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The 1960s saw the great civil rights movement whose goals were to end segregation (种族隔离) laws com...
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A.Haveenoughinformation B.ListentoyourGremlin C.Testthemagainstyourvalues D.Respectyourdoubts E.Trustyourgut F.Weighupthepro’sandcon’s G.Itjustdoesn’tmatter 5WaystoStopSecondGuessingYourself SomeyearsagoIrememberstandinginmykitchenstaringsilentlyatmyboxesofcerealtryingtodecidewhichtohaveforbreakfast.Istoodtherefor5minutesuntil--utterlyfrustrated--Imarchedoutofthehouseandwentwithout.FortunatelyI’velearnedtomakedecisionsmorequicklyandmoreeasilynowandwhenInoticethatsecond-guessinganddoubtingstartingtokickinIkickitrightback.Sohereare5waystomakeconfidentdecisions. 41______. Somanytimeswehavetomakedecisionswithoutaframeworkandnowaytojudgebetweentwochoices.Whenfacedwithatrickydecisionit’softenagoodideatolineupyourchoicesandask"Whichoneofthesemosthonorsthethingsthatmeanthemosttome"Thedecisionthat’smostinlinewiththethingsthatmeanthemosttoyou--yourcorevalues--willbethebestdecisionforyou.Thatmightnotbethesimplestormostpracticalbutbecauseitfitswithwhoyouareandwhat’smostimportanttoyouitwillalwaysbethebestdecisionforyou. 42______. WhenIwasgrowingupIusedtoloverainySundayafternoonswatchingColumboanAmericancrimefictionTVseries.WhatColumbohadbundlesofwasagreattrustinhisintuition.Ineveryepisodefromtheverymomenthefirstmeetsthebadguyheknows"whodunit"--andhealwaystruststhat.Solookatwhatyourintuitiontellsyouisthe’right’decisionforyou.Forgetaboutallthe"Whatif’s"andthemyriadtinydetails--whatisyourguttellingyouListentoyourintuitionitknowswhatit’stalkingabout. 43______. Mydecisionbetweenbreakfastcerealswasn’tabigdeal.WhicheveroneIchosetherewerenevergoingtobeanyhugeconsequencesandtheripplesfromthatdecisionwouldn’thavebeenfeltmuchfurtherthantheendofmyspoon.Sometimesitjustdoesn’tmatterwhichwayyougo.It’seasytogetwrappedupinsecondguessingyourselfgoingroundincirclesandover-complicatingthingswhen--ifyougetrightdowntoit--itjustdoesn’tmatter.Goingroundincirclesisonlygoingtomakeyoudizzysostopit.Askyourselfthisquestion-ifyourfuturehappinesswasn’tdependentonyourdecisionwhichwaywouldyougo 44______. Goandgetthefactsbeforeyoumakeacomplexdecision.Byallmeansweighupthepro’sandcon’ssothatyoucangetanunderstandingofwhat’sbehindachoice.Butbecareful--there’sahugedifferencebetweenknowingenoughtomakeachoiceandknowingeverythingtomakeachoice.Whenyoufeelyourselfpursuingeveryfactoreverypieceofinformationbeforeyoumakeadecisionstopyourself.Ask"WhatdoIreallyneedtoknowtomakethisdecision"andfocusyoureffortsongettingthebestinformationrelativelyquickly. 45______. Weallnaturallyshyawayfromchangeandwe’vedevelopedawholebunchoftricksthatmakeiteasyforustoavoidmakingdecisionsandstayexactlywhereweare.Thatpartofyouisoftencalledthe"Gremlin"andit’sthepartofyouthatwouldratheravoidmakingdecisionsaltogetherratherthanruntheriskofmakingabadoneorscrewingup.YourGremlinisnotthesamethingashavingdoubtswhicharevalidconcerusaboutapossiblecourseofactionorreasonableconcernsaboutwhatmightbeinstore.Yourdoubtscanhelpyouprepareforchangeandgetreadyforwhatcouldhappen.YourGremlinisadeptatfeedingonyourdoubtsandusingthemtogetyoutostayputsoknowingthedifferencebetweenyourGremlinandyourvaliddoubtshelpsyouclarifywhat’srealandwhat’simaginedwhat’srelevantandwhat’sirrelevant. 43
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
Aspeopleinrichcountriesknowverywelleatingtoomuchfoodandburningtoofewcaloriesiswhyasubstantialnumberofusareoverweightorobese.Nowhoweveraremarkablechangeinperspectivehascomefromthediscoverythatobesityactuallyprovidespeoplewithtemporaryprotectionfromtheharmfuleffectsoffat.Theinsighthascomefromre-examiningthecommonassumptionthatfatnessitselfdrivesthedevelopmentofmetabolicsyndromewhichiswhatcausessomuchoftheactualdamage.Thesyndromecomeswithamixtureoflife-threateningeffectswithcardiovasculardiseasediseasesrelatingtotheheartandbloodvesselsandtype2diabetesbeingamongthemostserious.InfactitnowseemsthatbodyfatmaybeabarrierthatstopsmillionsofAmericansandfattycitizenselsewherefromgoingontodevelopthesyndrome.Andtherealdamageiscausedbytheinflammatoryeffectofhighlevelsoffatinthebloodstream.Andironicallyit’sfatcellsthatprotectusfromthisbyservingastoxicdumpslockingawaytherealvillainsofthemoderndiet.Theproblemisthatthisprotectiononlylastssolonguntilthereissimplynomoreroominsidethefatcells.That’swhentheystarttobreakdownleadingtoatoxicspillintothebloodstream.Thissetsoffaninflammatoryresponsethatcausesvariouskindsofdamagetobodytissues.Inthiswayeveryexcesscalorietakespeopleclosertometabolicsyndrome.SowhatcanwedotostopasuperabundanceoffattriggeringthesyndromeOfcoursethere’snosubstituteforahealthydietandexercisebutincitationtothiseffectseemtobeoflimiteduse.Aswithcigarettesandalcoholataxoncalories--pricingfoodsbytheirenergycontent--isincreasinglyseenasanotherlevertochangebehaviourbymakingobesitytoocostly.Thenewresearchmayevensuggesttreatmentstocombatmetabolicsyndromesuchasanti-inflammatorydrugs.OnepromisingcandidateissalsalateanarthritisdrugrelatedtoaspirinandtheJoslinDiabetesCenterinBostonisnowconsideringlarge-scaletrials.Whatmightbemorehelpfulthoughissimplyawiderrecognitionthatfattyandsugaryfoodsaremoredirectlytoxicthanwehadassumed.Ideallypeopleshouldbeaswellinformedabouttheharmfuleffectsofwhattheyeatasforexamplepregnantwomenareaboutdrinkingandsmoking.Thereisaconsolation--youhaveyourfattissuetoprotectyouwhenyouconsumethatextraburgerorsweetenedsoda.Butnowyouknowtheperilsofpushingyourfriendlyfatcellsbeyondtheirnaturallimits.Tocombatmetabolicsyndrometheauthor’ssuggestionisto
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
