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A. Control of Respiration ? ?B. Beauty of Fresh Cut Flowers ? ?C. Role of Respiration ? ?D. Most Imp...
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WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell HowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemastery精通ofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand掌握.Whataccountsforthisdifference Despiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksin吸引allthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubbling冒泡的spring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation. Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasitisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled. Finallythoughachild’s"teachers"maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy. Sofaraslanguageteachingisconcernedtheteacher’sclosepersonalrelationshipwiththestudentismoreimportantthantheprofessionallanguageteachingtraininghehasreceived.
ImmigrationandProblemsHundredsofthousandsofpeoplesupportingimmigrationrightsintheUSfilledstreetsalloverAmericainearly2006.ManyheldsignsandAmericanflagsandaskedtobetreatedascitizens—notcriminals.ManyofthesesupportedlegislationfromSenatorJohnMcCainthatwouldopenapathtocitizenshiptoimmigrantswhowerealreadyinthecountryillegally.Proposedlegislationfromotherpoliticianscalledforstrictermeasures-includingroundingupundocumentedimmigrantsandsendingthembacktotheirhomecountries.Canadianofficialssaythatimmigrationapplicationscontinuetorise.Somewanttokeepthedoorsopen.Theyneedthelabor.About400000immigrantswereallowedintothecountryin2005accordingtotheCanadianGovernmentstatistics.Howeverallthisgrowthmeansthatcitiesneedtoadapt.Newcomersdon’talwaysmakeasmoothtransitionintojobsforwhichtheyareskilled.Soindustriesareusingmentoringprogramstohelpnewimmigrantsfindproperjobs.WiththelargenumbersofundocumentedAfricanimmigrantsarrivingintheCanaryIslandsandshowingnosignofabatingtheSpanishGovernmenthasdecidedtogettough.TherewillbenomoremassamnestiesforillegalandanyonecomingtoSpainwithoutpermissionwillbesentbackthegovernmenthasannounced.About23000migrantslandedontheislandsin2006andriotshaveeruptedinsomecrowdedreceptioncenters.ThishaspromotedlocalauthoritiestoappealtotheUnitedNationsforhelp.France’snewimmigrationandintegrationlawgivesthegovernmentnewpowerstoencouragehigh-skilledmigration.Ittakeseffectin2007.ThenewlawauthorizesthegovernmenttoidentifyparticularprofessionswhereFrancehasatalentshortage.Thenthegovernmentwillhelptheseidentifiedemployersfindimmigrantworkerswithneededskillsorqualifications.Theselectedforeignemployeeswillbegrantedskillsandtalentsvisasvalidforthreeyears.Butsomeconcernthatit’llcausebraindrainindevelopingcountries.Thephrasalverbroundingupinparagraph1couldbebestreplacedby______.
ThreeWaystoBecomeMoreCreativeMostpeoplebelievetheydon’thavemuchimagination.Theyarewrong.Everyonehasimaginationbutmostofusoncewebecomeadultsforgethowtoaccessit.Creativityisn’talwaysconnectedwithgreatworksofartorideas.Peopleatworkandintheirfreetimeroutinelythinkofcreativewaystosolveproblems.Maybeyouhaveagoaltoachieveatrickyquestiontoansweroryoujustwanttoexpandyourmind!Herearethreetechniquestohelpyou.Thistechniqueinvolvestakingunrelatedideasandtryingtofindlinksbetweenthem.Firstthinkabouttheproblemyouhavetosolveorthejobyouneedtodo.Thenfindanimagewordideaorobjectforexampleacandle.Writedownalltheideas/wordsassociatedwithcandles:lightfirematcheswaxnightsilenceetc.Thinkofasmanyasyoucan.Thenextstageistorelatetheideastothejobyouhavetodo.Soimagineyouwanttobuyafriendanoriginalpresent;youcouldbuyhimticketstoamatchortakehimoutforthenight.Imaginethatnormallimitationsdon’texist.Youhaveasmuchtime/space/moneyetc.asyouwant.Thinkaboutyourgoalandthenewpossibilities.Ifforexampleyourgoalistolearntoski滑雪youcannowpracticeskiingeverydayofyourlifebecauseyouhavethetimeandthemoney.Nowadaptthistoreality.MaybeyoucanpracticeskiingeverydayinDecemberoreveryMondayinJanuary.Lookatthesituationfromadifferentpointofview.Goodnegotiators谈判者usethistechniqueinbusinessandsodowriters.Fictionwritersoftenimaginetheyarethecharactersintheirbooks.Theyaskquestions:whatdoesthischaracterwantWhycan’tshegetitWhatchangesmustshemaketogetwhatshewantsWhatdoesshedreamaboutIfyourgoalinvolvesotherpeopleputyourselfintheirshoes.Thebestfishermenthinklikefish!Thephraseputyourself’intheirshoes’inparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto
{{*HTML*}}A．astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking??B．themostcomplexareasofourcortex??C．theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild??D．themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation??E?thesightsandsoundsoftheworld??F?anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinkingYouinterpret______bycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.
