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我国现在实行的义务教育的年限是（）。
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______世纪末欧美一些国家开始实行初等义务教育并逐步延长义务教育年限
我国现在实施的义务教育的年限目标是
10年
6年
9年
12年
中华人民共和国义务教育法规定我国实行义务教育的年限是______
义务教育法规定我国义务教育实行__________的管理体制
现在提倡义务教育年限的延长我国义务教育年限的延长包括下延和上延
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D WhatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowupAteacherAdoctorHowaboutanice-creamtaster Yestherereallyisajobwhereyoucangetpaidtotasteicecream.JustaskJohnHarrisonan"OfficialTasteTester"forthepast21years.Testinghelpsmanufacturerstobesureofaproduct’squality.DuringhiscareerHarrisonhasbeenresponsibleforapprovinglargequantitiesofthesweeticecream——aswellasfordevelopingover75flavors味道. Somepeoplethinkthatitwouldbeeasytodothisjob:afterallyoujusthavetolikeicecreamrightNo--there’smoretothejobthanthatsaysHarrisonwhohasadegreeinchemistry.Hepointsoutthatadairyorfood-sciencedegreewouldbeveryusefultosomeonewantingacareerinthis"cool"field. InatypicalmorningonthejobHarrisontastesandassesses60ice-creamsamples.Heletstheicecreamwarmuptoabout12°F.Harrisonexplains"Yougetmoreflavorfromwarmericecreamwhichiswhysomekidsliketostiritcreatingice-creamsoup." WhiletheicecreamwarmsupHarrisonlooksoverthesamplesandgradeseachoneonitsappearance."Tastingbeginswiththeeyes"heexplains.Hecheckstoseeiftheicecreamisattractiveandaskshimself"Doestheproducthavethecolorexpectedfromthatflavor"Nextit’stimetotaste! ContinuingtothinkupnewideastryoutnewflavorsandtestsamplesfromsomanykindsoficecreameachdaykeepsHarrisonbusybuthappy-workingatone"cool"job. Whichofthefollowingisprobablythebesttitleofthepassage.
B FilmDescriptions BacktotheFuture Withthehelpofalocalinventor’stimemachineMartytravelsbacktothe1950s.Thereheinadvertentlyinterfereswiththefledglingromanceofhisparents-to-be.CanMartykeepthemtogetherHe’dbetterorhisownfuturewillfadeaway.Featuring:ChristopherLloydMichaelJ.Fox.AUniversalPicturesrelease1hr.55min. Beethoven’s2nd InthissequeltothepopularBeethovenourcanineherofallsforMissywhosoonhaspuppies.Missy’sgreedyownerReginawhoseesonlymoneyinthelittlepurebredsseparatesmomandpupsfromBeethoven.HisownersrescuethepuppiesbutReginastillhasMissy.Featuring:CharlesGrodinBonnieHunt.AUniversalPicturesrelease1hr.26min. CharlieandtheChocolateFactory DespitethepopularityofhistreatscandymakerWillyWonkashutshimselfinsidehisfactory.ButthenWillyholdsacontestofferingfiveluckychildrenthechancetoseehiscompany.PoorbutpleasantCharlieBucketfindsaticketasdofourless-deservingchildren.Featuring:JohnnyDeppFreddieHighmore.AWarnerBros.release1hr.56min. CinderellaMan BasedonactualeventsthisfilmfollowsthelifeofJimBraddockaboxerinNewYorkCityduringtheGreatDepression.AfteraseriesoflossesBraddockisforcedintoretirement.Buthenevergivesuphisboxingdreamandneitherdoeshismanager.Featuring:RussellCroweRenreZellweger.AUniversalPicturesrelease2hr.14min. LiarLiar LawyerFletcherReedehasnevertoldthetruthinhislife.Thenhissonmakesabirthdaywishthathisdadwouldstoplyingfor24hours.SuddenlyFletcher’smouthspoutseverythinghethinks.Hiscompulsionbringsdisastertoacourtroomwherehemustdefendaclientwhosecasewasbuiltonlies.Featuring:JimCarreyJustinCooper.AUniversalPicturesrelease1hr.25min. Whichofthefollowingisprobablythenameofadog.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 20