ThetermSilentGenerationmayhavebeenunflatteringbutitwasnotinaccurate.46Inthe’50sAmericaseemedbothworkableandworkingwhichallowedustheluxuryofgrowingupinpeaceandsecurity:Unlikethosewhoprecededorthosewhofolloweduswewerenotexpectedtofightordieforourcountry.Thegrievancesofpovertyraceandinequalitywerenolessvalidthantheyaretodaybutwewerelargelyunawareofthem.Andsoformostofustheydidnotexist. Wewereincapableofheroworship.Thosewemostadmiredinfactwerenotrealheroesbuttheantiheroesoffictionorfilm.47Foruscoolnesswasall;wepridedourselvesonbeingexcellentcriticsevenofourselvesasifwehadathirdeyelookinginratherthanout.Wedidnotcaresomuchwhatthegoodfightwassolongasitwaswagedwitheffortlessstyleandnonchalance. 48Skepticalvisionisaqualityofthegoodjournalist--andourgenerationhasproducedanextraordinarynumberofgoodjournalistsbutitisusuallyfataltothenovelistorpoetwhomusthaveconvictioninordertocreate.Ouroutstandingartistsofproseandpoetrycanbecountedquiteliterallyonthefingersofonehand.Eventhebestofthemseemuncomfortablewiththemajorthesesoflifeanddeath. 49Mostofusdenyitsincerelynodoubtbutweareenviousoftheyoung;wewereafterallsoclosetohavingthesamefreedomsandsoneartotheirnewworld.Weareenviousofsomethingelse:timeandtimeagainithasbeentheyoungwhohaveledthewayinattackingawarthatmanyofusalsobelieveiswrong.Olderandbetterequippedtoprotestmoreofusshouldhavetakentheinitiative. Buttherevolutionariesamonguspoliticalorculturalareaminority;reformnotrevolutionisouraim.50Asagenerationwearedistinguishedbyourlackofanger:Circledbyfurywearetheunfurious;surround-edbypassionwearethedispassionate.Mostofusbythistimehavemadeacommitmenttothekindofcoun-trywewanttolivein.Stillitisacommitmentbasedonreason;weareappalledallofusbytheautomaticreflexesofthoseyoungerorolderthanweare.Detachedobservedalwaysbythatinvisiblethirdeyewestillfinditimpossibletodeliverourselvescompletelytoslogansandideologies. Mostofusdenyitsincerelynodoubtbutweareenviousoftheyoung;wewereafterallsoclosetohavingthesamefreedomsandsoneartotheirnewworld
Aspeopleinrichcountriesknowverywelleatingtoomuchfoodandburningtoofewcaloriesiswhyasubstantialnumberofusareoverweightorobese.Nowhoweveraremarkablechangeinperspectivehascomefromthediscoverythatobesityactuallyprovidespeoplewithtemporaryprotectionfromtheharmfuleffectsoffat.Theinsighthascomefromre-examiningthecommonassumptionthatfatnessitselfdrivesthedevelopmentofmetabolicsyndromewhichiswhatcausessomuchoftheactualdamage.Thesyndromecomeswithamixtureoflife-threateningeffectswithcardiovasculardiseasediseasesrelatingtotheheartandbloodvesselsandtype2diabetesbeingamongthemostserious.InfactitnowseemsthatbodyfatmaybeabarrierthatstopsmillionsofAmericansandfattycitizenselsewherefromgoingontodevelopthesyndrome.Andtherealdamageiscausedbytheinflammatoryeffectofhighlevelsoffatinthebloodstream.Andironicallyit’sfatcellsthatprotectusfromthisbyservingastoxicdumpslockingawaytherealvillainsofthemoderndiet.Theproblemisthatthisprotectiononlylastssolonguntilthereissimplynomoreroominsidethefatcells.That’swhentheystarttobreakdownleadingtoatoxicspillintothebloodstream.Thissetsoffaninflammatoryresponsethatcausesvariouskindsofdamagetobodytissues.Inthiswayeveryexcesscalorietakespeopleclosertometabolicsyndrome.SowhatcanwedotostopasuperabundanceoffattriggeringthesyndromeOfcoursethere’snosubstituteforahealthydietandexercisebutincitationtothiseffectseemtobeoflimiteduse.Aswithcigarettesandalcoholataxoncalories--pricingfoodsbytheirenergycontent--isincreasinglyseenasanotherlevertochangebehaviourbymakingobesitytoocostly.Thenewresearchmayevensuggesttreatmentstocombatmetabolicsyndromesuchasanti-inflammatorydrugs.OnepromisingcandidateissalsalateanarthritisdrugrelatedtoaspirinandtheJoslinDiabetesCenterinBostonisnowconsideringlarge-scaletrials.Whatmightbemorehelpfulthoughissimplyawiderrecognitionthatfattyandsugaryfoodsaremoredirectlytoxicthanwehadassumed.Ideallypeopleshouldbeaswellinformedabouttheharmfuleffectsofwhattheyeatasforexamplepregnantwomenareaboutdrinkingandsmoking.Thereisaconsolation--youhaveyourfattissuetoprotectyouwhenyouconsumethatextraburgerorsweetenedsoda.Butnowyouknowtheperilsofpushingyourfriendlyfatcellsbeyondtheirnaturallimits.Theprotectivefunctionoffatcellsstopworkingonce
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Theloveaffairwithbusinessstartedinthe1980sandhasgrownintoamightypassionbackednotjustbymoneybutbyglamourandclass.In2009themoneyranoutbutthemoodwasoneofsuchchaosandconfusionthatitwashardtotellwhatwasgoingonunderneath.In2010itwillbecomeclearthattheclassandglamouraredrainingawayfrombusinesstoo.Itwillbetheendoftheaffair:businesswillbecoolnolonger.Throughoutthisaffairthebusinessschoolsplayedtheroleofcupid.Firsttheymadethestudyofbusinessintoanalmostrespectableacademicdiscipline.Moreimportantlytheymadeitsociallyacceptablesomethingeventheclassiestpersoncouldaspireto.Butin2010forthesecondyearrunningtensofthousandsofoverqualifiedMBAswillemergewithnowhereexcitingtogo.Averyfewwilllandjobsininvestmentbankingbutthosewhowantgrandjobsinbigcompaniesorconsultancieswillbedisappointed.Increasinglytheywillgocrawlingbacktotheiroldemployerstodoprettymuchwhatevertheyweredoingbeforeforprettymuchthesamemoneythusmakingthemquestionwhetheritisreallyworththe$160000thatatopMBAcosts.Thisisnotgoingtobealittlerecessionarydip.Itwillbeamorefundamentalreappraisal.ThemagicalmythoftheMBAhasforsometimeleftthefactsbehind.Infurorethosewhostumpupwilldosobecausetheywanttolearntheskillsnotbecausetheythinktheyarebuyingentryintoacoolandexclusiveclub.Somegoodthingswillfollowfromthis.TherewillbefewersmartAlecswhothinktheyknowitallpouringintocompanies.Therehasbeenabearmarketinmanagementbullshitsincethecreditcrunchbegan.In2010thedeclineoftheMBAwillcutoffthesupplyofbullshitatsource.Pretentiousideasaboutbusinesswillbeinretreat.Buttherewillbebadthingstoo:iffewerbrightambitiouspeoplegointobusinesseconomiesmaysuffer.Insteadthetalentwillgoincreasinglyintothepublicsectorthelawmedicine--whicharealreadyburstingwithbrightpeopleasitis.WhilethedeclineoftheB-schoolswillweakentheglamourofbusinessingeneralthegovernmentwilldoitsbittoowithincreasingregulation.In2010beingaboarddirectorofalistedcompanywillneverhavebeenlessfun:notonlywilltheproceduralsidebemoredemandingtherewillbeevengreaterpublichysteriaoverwhatdirectorsarepaid.Andwiththoseatthetophavingsuchagrimtimeitisunrealistictoexpectanyexcitementatthebottom.Theauthorholdsthatin2010manyMBAstudentswillmostprobably