HowtheBodyKeepstheSameTemperature Thetemperatureofyourbodyshouldbealwaysjustthesamenomatterwhethertheweatheristrotorcold.Thatiswhythedoctoruseshisthermometerwhenyouaresick.Whenyouarewellyourtemperatureisninety-eightandsixtenthsdegrees.Ifhefindsit51thanthatitisasuresignthatsomethingiswrong. Thebodykeepsthesametemperatureallthetimebecauseitbalances平衡theheatitproducesand52off.Itisalwaysburningupfoodandproducingheat.Itcanproduceheatfasterwhenitneedstoorgiveoffheatfasterwhenitbecomestoowarm.Let’ssee53thishappens. Theheatofyourbodyisgivenoffchieflythroughtheskin.Whenyouare54yourskinistightandshows"gooseflesh".Whenyougetchilly寒冷的youmustdancearoundtokeepwarmor55youwillshiver颤抖.56yourmusclesbegintoworkburnupfuelandproducemoreheat.Itisnot57toshiversoyouusuallypreferwarmingupbyexerciseorput58moreclothestokeepheatin. Whenyouarewarmtheskinislooseandsoft.Itissosupplied59bloodthatheatisgivenoffrapidly.Ifyougettoohotyoubegintosweatand60bodyheatisusedinevaporating蒸发themoisture潮湿fromyourskin.Youwearlessclothingtooinwarm61orinawarmroomsothatwarmthcanbegivenofffreely.Youfeelyoudon’t62exercisingbecauseyourbodyiswarm63andtheextraheatproducedbyexercisemakesyouuncomfortable. Youcanseefromthiswhyyou64differentlyindifferentkindsofweather.Insummerwhenitiswarmyoufeeltiredandlazy.Youdonotcaretoworkorplaybutenjoylyinganddoingnothing.Whenyougetoutofdoorsinwinterthecoldairmakesyoufeel65.Youwanttorunandplay. 54
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWellHowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemastery精通ofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand掌握.WhataccountsforthisdifferenceDespiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksin吸引allthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubbling冒泡的spring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation.Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasitisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled.Finallythoughachild’steachersmaynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy.Achildlearninghisnativelanguagehastheadvantageofhavingprivatelessonsalltheyearround.
Thehigh-speedtrainscanhaveamajorimpactontravelpreferences.
