtoRead’simportancehasonlygrowninlightoftheworld’sstrugglingeconomy:"Iftherehasbeenanupsidetothefinancialcrisisit’sthatpeoplearebeingmorecarefulthaneverbeforeabouthowtheyinvestandthisappliesalsototheircharitableinvestments"heexplains.50"IthinkthemarketsareefficientinthesensethatalotofbusinessleadersseeinRoomtoReadanorganizationthatisrunlikeabusinessandtheythereforecontinuetoinvestinus." 47TheGSDpaycloseattentiontoRoomtoRead’simplementationtimelinethenumberofstudentsandteachersbeingsupportedandthepercentageofcommunitycontribution.
Despitedecadesofscientificresearchnooneyetknowshowmuchdamagehumanactivityisdoingtotheenvironment.Humansarethoughttoberesponsibleforawholehostofenvironmentalproblemsrangingfromglobalwarningtoozonedepletion.Whatisnotindoubthoweveristhedevastatingeffecthumansarehavingontheanimalandplantlifeoftheplanet. Currentlyanestimated50000speciesbecomeextincteveryyear.IfthiscarriesontheimpactonalllivingcreaturesislikelytobeprofoundsaysDr.NickMiddletonageographeratOxfordUniversity."Allspeciesdependinsomewayoneachothertosurvive.Andthedangeristhatifyouremoveonespeciesfromthisverycomplexwebofinterrelationshipsyouhaveverylittleideaabouttheknock-oneffectsofotherextinctions." Complicatingmattersisthefactthattherearenoobvioussolutionstotheproblem.Unlikeglobalwarningandozonedepletion—whichifthepoliticalwillwastherecouldbereducedbycuttinggasemissions—preservingbiodiversityremainsanintractableproblem. Thelatestideais"sustainablemanagement"whichisseenasapracticalandeconomicalwayofprotectingspeciesfromextinction.Thismeanshumansshouldbeabletouseanyspeciesofanimalorplantfortheirbenefitprovidedenoughindividualsofthatspeciesareleftalivetoensureitscontinuedexistence. Forinstanceinsteadofdependingonlargelyineffectivelawsagainstpoachingitgiveslocalpeopleagoodeconomicreasontopreserveplantsandanimals.InZimbabwethereisasustainablemanagementprojectelephants.Foreigntouristspaylargesumsofmoneytokilltheseanimalsforsport.Thismoneyisthengiventotheinhabitantsoftheareawherethehuntingtakesplace.Intheorylocalswillbeencouragedtoprotectelephantsinsteadofpoachingthem—orallowingotherstopoachthem—becauseoftheeconomicbenefitinvolved. Thissoundslikeasensiblestrategybutitremainstobeseenwhetheritwillwork.Withcorruptionendemicinmanydevelopingcountriessomeobserversareskepticalthatthemoneywillactuallyreachthepeopleitisintendedfor．Otherswonderhoweffectivethelocalswillbeatstoppingpoachers. Therearealsoquestionsaboutwhethersustainablemanagementispracticalwhenitcomestoprotectingareasofgreat-bio-diversitysuchastheworld’stropicalforests.Intheorytheprincipleshouldbethesameaswithelephants—allowloggingcompaniestocutdownacertainnumberoftreesbutnotsomanyastocompletelydestroytheforest. Sustainablemanagementofforestsrequirescontrolsonthenumberoftreeswhicharecutdownaswellasinvestmentinreplacingthem.Butbecausealmostalltropicalforestsarelocatedincountrieswhichdesperatelyneedrevenuefromloggingtherearefewregulationstodothis.Moreoverunrestrictedloggingissomuchmoreprofitablethatwoodpricesfrommanagedforestswouldcostuptofivetimesmore—anincreasethatconsumersnomatterhow"green"areunlikelytopay. Forthesereasonssustainablemanagementoftropicalforestsisunlikelytobecomewidespreadinthenearfuture.Thisisdishearteningnews.It’sestimatedtheseforestscontainanythingfrom50to90percentofallanimalandplantspeciesonEarth.Inonestudyofafive-square-kilometerareaofrainforestinPeruforinstancescientistscounted1300speciesofbutterflyand600speciesofbird.IntheentirecontinentalUnitedStatesonly400speciesofbutterflyand700speciesofbirdhavebeenrecorded. ScientistProfessorNormanMyersseesthissituationasagigantic"experimentwe’reconductingwithourplanet"."Wedon’tknowwhattheoutcomewillbe.Ifwemakeamessofitwecan’tmovetoanotherplanet…It’sacaseofoneplanetoneexperiment. WhatfactorsmightNOTaffectthepracticalityofsustainablemanagement
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 17
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 3
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 19
[A]Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedthemorboughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutility:itaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproductionwhichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporationsaswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingapore.Anothertypeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarkettheymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservicessuchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblem.Thusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketingbuttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproductorwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleorspecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshipofbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelsasbulkfreightbutfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationorcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruckthismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiredquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgood.Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct.Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced. Order: 41.______→D→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→A 41
Thehousingmarkethasbeenfortwoyearsproppingupconsumers’spiritswhiletherestoftheeconomyliesexhaustedonthefloorstilltryingtostruggletoitsfeet.AccordingtotheNationalAssociationofRealtorsthenationalmedianexisting-homepriceendedtheyearat$164000up7.1percentfrom2001.That’sthestrongestannualincreasesince1980. Althoughresidentialrealestateactivitymakesuplessthan8%oftotalU.S.GDPahousingmarketlikethisonecanmakethedifferencebetweenpositiveandnegativegrowth.Mostsignificantlyconsumerspendingis66%ofGDPandthepurchaseofanewhometendstohavean"umbrellaeffect"onthehomeowner’sspendingashehastostockitwithawasher/dryeranewbig-screenTVandmaybeaswingsetfortheyard. Themainfactorinhousing’scontinuedstrengthisaclassiceconomicexampleofzero-sumboom:thepersistentweaknesseverywhereelse.Asthe2003recoverycontinuestobemoreforecastthanreality.FallingstockpricesraisedinvestorappealforU.S.TreasuryBondswhichinturnallowedmostinterestratestodriftevenlower.Buttherearenotmanysignsthatthere’sabubblereadytoburst. December’snewrecordinhousingstartsforexamplewasnicelymatchedbythenewrecordinnewhomesales.Ifyoubuildittheywillbuyandevenifaneconomicpickupstartstoreducehousing’srelativeattractivenessthere’snoreasonwhymodesteconomicgrowthandimprovedconsumermoodcan’thelpsustaininghousing’sstrength."Themomentumgainedfromlowmortgageinterestrateswillcarrystronghomesalesinto2003withanimprovingeconomyoffsettingmodestlyhighermortgageinterestratesastheyearprogresses"saidDavidLereahchiefeconomistattheNationalAssociationofRealtors. Justashousinghastakenupmuchoftheeconomicslackforthepasttwoyearsbothasacomfortinginvestmentforfrettingconsumersandadriverofconsumerspendingitselfabigbumpelsewhereintheeconomyin2003couldbehousing’sdownfall.Ifstocksroarbackthisspringcapitalinflowscouldstealfromthebondmarketpushinguplong-terminterestrates.OrAlanGreenspanandtheFedcoulddothesametoshort-termratesasawaytohitthebrakesonarecoverythatisheatinguptoofast.Inotherwordsifeverythingpossiblegoeswrongforhousinghomeownersshouldhaveplentytocompensatethemintermsbfjobsecurityandincomehikes. WhenmentioningtheumbrellaeffectPara.2theauthoristalkingabout
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. 7
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"humanrelations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. Byasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinerytheauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis
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