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMing’instead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
A.Haveenoughinformation B.ListentoyourGremlin C.Testthemagainstyourvalues D.Respectyourdoubts E.Trustyourgut F.Weighupthepro’sandcon’s G.Itjustdoesn’tmatter 5WaystoStopSecondGuessingYourself SomeyearsagoIrememberstandinginmykitchenstaringsilentlyatmyboxesofcerealtryingtodecidewhichtohaveforbreakfast.Istoodtherefor5minutesuntil--utterlyfrustrated--Imarchedoutofthehouseandwentwithout.FortunatelyI’velearnedtomakedecisionsmorequicklyandmoreeasilynowandwhenInoticethatsecond-guessinganddoubtingstartingtokickinIkickitrightback.Sohereare5waystomakeconfidentdecisions. 41______. Somanytimeswehavetomakedecisionswithoutaframeworkandnowaytojudgebetweentwochoices.Whenfacedwithatrickydecisionit’softenagoodideatolineupyourchoicesandask"Whichoneofthesemosthonorsthethingsthatmeanthemosttome"Thedecisionthat’smostinlinewiththethingsthatmeanthemosttoyou--yourcorevalues--willbethebestdecisionforyou.Thatmightnotbethesimplestormostpracticalbutbecauseitfitswithwhoyouareandwhat’smostimportanttoyouitwillalwaysbethebestdecisionforyou. 42______. WhenIwasgrowingupIusedtoloverainySundayafternoonswatchingColumboanAmericancrimefictionTVseries.WhatColumbohadbundlesofwasagreattrustinhisintuition.Ineveryepisodefromtheverymomenthefirstmeetsthebadguyheknows"whodunit"--andhealwaystruststhat.Solookatwhatyourintuitiontellsyouisthe’right’decisionforyou.Forgetaboutallthe"Whatif’s"andthemyriadtinydetails--whatisyourguttellingyouListentoyourintuitionitknowswhatit’stalkingabout. 43______. Mydecisionbetweenbreakfastcerealswasn’tabigdeal.WhicheveroneIchosetherewerenevergoingtobeanyhugeconsequencesandtheripplesfromthatdecisionwouldn’thavebeenfeltmuchfurtherthantheendofmyspoon.Sometimesitjustdoesn’tmatterwhichwayyougo.It’seasytogetwrappedupinsecondguessingyourselfgoingroundincirclesandover-complicatingthingswhen--ifyougetrightdowntoit--itjustdoesn’tmatter.Goingroundincirclesisonlygoingtomakeyoudizzysostopit.Askyourselfthisquestion-ifyourfuturehappinesswasn’tdependentonyourdecisionwhichwaywouldyougo 44______. Goandgetthefactsbeforeyoumakeacomplexdecision.Byallmeansweighupthepro’sandcon’ssothatyoucangetanunderstandingofwhat’sbehindachoice.Butbecareful--there’sahugedifferencebetweenknowingenoughtomakeachoiceandknowingeverythingtomakeachoice.Whenyoufeelyourselfpursuingeveryfactoreverypieceofinformationbeforeyoumakeadecisionstopyourself.Ask"WhatdoIreallyneedtoknowtomakethisdecision"andfocusyoureffortsongettingthebestinformationrelativelyquickly. 45______. Weallnaturallyshyawayfromchangeandwe’vedevelopedawholebunchoftricksthatmakeiteasyforustoavoidmakingdecisionsandstayexactlywhereweare.Thatpartofyouisoftencalledthe"Gremlin"andit’sthepartofyouthatwouldratheravoidmakingdecisionsaltogetherratherthanruntheriskofmakingabadoneorscrewingup.YourGremlinisnotthesamethingashavingdoubtswhicharevalidconcerusaboutapossiblecourseofactionorreasonableconcernsaboutwhatmightbeinstore.Yourdoubtscanhelpyouprepareforchangeandgetreadyforwhatcouldhappen.YourGremlinisadeptatfeedingonyourdoubtsandusingthemtogetyoutostayputsoknowingthedifferencebetweenyourGremlinandyourvaliddoubtshelpsyouclarifywhat’srealandwhat’simaginedwhat’srelevantandwhat’sirrelevant. 45
Wemaythinkweknowtherevealingsignsoflyingbeitshiftyeyesornervousbehaviors.Professionalinterrogatorslookforsuchtellstooassumingasuspect’snervousnessbetrayshisguilt.Butinterrogationcanunsettleeventheinnocentsonervousnessalonecannotdistinguishliarsfromtruthtellers.Scientistslookingforbetterwaystodetectlieshavefoundapromisingone:increasingsuspects’cognitiveload.Forahostofreasonstheirtheorygoeslyingismorementallytaxingthantellingthetruth.Performinganextrataskwhilelyingortellingthetruthshouldthereforeaffecttheliarsmore.TotestthisideadeceptionresearchersledbypsychologistAldertVrijoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEnglandaskedonegrouptolieconvincinglyandanothergrouptotellthetruthaboutastagedtheftscenariothatonlythetruthtellershadexperienced.Asecondpairofgroupshadtodothesamebutwithacrucialtwist:boththeliarsandthetruthtellershadtomaintaineyecontactwhiletellingtheirstories.Laterasresearcherswatchedvideotapesofthesuspects’accountstheytalliedverbalsignsofcognitiveloadsuchasfewerspatialdetailsinthesuspects’storiesandnonverbalonessuchasfewereyeblinks.TheeyeblinksareparticularlyinterestingbecausewhereasrapidblinkingsuggestsnervousnessfewerblinksareasignofcognitiveloadVrijexplains--andcontrarytowhatpolicearetaughtliarstendtoblinkless.Althoughtheeffectwassubtletheinstructiontomaintaineyecontactdidmagnifythedifferencesbetweenthetruthtellersandtheliars.SodothesedifferencesactuallymakeiteasierforotherstodistinguishliarsfromtruthtellersTheydo--butalthoughstudentswatchingthevideoshadaneasiertimespottingaliarintheeye-contactconditiontheiraccuracyrateswerestillpoor.Anygroupdifferencesbetweenliarsandtruthtellersweredwarfedbydifferencesbetweenindividualparticipants.Forexamplesomepeopleblinkfarlessthanotherswhetherornottheyarelying-andsomearesimplybetterabletocarryahighercognitiveload.Allthismakesithardtoputthestudy’sfindingsintopractice--especiallyoutinthefieldwherethepeoplemostlikelytoliearethosewhoaregoodatlying.Intherealworldthere’snoPinocchio-likecuethatdistinguishesliarsfromtruthtellerssaysstudyco-authorRonaldFisherofFloridaInternationalUniversity.Magnifyingsubtledifferencesmaybethenextbestthing.IntheeyesofRonaldFishertotelltheliarsfromtruthtellersis