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TheDrivefortheFutureDriverlessearsProfessorSebastianThrundirectoroftheStanfordArtificialIntelligenceLaboratorywantstocutthenumberofearsonplanetearthby50%.Hesaid:It’sahugewasteofmoneyandresourcestodoso—weuseearsabout3%ofthetime.ProfessorThrunisaleaderinthefieldofdriverlessCarsandhasbuilttworoboticvehiclescalledStanleyandJunior.Thecarshavenohumandriverandnoremotecontrolsystem—everythingfromsensorstonavigationishandledbyanonboardcomputer.TheywerebothenteredintotheDARPAGrandChallenge—araceforautonomousvehicles.Stanleywonin2004andJuniortooksecondplacein2007.Buttheultimategoalistocreateaworldwhereself-awarevehiclescandrivepassengersaroundwithouthittingpedestriansorbumpingintoothervehicles.Tobeabletounderstandtheenvironmentasdeepashumansdoistheholygrailofartificialintelligence.It’sahugeamountofworktomakecomputersunderstandwhatisthebehaviourofthetwopeopleontherightbothwaitingatanintersection—willtheywalkornotItisareallyhardquestion.PerfectmissionsResearchersatStanfordaretryingtoprogramhelicopterstoflyperfectmissionseverytimeincludingloops.Imagineforexampleasearchandrescuechopperthatcandescendintoanarrowcanyoncountlesstimeswithoutitsrotorsevertouchingtheedges.AndrewNganassociateprofessorintheComputerScienceDepartmentsaiditwouldbeverydifficulttowritesoftwaretomakeahelicopterearlyoutstuntsintheair.Insteadresearchersaskedaexperthumanpilottodemonstratethestunts.Thecomputerlearnedfromthedemonstrationshowtoflybyitself.Itiscalledapprenticeshiplearning—thecomputerfiguresoutwhatthehumanpilotistryingtodoandthenusesalgorithmstocorrectorperfecttheoperations.ProfessorNgsaid:Theaccelerometersofthehelicopterwillfeeltheforceofthewindpushingthehelicopterasideandwhatthehelicopterhaslearnedtodoishowtoadjustthecontrolstomoveitselfbackontothedesiredflightpath./Whatisapprenticeshiplearning
{{*HTML*}}RisingTuitionintheUS??EveryspringUSuniversityadministratorsgathertodiscussthenextacademicyear’sbudget.Theyconsiderfacultysalariesutilitycostsfordormitoriesnewbuildingneedsandrepairstooldones.Theyrunthenumbersandconclude—itseemsinevitably—thatyetagainthecostoftuitionmustgoup.??AccordingtotheUS’sCollegeBoardthepriceofattendingafour-yearprivateuniversityintheUSrose81percentbetween1993and2004．?46?In2005and2006thenumberscontinuedtorise.??Accordingtouniversityofficialscollegecostincreasesaresimplytheresultofbalancinguniversitycheckbooks.TuitionincreasesatCedarvilleUniversityaredeterminedbyourrevenueneedsforeachyear.saidtheuniversity’spresidentDrBillBrown.Studenttuitionpaysfor78percentoftheuniversity’soperatingcosts.Brown’sschoolisaprivateuniversitythatenrollsabout3100undergradsandisconsistentlyrecognizedbyannualcollegerankingguideslikeUSNewsandWorldReport’sandThePrincetonReview’s.?47???Tuitionatprivateuniversitiesissetbyadministrationofficialsandthensentforapprovaltotheschool’sboardoftrustees董事.?48?Thisboardoversees监管allofastate’spublicinstitutions.??JohnDurhamassistantsecretarytotheboardoftrusteesatEastCarolinaUniversityECUexplainsthatstateLawsaysthatpublicinstitutionsmustmaketheirservicesavailablewheneverpossibletothepeopleofthestateforfree.DurhamsaidthatNorthCarolinaresidentsonlypay22percentofthecostoftheireducation.?49?StateresidentsattendingECUpayaboutUS$10000fortuitionroomandboardbeforefinancialaid.??Amidthenewsaboutcontinuedincreasesincollegecostshoweverthereissomegoodnews.Tuitionincreaseshavebeenaccompaniedbyroughlyequalincreasesinfinancialaidatalmosteveryuniversity.ToreceivefinancialaidUSstudentscompleteaformalapplicationwiththefederalgovernment.Thefederalgovernmentthendecideswhetheranapplicantiseligible有资格的forgrantsorloans.?50?A．Theapplicationisthensenttothestudent’suniversitywheretheschoolitselfwilldecidewhetherfreemoneywillbegiventothestudentandhowmuch.B．Atpublicuniversitieshowevertuitionincreasesmustalsobeapprovedbyastateeducationcommitteesometimescalledtheboardofgovernors.C．TheschoolcurrentlychargesUS$23410ayearfortuition.D．ManyAmericanpeoplearesimplyunabletopaythegrowingcostoffood.E.That’smorethandoubletherateofinflation.F.Thestategovernmentcoverstherest.