E Nexttimeacustomercomestoyourofficeofferhimacupofcoffee.Andwhenyou’redoingyourholidayshoppingonlinemakesureyou’reholdingalargeglassoficedtea.Thephysicalsensation感觉ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmthwhileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecisions--thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohnA.Bargh. Psychologistshaveknownthatoneperson’sperception感知ofanother’s"warmth"isapowerfuldeterminerinsocialrelationships.Judgingsomeonetobeeither"warm"or"cold"isaprimaryconsiderationevenbeatingevidencethata"cold"personmaybemorecapable.MuchofthisisrootedinveryearlychildhoodexperiencesBargharguesbabies’conceptualsenseoftheworldaroundthemisshapedbyphysicalsensationsparticularlywarmthandcoldness.ClassicstudiesbyHarryHarlowpublishedin1958showedmonkeyspreferredtostayclosetoacloth"mother"ratherthanonemadeofwireevenwhenthewire"mother"carriedafoodbottle.Harlow’sworkandlaterstudieshaveledpsychologiststostresstheneedforwarmphysicalcontactfromcaregiverstohelpyoungchildrengrowintohealthyadultswithnormalsocialskills. Feelingsof"warmth"and"coldness"insocialjudgmentsappeartobeuniversal.AlthoughnoworldwidestudyhasbeendoneBarghsaysthatdescribingpeopleas"warm"or"cold"iscommontomanyculturesandstudieshavefoundthoseperceptionsinfluencejudgmentindozensofcountries. TotesttherelationshipbetweenphysicalandpsychologicalwarmthBarghconductedanexperimentwhichinvolved41collegestudents.Aresearchassistanthandedthestudentseitherahotcupofcoffeeoracolddrinktoholdwhiletheresearcherfilledoutashortinformationform.Thedrinkwasthenhandedback.Afterthatthestudentswereaskedtoratethepersonalityof"PersonA"basedonaparticulardescriptionThosewhohadbrieflyheldthewarmdrinkregardedPersonAaswarmerthanthosewhohadheldtheiceddrink. "Wearegroundedinourphysicalexperiencesevenwhenwethinkabstractly"saysBargh. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 12
Directions: WriteanessaytidedHowtoMakeFriends 1everyoneneedsfriends; 2describehowtomakefriends; 3whatshouldusdo. Youshouldwriteabout200words.
D WhatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowupAteacherAdoctorHowaboutanice-creamtaster Yestherereallyisajobwhereyoucangetpaidtotasteicecream.JustaskJohnHarrisonan"OfficialTasteTester"forthepast21years.Testinghelpsmanufacturerstobesureofaproduct’squality.DuringhiscareerHarrisonhasbeenresponsibleforapprovinglargequantitiesofthesweeticecream——aswellasfordevelopingover75flavors味道. Somepeoplethinkthatitwouldbeeasytodothisjob:afterallyoujusthavetolikeicecreamrightNo--there’smoretothejobthanthatsaysHarrisonwhohasadegreeinchemistry.Hepointsoutthatadairyorfood-sciencedegreewouldbeveryusefultosomeonewantingacareerinthis"cool"field. InatypicalmorningonthejobHarrisontastesandassesses60ice-creamsamples.Heletstheicecreamwarmuptoabout12°F.Harrisonexplains"Yougetmoreflavorfromwarmericecreamwhichiswhysomekidsliketostiritcreatingice-creamsoup." WhiletheicecreamwarmsupHarrisonlooksoverthesamplesandgradeseachoneonitsappearance."Tastingbeginswiththeeyes"heexplains.Hecheckstoseeiftheicecreamisattractiveandaskshimself"Doestheproducthavethecolorexpectedfromthatflavor"Nextit’stimetotaste! ContinuingtothinkupnewideastryoutnewflavorsandtestsamplesfromsomanykindsoficecreameachdaykeepsHarrisonbusybuthappy-workingatone"cool"job. AccordingtoJohnHarrisontobequalifiedinthecoolfielditishelpfulto.