Itisoftenthelittledetailsthatcustomersrecallevenmorethantheproducttheypurchasedortheservicetheyreceived.Littledetailsthatcustomersnoticeandthatmakesthemfeelgoodaboutnotonlymakingthepurchasebutmakingthepurchasefromyouisasignificantpartoftheoverallcustomerexperience.Hereareseveralwaystogoaboveandbeyondgoodcustomerserviceandboostcustomerloyalty. 41Attentiveness NewYorkrestaurateurDannyMeyerisamasterofdetailandhisemployeesaretrainedtonoticeandwhenappropriateactoneventhetiniestscrapsofinformationtheyobserveordiscoveraboutaguest.Ifyouhappentomentionwhenmakingareservationthatit’sabirthdaydinnerthemanagerwillmakeitapointtocometothetableandextendDanny’sbirthdaywishestotheappropriateperson. 42Recognition Greetingyourcustomerbynameisaverymeaningfulandtreasureddetailthataddsgreatlytothewaytheyexperiencedoingbusinesswithyou.Ifyourofficeworksbyappointmentthereceptionistshouldmakesureheknowsjustwhowillbewalkinginthedoornextandimmediatelygreetthemwitheyecontactasmileand"GoodmorningareyouMr.Morgan"ifsheisn’tsureifit’sMr.Morganorsimply"GoodmorningMr.Morgan"ifheis. 43Personalization Don’tweallhaveastoryaboutthecoffeeshopwaitresswhodoesn’teverneedtobetoldhowwelikeouricedteaorthedinerwherethecookstartstomakethesamethingyoualwaysordertheminuteheseesyouwalkinthedoorThesalespersonwhosendsgiftsinpinkbecausesheremembersthat’syourfavoritecolor.Theseexperiencesaddvalueandtheyalsoinstillanenormousamountofloyalty. 44Consideration Whencustomersbuysomethingthatincludesanoutsidecomponentthat’sintegraltoitsuseormakesitmoreuser--friendlydoyouaskiftheyhavethatthingoriftheystitlhaveenoughofitleft 45Appreciation WhatdoyoudotoshowyourcustomersyourclientsoryourpatientsthatyouappreciatethemAfterallthereareprobablyseveralotherbusinessesthatdowhatyoudo.Feelingappreciatedisanexperiencethatisuniversallymeaningful.Alwaysbesuretoletyourcustomersknowthatyouareextendingthisextratothembecausetheyareavaluedcustomerandyouwanttoshowthemthatyouappreciatethem. Meaningfulmemorablefununusualandunexpectedexperiencesinfluencethewaycustomersperceiveyouingeneralandfeelaboutyouinparticular.Theselittledetailsaresoeasytooverlooksotemptingtobrushoffasunimportant.Butaddanumberofseeminglyminordetailstogetherandyouendupwithsomethingoffarmorevaluethanyouwouldwithoutthem. [A]Thereisnothingmoreflatteringthereisnothingthatmakessomeonefeelmorespecialthanreceivingawarmfriendlygreetingbynamewhenwalkingintoaplaceofbusiness. [B]ForexampleifyousellbirthdaycakesdoyouhavecandlestogowithitIfyouhaveapediatricdentalpracticedoyouhavealittlestepstoolinthebathroomsothechildcanreachthesinkIfyouhaveabusinessthatmakeskeysdoyouhavesomethingthatcouldbeputonthekeytoidentifyitsothecustomerwillalwaysrememberwhatthekeyisfor [C]Makethemlaughthanktheminashowywayforamajorpurchasehaveacontestoradrawingforsomethingfunthattheycouldsharewithfamilyandfriends. [D]Isthereanythingyouandyourstaffcandotoensureyourcustomersknowthatyounotonlypayattentiontotheirpreferencesbutrememberthemandcatertothemforeachandeverytransaction [E]Ifastaffmemberoverhearsaconversationinwhichoneoftheguestsmentionstheyeitherlikeordislikesomethingwithinminuteseveryonewhomightcomeintocontactwiththatguestknowsaboutit.Andtheytailoryourfoodaccordinglytoo. [F]Andoneoftheeasiestandmostoverlookedwaystoshowthemappreciationistosendahandwrittennoteonlovelystationary. 43
ThetermSilentGenerationmayhavebeenunflatteringbutitwasnotinaccurate.46Inthe’50sAmericaseemedbothworkableandworkingwhichallowedustheluxuryofgrowingupinpeaceandsecurity:Unlikethosewhoprecededorthosewhofolloweduswewerenotexpectedtofightordieforourcountry.Thegrievancesofpovertyraceandinequalitywerenolessvalidthantheyaretodaybutwewerelargelyunawareofthem.Andsoformostofustheydidnotexist. Wewereincapableofheroworship.Thosewemostadmiredinfactwerenotrealheroesbuttheantiheroesoffictionorfilm.47Foruscoolnesswasall;wepridedourselvesonbeingexcellentcriticsevenofourselvesasifwehadathirdeyelookinginratherthanout.Wedidnotcaresomuchwhatthegoodfightwassolongasitwaswagedwitheffortlessstyleandnonchalance. 48Skepticalvisionisaqualityofthegoodjournalist--andourgenerationhasproducedanextraordinarynumberofgoodjournalistsbutitisusuallyfataltothenovelistorpoetwhomusthaveconvictioninordertocreate.Ouroutstandingartistsofproseandpoetrycanbecountedquiteliterallyonthefingersofonehand.Eventhebestofthemseemuncomfortablewiththemajorthesesoflifeanddeath. 49Mostofusdenyitsincerelynodoubtbutweareenviousoftheyoung;wewereafterallsoclosetohavingthesamefreedomsandsoneartotheirnewworld.Weareenviousofsomethingelse:timeandtimeagainithasbeentheyoungwhohaveledthewayinattackingawarthatmanyofusalsobelieveiswrong.Olderandbetterequippedtoprotestmoreofusshouldhavetakentheinitiative. Buttherevolutionariesamonguspoliticalorculturalareaminority;reformnotrevolutionisouraim.50Asagenerationwearedistinguishedbyourlackofanger:Circledbyfurywearetheunfurious;surround-edbypassionwearethedispassionate.Mostofusbythistimehavemadeacommitmenttothekindofcoun-trywewanttolivein.Stillitisacommitmentbasedonreason;weareappalledallofusbytheautomaticreflexesofthoseyoungerorolderthanweare.Detachedobservedalwaysbythatinvisiblethirdeyewestillfinditimpossibletodeliverourselvescompletelytoslogansandideologies. Foruscoolnesswasall;wepridedourselvesonbeingexcellentcriticsevenofourselvesasifwehadathirdeyelookinginratherthanout.
