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已知隐函数y=y(x),由方程确定,求,
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设有三元方程xy-zlny+exz=1根据隐函数存在定理存在点011的一个邻域在此邻域内该方程
只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数z=z(x,y)
可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x=x(y,z)和z=z(x,y)
可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数y=y(x,z)和z=z(x,y)
可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z)
设fx是由方程x+Y=exy确定的隐函数dy|x=0
A
B
C
D
设方程ez=1+xz+x2+y2确定隐函数z=zxy求dz与zxy
设y=yx是由[*]确定的隐函数求y’0和y0的值.
设y=yx是由方程确定的隐函数求y’.
求由方程2x2+y2+z2+2xy-2x-2y-4z+4=0所确定的隐函数z=xy的极值
设函数f具有二阶导数且f’≠1.求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一二阶导数.
设y=yx是由方程[*]确定的隐函数求y’.
设方程ez=y+xz+x2+y2确定隐函数z=zxy求dz与zxy.
设y=yx是由方程确定的隐函数求y’.
设u=fxz而z=zxy是由方程z=x+yφz所确定的隐函数其中f具有连续偏导数而φ具有连续导数求d
设函数fuv具有二阶连续偏导数且y=yx是由方程f2xy-x=1所确定的隐函数则y=______.
设函数y=yx由方程组[*]确定求[*]
设函数fx具有二阶导数且f’≠0求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一阶二阶导数.
求由方程2x2+2y2+z2+8xz-z+6=0所确定的隐函数z=zxy的极值.
设fx可导且单调增加并满足f0=0f’0=[*].已知方程xefy=ey确定隐函数y=yx则曲线y=
求由方程2x2+2y2+z2+8xz-z+8=0确定的隐函数z=zxy的极值.
已知函数fu具有二阶导数且f’0=1函数y=yx由方程y-xey-1=1所确定.设z=flny-s
设u=fxz且z=zxy是由方程z=x+yφz所确定的隐函数其中f具有连续偏导数且φ具有连续导数求d
设函数fxyz=______.其中z=zxy是由方程2x+y-z+xyz=0所确定的隐函数则f’yx
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Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. escapefromLine6Para.1canbesubstitutedfor
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. ThespokesmanofJapan'sEnlightenmentthinksthat
马克思认为商品形式的奥秘不过在于商品形式在人们面前把人们本身劳动的社会性质反映成劳动产品本身的物的性质反映成这些物的天然的社会属性从而把生产者同劳动的社会关系反映成存在于生产者之外的物与物之间的社会关系由于这种转换劳动产品成了商品成了可感觉而又超感觉的物或社会的物这表明
我国市场经济体制改革的重点和中心环节是
In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 44
早在民主革命时期__就强调跳出中国历史上历代封建王朝兴衰周期律的新路是用
__思想对马克思主义关于统一战线理论的发展有
Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Fromthethirdparagraphbesidessheltertheseawaterisusedas
针对非公有制经济发展中的突出问题国务院颁布了关于鼓励支持和引导个体私营等非公有制经济发展的若干意见提出了一系列措施包括
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. TodayinJapandemocraticvalues
在当今科学高度发展的时代还有人相信唯心主义这是由于
我国社会主义初级阶段的时间跨度是指
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety.
2005年联合国改革的成果文件中表明联合国今后工作的重点
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. TheauthorcitestheexampleofMrs.Prycetoshowthat
我国社会主义建设确定了三步走的战略目标其中第二步是指
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecurrentstateofchildhoodcancer
2005年6月30日____在有关会议上强调必须加快建设
提高企业经济效益的基本要求是
Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Whichofthefollowingisthemostdesirablesitewherecosmicneutrinoscanbeeasilydetected
全面建设小康社会我国具备的有利条件如下
在资本主义条件下股份公司的产生和发展
In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 42
物质资料生产方式所体现的关系是
安南在联大发表的大自由为人人共享发展安全和人权而奋斗报告中对联合国机构改革提出的建议包括
明代哲学家方以智说人物灵蠢多殊是曰独性而公性则一也公性在独性中逐缘习性这段话讲的是
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter
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