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Whyshouldpruningbedone
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 16
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 6
B FilmDescriptions BacktotheFuture Withthehelpofalocalinventor’stimemachineMartytravelsbacktothe1950s.Thereheinadvertentlyinterfereswiththefledglingromanceofhisparents-to-be.CanMartykeepthemtogetherHe’dbetterorhisownfuturewillfadeaway.Featuring:ChristopherLloydMichaelJ.Fox.AUniversalPicturesrelease1hr.55min. Beethoven’s2nd InthissequeltothepopularBeethovenourcanineherofallsforMissywhosoonhaspuppies.Missy’sgreedyownerReginawhoseesonlymoneyinthelittlepurebredsseparatesmomandpupsfromBeethoven.HisownersrescuethepuppiesbutReginastillhasMissy.Featuring:CharlesGrodinBonnieHunt.AUniversalPicturesrelease1hr.26min. CharlieandtheChocolateFactory DespitethepopularityofhistreatscandymakerWillyWonkashutshimselfinsidehisfactory.ButthenWillyholdsacontestofferingfiveluckychildrenthechancetoseehiscompany.PoorbutpleasantCharlieBucketfindsaticketasdofourless-deservingchildren.Featuring:JohnnyDeppFreddieHighmore.AWarnerBros.release1hr.56min. CinderellaMan BasedonactualeventsthisfilmfollowsthelifeofJimBraddockaboxerinNewYorkCityduringtheGreatDepression.AfteraseriesoflossesBraddockisforcedintoretirement.Buthenevergivesuphisboxingdreamandneitherdoeshismanager.Featuring:RussellCroweRenreZellweger.AUniversalPicturesrelease2hr.14min. LiarLiar LawyerFletcherReedehasnevertoldthetruthinhislife.Thenhissonmakesabirthdaywishthathisdadwouldstoplyingfor24hours.SuddenlyFletcher’smouthspoutseverythinghethinks.Hiscompulsionbringsdisastertoacourtroomwherehemustdefendaclientwhosecasewasbuiltonlies.Featuring:JimCarreyJustinCooper.AUniversalPicturesrelease1hr.25min. Whichfilmisaboutthelifeofarealperson.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 2
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Whatwastheauthor’spurposewhenwritingthispassage
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 10
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
C Sportscanhelpyoukeepfitandgetintouchwithnature.Howeverwhetheryouareonthemountainsinthewavesoronthegrasslandyoushouldbeawarethatyoursportofchoicemighthavegreatinfluenceontheenvironment. Somesportsareresource-hungry.Golfasyoumayknoweatsupnotonlylargeareasofcountrysidebutalsotonsofwater.Besidesallsortsofchemicalsandhugeamountsofenergyareusedtokeepitscourses球场ingoodcondition.Thiscausesmajorenvironmentaleffects.ForexampleinthedryregionsofPortugalandSpaingolfisoftenheldresponsibleforseriouswatershortageinsomelocalareas. Therearemanyenvironment-friendlysports.Powerwalkingisoneofthemthatyoucouldtakeuptoday.Youdon’tneedanyspecialequipmentexceptagoodpairofshoes;andyoudon’thavetoworryaboutresourcesandyourpurse.Simpleandfreepowerwalkingcanalsokeepyoufit.Ifyouwalkregularlyitwillbegoodforyourheartandbones.Expertssaythat20minutesofpowerwalkingdailycanmakeyoufeellessanxioussleepwellandhavebetterweightcontrol. Whateversportyoutakeupyoucanmakeitgreenerbyusingenvironment-friendlyequipmentandbuyingproductsmadefromrecycledmaterials.Butthefinalgoalshouldbe"greengyms".Theyarebetterreplacementsfortraditionalhealthclubsandmodernsportscenters.MembersofgreengymsplaysportsoutdoorsinthecountrysideorOtheropenspaces.Thereisnospecialrequirementforyoutostartyourmembership.Andbestofallit’sfree. Whatdoweknowaboutgolffromthepassage.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 4
C Sportscanhelpyoukeepfitandgetintouchwithnature.Howeverwhetheryouareonthemountainsinthewavesoronthegrasslandyoushouldbeawarethatyoursportofchoicemighthavegreatinfluenceontheenvironment. Somesportsareresource-hungry.Golfasyoumayknoweatsupnotonlylargeareasofcountrysidebutalsotonsofwater.Besidesallsortsofchemicalsandhugeamountsofenergyareusedtokeepitscourses球场ingoodcondition.Thiscausesmajorenvironmentaleffects.ForexampleinthedryregionsofPortugalandSpaingolfisoftenheldresponsibleforseriouswatershortageinsomelocalareas. Therearemanyenvironment-friendlysports.Powerwalkingisoneofthemthatyoucouldtakeuptoday.Youdon’tneedanyspecialequipmentexceptagoodpairofshoes;andyoudon’thavetoworryaboutresourcesandyourpurse.Simpleandfreepowerwalkingcanalsokeepyoufit.Ifyouwalkregularlyitwillbegoodforyourheartandbones.Expertssaythat20minutesofpowerwalkingdailycanmakeyoufeellessanxioussleepwellandhavebetterweightcontrol. Whateversportyoutakeupyoucanmakeitgreenerbyusingenvironment-friendlyequipmentandbuyingproductsmadefromrecycledmaterials.Butthefinalgoalshouldbe"greengyms".Theyarebetterreplacementsfortraditionalhealthclubsandmodernsportscenters.MembersofgreengymsplaysportsoutdoorsinthecountrysideorOtheropenspaces.Thereisnospecialrequirementforyoutostartyourmembership.Andbestofallit’sfree. Theauthorwritesthepassageto.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 18