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
Aspeopleinrichcountriesknowverywelleatingtoomuchfoodandburningtoofewcaloriesiswhyasubstantialnumberofusareoverweightorobese.Nowhoweveraremarkablechangeinperspectivehascomefromthediscoverythatobesityactuallyprovidespeoplewithtemporaryprotectionfromtheharmfuleffectsoffat.Theinsighthascomefromre-examiningthecommonassumptionthatfatnessitselfdrivesthedevelopmentofmetabolicsyndromewhichiswhatcausessomuchoftheactualdamage.Thesyndromecomeswithamixtureoflife-threateningeffectswithcardiovasculardiseasediseasesrelatingtotheheartandbloodvesselsandtype2diabetesbeingamongthemostserious.InfactitnowseemsthatbodyfatmaybeabarrierthatstopsmillionsofAmericansandfattycitizenselsewherefromgoingontodevelopthesyndrome.Andtherealdamageiscausedbytheinflammatoryeffectofhighlevelsoffatinthebloodstream.Andironicallyit’sfatcellsthatprotectusfromthisbyservingastoxicdumpslockingawaytherealvillainsofthemoderndiet.Theproblemisthatthisprotectiononlylastssolonguntilthereissimplynomoreroominsidethefatcells.That’swhentheystarttobreakdownleadingtoatoxicspillintothebloodstream.Thissetsoffaninflammatoryresponsethatcausesvariouskindsofdamagetobodytissues.Inthiswayeveryexcesscalorietakespeopleclosertometabolicsyndrome.SowhatcanwedotostopasuperabundanceoffattriggeringthesyndromeOfcoursethere’snosubstituteforahealthydietandexercisebutincitationtothiseffectseemtobeoflimiteduse.Aswithcigarettesandalcoholataxoncalories--pricingfoodsbytheirenergycontent--isincreasinglyseenasanotherlevertochangebehaviourbymakingobesitytoocostly.Thenewresearchmayevensuggesttreatmentstocombatmetabolicsyndromesuchasanti-inflammatorydrugs.OnepromisingcandidateissalsalateanarthritisdrugrelatedtoaspirinandtheJoslinDiabetesCenterinBostonisnowconsideringlarge-scaletrials.Whatmightbemorehelpfulthoughissimplyawiderrecognitionthatfattyandsugaryfoodsaremoredirectlytoxicthanwehadassumed.Ideallypeopleshouldbeaswellinformedabouttheharmfuleffectsofwhattheyeatasforexamplepregnantwomenareaboutdrinkingandsmoking.Thereisaconsolation--youhaveyourfattissuetoprotectyouwhenyouconsumethatextraburgerorsweetenedsoda.Butnowyouknowtheperilsofpushingyourfriendlyfatcellsbeyondtheirnaturallimits.It’simpliedinthefirstparagraphthatthereasonsforobesityincludeovereatingand
TherewasatimewhenwomenwereconsideredsmartiftheyplayeddumbtoagetamanandwomenwhowenttocollegeweremoreinterestedingettingaMrs.degreethanabachelor’s.Eventodayit’snotunusualforawomantogetwhisperedandunsolicitedcounselfromhergrandmotherthatanadvanceddegreecouldhurtherinthemarriagemarket.Despitethefactthatmorewomenthanmennowattendcollegetheideathatsmartwomenfinishlastinloveseemstohangonandon.ThereweresomanymisperceptionsoutthereabouteducationandmarriagethatIdecidedtosortoutthefactssaideconomistBetseyStevensonanassistantprofessorattheWhartonSchoolattheUniversityofPennsylvania.SoalongwithWhartoncolleagueAdamIsenStevensoncrunchednationalmarriagedatafrom1950to2008andfoundthatthemarriagepenaltywomenoncepaidforbeingwelleducatedhaslargelydisappeared.MarriageratesintheU.S.forcollege-educatedwomenhaverisenenormouslysincethe1950sStevensonsaid.In1950lessthanthreequartersofwhitecollege-educatedwomenwentontomarrybyage40comparedwith90percentofhigh-schoolgraduates.Buttoday86percentmarrybyage40comparedwith88percentofhigh-schoolgrads.InotherwordsthedifferenceinmarriageratesbetweenthosewithcollegedegreesandthosewithoutisverysmallsaidStephanieCoontzafamilyhistorianatEvergreenStateCollegeandauthorofMarriage:AHistory.Thenewanalysisalsofoundthatwhilehigh-schooldropoutshadthehighestmarriagerates93percentinthe1950stodaycollege-educatedwomenaremuchmorelikelytomarrythanthosewhodon’tfinishhighschool86percentversus81percent.Ofcourseexpectationshavechangeddramaticallyinthelasthalfcentury.Inthe1950smendidn’twantawomanwhowastheirequal;theyneededandwantedsomeonewhoknewlesssomeonewholookeduptothem.Andinfact40percentofcollegewomenadmittedtoplayingdumbondates.ThesedaysfewwomenfeeltheneedtoplaydowntheirintelligenceorachievementsCoontzsaid.Thenewresearchhasmoregoodnewsforcollegegrads.Stevensonsaidthedataindicatethatmodemcollege-educatedwomenaremorelikelythanothergroupsofwomentobemarriedatage40arelesslikelytodivorceandaremorelikelytodescribetheirmarriagesashappycomparedwithotherwomen.Themarriagesofwell-educatedwomentendtobemorestablebecausethebridesareusuallyolderaswellaswiserStevensonsaid.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat
Itisoftenthelittledetailsthatcustomersrecallevenmorethantheproducttheypurchasedortheservicetheyreceived.Littledetailsthatcustomersnoticeandthatmakesthemfeelgoodaboutnotonlymakingthepurchasebutmakingthepurchasefromyouisasignificantpartoftheoverallcustomerexperience.Hereareseveralwaystogoaboveandbeyondgoodcustomerserviceandboostcustomerloyalty. 41Attentiveness NewYorkrestaurateurDannyMeyerisamasterofdetailandhisemployeesaretrainedtonoticeandwhenappropriateactoneventhetiniestscrapsofinformationtheyobserveordiscoveraboutaguest.Ifyouhappentomentionwhenmakingareservationthatit’sabirthdaydinnerthemanagerwillmakeitapointtocometothetableandextendDanny’sbirthdaywishestotheappropriateperson. 42Recognition Greetingyourcustomerbynameisaverymeaningfulandtreasureddetailthataddsgreatlytothewaytheyexperiencedoingbusinesswithyou.Ifyourofficeworksbyappointmentthereceptionistshouldmakesureheknowsjustwhowillbewalkinginthedoornextandimmediatelygreetthemwitheyecontactasmileand"GoodmorningareyouMr.Morgan"ifsheisn’tsureifit’sMr.Morganorsimply"GoodmorningMr.Morgan"ifheis. 43Personalization Don’tweallhaveastoryaboutthecoffeeshopwaitresswhodoesn’teverneedtobetoldhowwelikeouricedteaorthedinerwherethecookstartstomakethesamethingyoualwaysordertheminuteheseesyouwalkinthedoorThesalespersonwhosendsgiftsinpinkbecausesheremembersthat’syourfavoritecolor.Theseexperiencesaddvalueandtheyalsoinstillanenormousamountofloyalty. 