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 14
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 8
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Whyisaspecialmaterialpaintedonthetree
E Nexttimeacustomercomestoyourofficeofferhimacupofcoffee.Andwhenyou’redoingyourholidayshoppingonlinemakesureyou’reholdingalargeglassoficedtea.Thephysicalsensation感觉ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmthwhileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecisions--thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohnA.Bargh. Psychologistshaveknownthatoneperson’sperception感知ofanother’s"warmth"isapowerfuldeterminerinsocialrelationships.Judgingsomeonetobeeither"warm"or"cold"isaprimaryconsiderationevenbeatingevidencethata"cold"personmaybemorecapable.MuchofthisisrootedinveryearlychildhoodexperiencesBargharguesbabies’conceptualsenseoftheworldaroundthemisshapedbyphysicalsensationsparticularlywarmthandcoldness.ClassicstudiesbyHarryHarlowpublishedin1958showedmonkeyspreferredtostayclosetoacloth"mother"ratherthanonemadeofwireevenwhenthewire"mother"carriedafoodbottle.Harlow’sworkandlaterstudieshaveledpsychologiststostresstheneedforwarmphysicalcontactfromcaregiverstohelpyoungchildrengrowintohealthyadultswithnormalsocialskills. Feelingsof"warmth"and"coldness"insocialjudgmentsappeartobeuniversal.AlthoughnoworldwidestudyhasbeendoneBarghsaysthatdescribingpeopleas"warm"or"cold"iscommontomanyculturesandstudieshavefoundthoseperceptionsinfluencejudgmentindozensofcountries. TotesttherelationshipbetweenphysicalandpsychologicalwarmthBarghconductedanexperimentwhichinvolved41collegestudents.Aresearchassistanthandedthestudentseitherahotcupofcoffeeoracolddrinktoholdwhiletheresearcherfilledoutashortinformationform.Thedrinkwasthenhandedback.Afterthatthestudentswereaskedtoratethepersonalityof"PersonA"basedonaparticulardescriptionThosewhohadbrieflyheldthewarmdrinkregardedPersonAaswarmerthanthosewhohadheldtheiceddrink. "Wearegroundedinourphysicalexperiencesevenwhenwethinkabstractly"saysBargh. TheauthormentionsHarlow’sexperimenttoshowthat.
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawayagainsttrafficaccidents
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsocietytowardmotorists
A Iknowwhatyou’rethinkingpizza比萨饼ForbreakfastButthetruthisthatyoucanhavelastnight’sleftoversinthea.m.ifyouwantto. Iknowlotsofwomenwhoskipbreakfast不吃早餐andtheyhaveatonofdifferentexcusesfordoingit.Somesaytheydon’thavetime.othersthinkthey’re"saving"calories卡路里stillothersjustdon’tlikebreakfastfood. Butthebottomlineisthateatinginthemorningisveryimportantwhenyou’retryingtoloseweight."Eatingjustaboutanythingfrom300to400calorieswouldbebetterthannothingatall"saysKatherineBrookingRDwhodevelopedthesuper-easyeatingplanforthisyear’s"SELFCHALLENGE".Andevenpizzacanbehealthyifit’sloadedwithvegetablesandyousticktoonesmallpiece. BreakfastisonemealInevermissandthesamegoesformostweightlosssuccessstories.Re-searchshowsthateatingbreakfastkeepsyoufromovereatinglaterintheday.ResearchersattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniafoundthatbreakfastskippershaveabiggerchanceofgainingweightthanthosewhoregularlyhaveamorningmeal. Soeatsomethinginthemorninganything.Iknowplentyoffriendswhoenduphavingno breakfastaltogetherandhavejustcoffeeororangejuice.Isaytryheatinguplastnight’sleftoversitmaysoundcrazybutifitworksforyoudoit!IfindifItellmyself"Youcanalwayseatittomorrow"Iputawaytheleftoversinsteadofeatingmorethatnight.Tryityoumaysaveyour-selfsomepre-bedtimecalories.Andwatchyourbodygainthefat-burningeffects. Accordingtothelastparagraphitisimportantto.
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