44Consideration Whencustomersbuysomethingthatincludesanoutsidecomponentthat’sintegraltoitsuseormakesitmoreuser--friendlydoyouaskiftheyhavethatthingoriftheystitlhaveenoughofitleft 45Appreciation WhatdoyoudotoshowyourcustomersyourclientsoryourpatientsthatyouappreciatethemAfterallthereareprobablyseveralotherbusinessesthatdowhatyoudo.Feelingappreciatedisanexperiencethatisuniversallymeaningful.Alwaysbesuretoletyourcustomersknowthatyouareextendingthisextratothembecausetheyareavaluedcustomerandyouwanttoshowthemthatyouappreciatethem. Meaningfulmemorablefununusualandunexpectedexperiencesinfluencethewaycustomersperceiveyouingeneralandfeelaboutyouinparticular.Theselittledetailsaresoeasytooverlooksotemptingtobrushoffasunimportant.Butaddanumberofseeminglyminordetailstogetherandyouendupwithsomethingoffarmorevaluethanyouwouldwithoutthem. [A]Thereisnothingmoreflatteringthereisnothingthatmakessomeonefeelmorespecialthanreceivingawarmfriendlygreetingbynamewhenwalkingintoaplaceofbusiness. [B]ForexampleifyousellbirthdaycakesdoyouhavecandlestogowithitIfyouhaveapediatricdentalpracticedoyouhavealittlestepstoolinthebathroomsothechildcanreachthesinkIfyouhaveabusinessthatmakeskeysdoyouhavesomethingthatcouldbeputonthekeytoidentifyitsothecustomerwillalwaysrememberwhatthekeyisfor [C]Makethemlaughthanktheminashowywayforamajorpurchasehaveacontestoradrawingforsomethingfunthattheycouldsharewithfamilyandfriends. [D]Isthereanythingyouandyourstaffcandotoensureyourcustomersknowthatyounotonlypayattentiontotheirpreferencesbutrememberthemandcatertothemforeachandeverytransaction [E]Ifastaffmemberoverhearsaconversationinwhichoneoftheguestsmentionstheyeitherlikeordislikesomethingwithinminuteseveryonewhomightcomeintocontactwiththatguestknowsaboutit.Andtheytailoryourfoodaccordinglytoo. [F]Andoneoftheeasiestandmostoverlookedwaystoshowthemappreciationistosendahandwrittennoteonlovelystationary. 45
TherewasatimewhenwomenwereconsideredsmartiftheyplayeddumbtoagetamanandwomenwhowenttocollegeweremoreinterestedingettingaMrs.degreethanabachelor’s.Eventodayit’snotunusualforawomantogetwhisperedandunsolicitedcounselfromhergrandmotherthatanadvanceddegreecouldhurtherinthemarriagemarket.Despitethefactthatmorewomenthanmennowattendcollegetheideathatsmartwomenfinishlastinloveseemstohangonandon.ThereweresomanymisperceptionsoutthereabouteducationandmarriagethatIdecidedtosortoutthefactssaideconomistBetseyStevensonanassistantprofessorattheWhartonSchoolattheUniversityofPennsylvania.SoalongwithWhartoncolleagueAdamIsenStevensoncrunchednationalmarriagedatafrom1950to2008andfoundthatthemarriagepenaltywomenoncepaidforbeingwelleducatedhaslargelydisappeared.MarriageratesintheU.S.forcollege-educatedwomenhaverisenenormouslysincethe1950sStevensonsaid.In1950lessthanthreequartersofwhitecollege-educatedwomenwentontomarrybyage40comparedwith90percentofhigh-schoolgraduates.Buttoday86percentmarrybyage40comparedwith88percentofhigh-schoolgrads.InotherwordsthedifferenceinmarriageratesbetweenthosewithcollegedegreesandthosewithoutisverysmallsaidStephanieCoontzafamilyhistorianatEvergreenStateCollegeandauthorofMarriage:AHistory.Thenewanalysisalsofoundthatwhilehigh-schooldropoutshadthehighestmarriagerates93percentinthe1950stodaycollege-educatedwomenaremuchmorelikelytomarrythanthosewhodon’tfinishhighschool86percentversus81percent.Ofcourseexpectationshavechangeddramaticallyinthelasthalfcentury.Inthe1950smendidn’twantawomanwhowastheirequal;theyneededandwantedsomeonewhoknewlesssomeonewholookeduptothem.Andinfact40percentofcollegewomenadmittedtoplayingdumbondates.ThesedaysfewwomenfeeltheneedtoplaydowntheirintelligenceorachievementsCoontzsaid.Thenewresearchhasmoregoodnewsforcollegegrads.Stevensonsaidthedataindicatethatmodemcollege-educatedwomenaremorelikelythanothergroupsofwomentobemarriedatage40arelesslikelytodivorceandaremorelikelytodescribetheirmarriagesashappycomparedwithotherwomen.Themarriagesofwell-educatedwomentendtobemorestablebecausethebridesareusuallyolderaswellaswiserStevensonsaid.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswillStephanieCoontzprobablyagree
Generallyluckissomethingthathappenstoindividuals.Ifasocietyoracenturyisconsideredasawholetherandomindividualeventsthataresetdowntoluckorfortuneformmorecoherentoverallpatterns;largehistoricalforcesbecomediscernible.Butentiresocietiesshouldnotmockluckeither.46TheclassicMayancivilizationdisappearedsostrangelysounexpectedlythatsomemassivestrokeofbadluckmusthavebeenatwork--asuddenplaguesayaviralriot. OfallcivilizationsAmericaseemedtheluckiest.Withitsvastspacesandimmensenaturalwealthwithitsextraordinaryfreedomfromthestultificationsofcasteandpovertytheplaceseemedborninluck.47OrsoitappearedtothewhiteEuropeanswhosettledthecontinentifnottotheIndianstheyviolentlydisplacedortheAfricanstheyimportedinslaveshipstoworktheplantations.Americanseventuallymadethemistakeofde-scribingtheirnationalluckastheir"manifestdestiny." WhateverthemotionsoffreewillandnecessityHermanMelvillewrote"chancehasthelastfeaturingblowatevents."48Luckmaybesimplyanothernamefortheoddunexpectednotesinthehugesymphonyofthingsofcircumstanceandcoincidencechemistryandcharacterdietanddiseaseweatherandtimingthevastly_subtletotalityofbeing.Butwhatevertheagnosticssayluckisnotcompletelyblindorcompletelywildeither.Withinlimitsitcanbedomesticated-althoughitwillalwaysbepartwolfandmayunexpectedlytummadandeatthechildrenoneafternoon. AsHectorBerliozsaid"Theluckofhavingtalentisnotenough;onemustalsohaveatalentforluck."Geniusinfactmaybedefinedastheabilitytocontrolluck.49"TheolderIgrowthemoreimpressedIamwiththeroleofluckorchanceinlife.Theworld’sdistributionofwealthdependsalmostasmuchonluckasonenergyforesightandskill."PhilosopherSidneyHookwroteafewyearsago. 50Surelytheultimatepurposeofluckifthereisoneatallistooffersuchaspectaclethatmenandwomenbesidesbeingvastlyentertainedcometorecognizetheircommonvulnerabilitytoluck’sweirdandend-lesslyinventiveimpulses.Butperhapsluckgoodandbadalsohasadeeperphysiologicalpurposeprogrammedintothehumananimalinthefirstdawnofhisintelligence:tokeeptheadrenaline"flowingmaybeandthe.brainalerttotheworld’sepicofapprehensionterrorgreedandhope. TheolderIgrowthemoreimpressedIamwiththeroleofluckorchanceinlife.Theworld’sdistributionofwealthdependsalmostasmuchonluckasonenergyforesightandskill.
TherewasatimewhenwomenwereconsideredsmartiftheyplayeddumbtoagetamanandwomenwhowenttocollegeweremoreinterestedingettingaMrs.degreethanabachelor’s.Eventodayit’snotunusualforawomantogetwhisperedandunsolicitedcounselfromhergrandmotherthatanadvanceddegreecouldhurtherinthemarriagemarket.Despitethefactthatmorewomenthanmennowattendcollegetheideathatsmartwomenfinishlastinloveseemstohangonandon.ThereweresomanymisperceptionsoutthereabouteducationandmarriagethatIdecidedtosortoutthefactssaideconomistBetseyStevensonanassistantprofessorattheWhartonSchoolattheUniversityofPennsylvania.SoalongwithWhartoncolleagueAdamIsenStevensoncrunchednationalmarriagedatafrom1950to2008andfoundthatthemarriagepenaltywomenoncepaidforbeingwelleducatedhaslargelydisappeared.MarriageratesintheU.S.forcollege-educatedwomenhaverisenenormouslysincethe1950sStevensonsaid.In1950lessthanthreequartersofwhitecollege-educatedwomenwentontomarrybyage40comparedwith90percentofhigh-schoolgraduates.Buttoday86percentmarrybyage40comparedwith88percentofhigh-schoolgrads.InotherwordsthedifferenceinmarriageratesbetweenthosewithcollegedegreesandthosewithoutisverysmallsaidStephanieCoontzafamilyhistorianatEvergreenStateCollegeandauthorofMarriage:AHistory.Thenewanalysisalsofoundthatwhilehigh-schooldropoutshadthehighestmarriagerates93percentinthe1950stodaycollege-educatedwomenaremuchmorelikelytomarrythanthosewhodon’tfinishhighschool86percentversus81percent.Ofcourseexpectationshavechangeddramaticallyinthelasthalfcentury.Inthe1950smendidn’twantawomanwhowastheirequal;theyneededandwantedsomeonewhoknewlesssomeonewholookeduptothem.Andinfact40percentofcollegewomenadmittedtoplayingdumbondates.ThesedaysfewwomenfeeltheneedtoplaydowntheirintelligenceorachievementsCoontzsaid.Thenewresearchhasmoregoodnewsforcollegegrads.Stevensonsaidthedataindicatethatmodemcollege-educatedwomenaremorelikelythanothergroupsofwomentobemarriedatage40arelesslikelytodivorceandaremorelikelytodescribetheirmarriagesashappycomparedwithotherwomen.Themarriagesofwell-educatedwomentendtobemorestablebecausethebridesareusuallyolderaswellaswiserStevensonsaid.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Wemaythinkweknowtherevealingsignsoflyingbeitshiftyeyesornervousbehaviors.Professionalinterrogatorslookforsuchtellstooassumingasuspect’snervousnessbetrayshisguilt.Butinterrogationcanunsettleeventheinnocentsonervousnessalonecannotdistinguishliarsfromtruthtellers.Scientistslookingforbetterwaystodetectlieshavefoundapromisingone:increasingsuspects’cognitiveload.Forahostofreasonstheirtheorygoeslyingismorementallytaxingthantellingthetruth.Performinganextrataskwhilelyingortellingthetruthshouldthereforeaffecttheliarsmore.TotestthisideadeceptionresearchersledbypsychologistAldertVrijoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEnglandaskedonegrouptolieconvincinglyandanothergrouptotellthetruthaboutastagedtheftscenariothatonlythetruthtellershadexperienced.Asecondpairofgroupshadtodothesamebutwithacrucialtwist:boththeliarsandthetruthtellershadtomaintaineyecontactwhiletellingtheirstories.Laterasresearcherswatchedvideotapesofthesuspects’accountstheytalliedverbalsignsofcognitiveloadsuchasfewerspatialdetailsinthesuspects’storiesandnonverbalonessuchasfewereyeblinks.TheeyeblinksareparticularlyinterestingbecausewhereasrapidblinkingsuggestsnervousnessfewerblinksareasignofcognitiveloadVrijexplains--andcontrarytowhatpolicearetaughtliarstendtoblinkless.Althoughtheeffectwassubtletheinstructiontomaintaineyecontactdidmagnifythedifferencesbetweenthetruthtellersandtheliars.SodothesedifferencesactuallymakeiteasierforotherstodistinguishliarsfromtruthtellersTheydo--butalthoughstudentswatchingthevideoshadaneasiertimespottingaliarintheeye-contactconditiontheiraccuracyrateswerestillpoor.Anygroupdifferencesbetweenliarsandtruthtellersweredwarfedbydifferencesbetweenindividualparticipants.Forexamplesomepeopleblinkfarlessthanotherswhetherornottheyarelying-andsomearesimplybetterabletocarryahighercognitiveload.Allthismakesithardtoputthestudy’sfindingsintopractice--especiallyoutinthefieldwherethepeoplemostlikelytoliearethosewhoaregoodatlying.Intherealworldthere’snoPinocchio-likecuethatdistinguishesliarsfromtruthtellerssaysstudyco-authorRonaldFisherofFloridaInternationalUniversity.Magnifyingsubtledifferencesmaybethenextbestthing.ThephrasementallytaxinginLine2Paragraph2mostprobablymeansthat
Theloveaffairwithbusinessstartedinthe1980sandhasgrownintoamightypassionbackednotjustbymoneybutbyglamourandclass.In2009themoneyranoutbutthemoodwasoneofsuchchaosandconfusionthatitwashardtotellwhatwasgoingonunderneath.In2010itwillbecomeclearthattheclassandglamouraredrainingawayfrombusinesstoo.Itwillbetheendoftheaffair:businesswillbecoolnolonger.Throughoutthisaffairthebusinessschoolsplayedtheroleofcupid.Firsttheymadethestudyofbusinessintoanalmostrespectableacademicdiscipline.Moreimportantlytheymadeitsociallyacceptablesomethingeventheclassiestpersoncouldaspireto.Butin2010forthesecondyearrunningtensofthousandsofoverqualifiedMBAswillemergewithnowhereexcitingtogo.Averyfewwilllandjobsininvestmentbankingbutthosewhowantgrandjobsinbigcompaniesorconsultancieswillbedisappointed.Increasinglytheywillgocrawlingbacktotheiroldemployerstodoprettymuchwhatevertheyweredoingbeforeforprettymuchthesamemoneythusmakingthemquestionwhetheritisreallyworththe$160000thatatopMBAcosts.Thisisnotgoingtobealittlerecessionarydip.Itwillbeamorefundamentalreappraisal.ThemagicalmythoftheMBAhasforsometimeleftthefactsbehind.Infurorethosewhostumpupwilldosobecausetheywanttolearntheskillsnotbecausetheythinktheyarebuyingentryintoacoolandexclusiveclub.Somegoodthingswillfollowfromthis.TherewillbefewersmartAlecswhothinktheyknowitallpouringintocompanies.Therehasbeenabearmarketinmanagementbullshitsincethecreditcrunchbegan.In2010thedeclineoftheMBAwillcutoffthesupplyofbullshitatsource.Pretentiousideasaboutbusinesswillbeinretreat.Buttherewillbebadthingstoo:iffewerbrightambitiouspeoplegointobusinesseconomiesmaysuffer.Insteadthetalentwillgoincreasinglyintothepublicsectorthelawmedicine--whicharealreadyburstingwithbrightpeopleasitis.WhilethedeclineoftheB-schoolswillweakentheglamourofbusinessingeneralthegovernmentwilldoitsbittoowithincreasingregulation.In2010beingaboarddirectorofalistedcompanywillneverhavebeenlessfun:notonlywilltheproceduralsidebemoredemandingtherewillbeevengreaterpublichysteriaoverwhatdirectorsarepaid.Andwiththoseatthetophavingsuchagrimtimeitisunrealistictoexpectanyexcitementatthebottom.ThestatementgreaterpublichysteriaoverwhatdirectorsarepaidLine3-4Par
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Generallyluckissomethingthathappenstoindividuals.Ifasocietyoracenturyisconsideredasawholetherandomindividualeventsthataresetdowntoluckorfortuneformmorecoherentoverallpatterns;largehistoricalforcesbecomediscernible.Butentiresocietiesshouldnotmockluckeither.46TheclassicMayancivilizationdisappearedsostrangelysounexpectedlythatsomemassivestrokeofbadluckmusthavebeenatwork--asuddenplaguesayaviralriot. OfallcivilizationsAmericaseemedtheluckiest.Withitsvastspacesandimmensenaturalwealthwithitsextraordinaryfreedomfromthestultificationsofcasteandpovertytheplaceseemedborninluck.47OrsoitappearedtothewhiteEuropeanswhosettledthecontinentifnottotheIndianstheyviolentlydisplacedortheAfricanstheyimportedinslaveshipstoworktheplantations.Americanseventuallymadethemistakeofde-scribingtheirnationalluckastheir"manifestdestiny." WhateverthemotionsoffreewillandnecessityHermanMelvillewrote"chancehasthelastfeaturingblowatevents."48Luckmaybesimplyanothernamefortheoddunexpectednotesinthehugesymphonyofthingsofcircumstanceandcoincidencechemistryandcharacterdietanddiseaseweatherandtimingthevastly_subtletotalityofbeing.Butwhatevertheagnosticssayluckisnotcompletelyblindorcompletelywildeither.Withinlimitsitcanbedomesticated-althoughitwillalwaysbepartwolfandmayunexpectedlytummadandeatthechildrenoneafternoon. AsHectorBerliozsaid"Theluckofhavingtalentisnotenough;onemustalsohaveatalentforluck."Geniusinfactmaybedefinedastheabilitytocontrolluck.49"TheolderIgrowthemoreimpressedIamwiththeroleofluckorchanceinlife.Theworld’sdistributionofwealthdependsalmostasmuchonluckasonenergyforesightandskill."PhilosopherSidneyHookwroteafewyearsago. 50Surelytheultimatepurposeofluckifthereisoneatallistooffersuchaspectaclethatmenandwomenbesidesbeingvastlyentertainedcometorecognizetheircommonvulnerabilitytoluck’sweirdandend-lesslyinventiveimpulses.Butperhapsluckgoodandbadalsohasadeeperphysiologicalpurposeprogrammedintothehumananimalinthefirstdawnofhisintelligence:tokeeptheadrenaline"flowingmaybeandthe.brainalerttotheworld’sepicofapprehensionterrorgreedandhope. OrsoitappearedtothewhiteEuropeanswhosettledthecontinentifnottotheIndianstheyviolentlydisplacedortheAfricanstheyimportedinslaveshipstoworktheplantations.
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
Itisoftenthelittledetailsthatcustomersrecallevenmorethantheproducttheypurchasedortheservicetheyreceived.Littledetailsthatcustomersnoticeandthatmakesthemfeelgoodaboutnotonlymakingthepurchasebutmakingthepurchasefromyouisasignificantpartoftheoverallcustomerexperience.Hereareseveralwaystogoaboveandbeyondgoodcustomerserviceandboostcustomerloyalty. 41Attentiveness NewYorkrestaurateurDannyMeyerisamasterofdetailandhisemployeesaretrainedtonoticeandwhenappropriateactoneventhetiniestscrapsofinformationtheyobserveordiscoveraboutaguest.Ifyouhappentomentionwhenmakingareservationthatit’sabirthdaydinnerthemanagerwillmakeitapointtocometothetableandextendDanny’sbirthdaywishestotheappropriateperson. 42Recognition Greetingyourcustomerbynameisaverymeaningfulandtreasureddetailthataddsgreatlytothewaytheyexperiencedoingbusinesswithyou.Ifyourofficeworksbyappointmentthereceptionistshouldmakesureheknowsjustwhowillbewalkinginthedoornextandimmediatelygreetthemwitheyecontactasmileand"GoodmorningareyouMr.Morgan"ifsheisn’tsureifit’sMr.Morganorsimply"GoodmorningMr.Morgan"ifheis. 43Personalization Don’tweallhaveastoryaboutthecoffeeshopwaitresswhodoesn’teverneedtobetoldhowwelikeouricedteaorthedinerwherethecookstartstomakethesamethingyoualwaysordertheminuteheseesyouwalkinthedoorThesalespersonwhosendsgiftsinpinkbecausesheremembersthat’syourfavoritecolor.Theseexperiencesaddvalueandtheyalsoinstillanenormousamountofloyalty. 44Consideration Whencustomersbuysomethingthatincludesanoutsidecomponentthat’sintegraltoitsuseormakesitmoreuser--friendlydoyouaskiftheyhavethatthingoriftheystitlhaveenoughofitleft 45Appreciation WhatdoyoudotoshowyourcustomersyourclientsoryourpatientsthatyouappreciatethemAfterallthereareprobablyseveralotherbusinessesthatdowhatyoudo.Feelingappreciatedisanexperiencethatisuniversallymeaningful.Alwaysbesuretoletyourcustomersknowthatyouareextendingthisextratothembecausetheyareavaluedcustomerandyouwanttoshowthemthatyouappreciatethem. Meaningfulmemorablefununusualandunexpectedexperiencesinfluencethewaycustomersperceiveyouingeneralandfeelaboutyouinparticular.Theselittledetailsaresoeasytooverlooksotemptingtobrushoffasunimportant.Butaddanumberofseeminglyminordetailstogetherandyouendupwithsomethingoffarmorevaluethanyouwouldwithoutthem. [A]Thereisnothingmoreflatteringthereisnothingthatmakessomeonefeelmorespecialthanreceivingawarmfriendlygreetingbynamewhenwalkingintoaplaceofbusiness. [B]ForexampleifyousellbirthdaycakesdoyouhavecandlestogowithitIfyouhaveapediatricdentalpracticedoyouhavealittlestepstoolinthebathroomsothechildcanreachthesinkIfyouhaveabusinessthatmakeskeysdoyouhavesomethingthatcouldbeputonthekeytoidentifyitsothecustomerwillalwaysrememberwhatthekeyisfor [C]Makethemlaughthanktheminashowywayforamajorpurchasehaveacontestoradrawingforsomethingfunthattheycouldsharewithfamilyandfriends. [D]Isthereanythingyouandyourstaffcandotoensureyourcustomersknowthatyounotonlypayattentiontotheirpreferencesbutrememberthemandcatertothemforeachandeverytransaction [E]Ifastaffmemberoverhearsaconversationinwhichoneoftheguestsmentionstheyeitherlikeordislikesomethingwithinminuteseveryonewhomightcomeintocontactwiththatguestknowsaboutit.Andtheytailoryourfoodaccordinglytoo. [F]Andoneoftheeasiestandmostoverlookedwaystoshowthemappreciationistosendahandwrittennoteonlovelystationary. 41
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
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