{{*HTML*}}A?Thebluesisanemotionalsong??B?Theofficerwasgoodfornothing??C?theprisoners’songsdifferedfromthoseontapessungatconcertsandjazzsessions??D?Theyidentifiedthemselveswithitssingers??E?Couldcomeclosetothepoorandtheweak??F?ItwassungintheirnativelanguageThesentencenoneofthemwaslikethismeans______.
WeallthinkthatMary'shusbandisaveryboringperson.
HowtheBodyKeepstheSameTemperature Thetemperatureofyourbodyshouldbealwaysjustthesamenomatterwhethertheweatheristrotorcold.Thatiswhythedoctoruseshisthermometerwhenyouaresick.Whenyouarewellyourtemperatureisninety-eightandsixtenthsdegrees.Ifhefindsit51thanthatitisasuresignthatsomethingiswrong. Thebodykeepsthesametemperatureallthetimebecauseitbalances平衡theheatitproducesand52off.Itisalwaysburningupfoodandproducingheat.Itcanproduceheatfasterwhenitneedstoorgiveoffheatfasterwhenitbecomestoowarm.Let’ssee53thishappens. Theheatofyourbodyisgivenoffchieflythroughtheskin.Whenyouare54yourskinistightandshows"gooseflesh".Whenyougetchilly寒冷的youmustdancearoundtokeepwarmor55youwillshiver颤抖.56yourmusclesbegintoworkburnupfuelandproducemoreheat.Itisnot57toshiversoyouusuallypreferwarmingupbyexerciseorput58moreclothestokeepheatin. Whenyouarewarmtheskinislooseandsoft.Itissosupplied59bloodthatheatisgivenoffrapidly.Ifyougettoohotyoubegintosweatand60bodyheatisusedinevaporating蒸发themoisture潮湿fromyourskin.Youwearlessclothingtooinwarm61orinawarmroomsothatwarmthcanbegivenofffreely.Youfeelyoudon’t62exercisingbecauseyourbodyiswarm63andtheextraheatproducedbyexercisemakesyouuncomfortable. Youcanseefromthiswhyyou64differentlyindifferentkindsofweather.Insummerwhenitiswarmyoufeeltiredandlazy.Youdonotcaretoworkorplaybutenjoylyinganddoingnothing.Whenyougetoutofdoorsinwinterthecoldairmakesyoufeel65.Youwanttorunandplay. 52
TheDrivefortheFutureDriverlessearsProfessorSebastianThrundirectoroftheStanfordArtificialIntelligenceLaboratorywantstocutthenumberofearsonplanetearthby50%.Hesaid:It’sahugewasteofmoneyandresourcestodoso—weuseearsabout3%ofthetime.ProfessorThrunisaleaderinthefieldofdriverlessCarsandhasbuilttworoboticvehiclescalledStanleyandJunior.Thecarshavenohumandriverandnoremotecontrolsystem—everythingfromsensorstonavigationishandledbyanonboardcomputer.TheywerebothenteredintotheDARPAGrandChallenge—araceforautonomousvehicles.Stanleywonin2004andJuniortooksecondplacein2007.Buttheultimategoalistocreateaworldwhereself-awarevehiclescandrivepassengersaroundwithouthittingpedestriansorbumpingintoothervehicles.Tobeabletounderstandtheenvironmentasdeepashumansdoistheholygrailofartificialintelligence.It’sahugeamountofworktomakecomputersunderstandwhatisthebehaviourofthetwopeopleontherightbothwaitingatanintersection—willtheywalkornotItisareallyhardquestion.PerfectmissionsResearchersatStanfordaretryingtoprogramhelicopterstoflyperfectmissionseverytimeincludingloops.Imagineforexampleasearchandrescuechopperthatcandescendintoanarrowcanyoncountlesstimeswithoutitsrotorsevertouchingtheedges.AndrewNganassociateprofessorintheComputerScienceDepartmentsaiditwouldbeverydifficulttowritesoftwaretomakeahelicopterearlyoutstuntsintheair.Insteadresearchersaskedaexperthumanpilottodemonstratethestunts.Thecomputerlearnedfromthedemonstrationshowtoflybyitself.Itiscalledapprenticeshiplearning—thecomputerfiguresoutwhatthehumanpilotistryingtodoandthenusesalgorithmstocorrectorperfecttheoperations.ProfessorNgsaid:Theaccelerometersofthehelicopterwillfeeltheforceofthewindpushingthehelicopterasideandwhatthehelicopterhaslearnedtodoishowtoadjustthecontrolstomoveitselfbackontothedesiredflightpath./Whatisthekeytocreateaself-awarevehicle
ThreeWaystoBecomeMoreCreativeMostpeoplebelievetheydon’thavemuchimagination.Theyarewrong.Everyonehasimaginationbutmostofusoncewebecomeadultsforgethowtoaccessit.Creativityisn’talwaysconnectedwithgreatworksofartorideas.Peopleatworkandintheirfreetimeroutinelythinkofcreativewaystosolveproblems.Maybeyouhaveagoaltoachieveatrickyquestiontoansweroryoujustwanttoexpandyourmind!Herearethreetechniquestohelpyou.Thistechniqueinvolvestakingunrelatedideasandtryingtofindlinksbetweenthem.Firstthinkabouttheproblemyouhavetosolveorthejobyouneedtodo.Thenfindanimagewordideaorobjectforexampleacandle.Writedownalltheideas/wordsassociatedwithcandles:lightfirematcheswaxnightsilenceetc.Thinkofasmanyasyoucan.Thenextstageistorelatetheideastothejobyouhavetodo.Soimagineyouwanttobuyafriendanoriginalpresent;youcouldbuyhimticketstoamatchortakehimoutforthenight.Imaginethatnormallimitationsdon’texist.Youhaveasmuchtime/space/moneyetc.asyouwant.Thinkaboutyourgoalandthenewpossibilities.Ifforexampleyourgoalistolearntoski滑雪youcannowpracticeskiingeverydayofyourlifebecauseyouhavethetimeandthemoney.Nowadaptthistoreality.MaybeyoucanpracticeskiingeverydayinDecemberoreveryMondayinJanuary.Lookatthesituationfromadifferentpointofview.Goodnegotiators谈判者usethistechniqueinbusinessandsodowriters.Fictionwritersoftenimaginetheyarethecharactersintheirbooks.Theyaskquestions:whatdoesthischaracterwantWhycan’tshegetitWhatchangesmustshemaketogetwhatshewantsWhatdoesshedreamaboutIfyourgoalinvolvesotherpeopleputyourselfintheirshoes.Thebestfishermenthinklikefish!Accordingtothefirsttechniqueifyouneedtosolveaproblem
Iwasthoroughlyconfusedaboutyouranswer.
{{*HTML*}}A．astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking??B．themostcomplexareasofourcortex??C．theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild??D．themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation??E?thesightsandsoundsoftheworld??F?anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinkingWecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto______
{{*HTML*}}A?Thebluesisanemotionalsong??B?Theofficerwasgoodfornothing??C?theprisoners’songsdifferedfromthoseontapessungatconcertsandjazzsessions??D?Theyidentifiedthemselveswithitssingers??E?Couldcomeclosetothepoorandtheweak??F?ItwassungintheirnativelanguageBeinganinfantrysoldierthewriter______.
Thelatestcarmodelembodiesmanynewimprovements.
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverseWhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas-91℃which51inAntarcticain1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbitactuallyrangefromabout+120~Cto-120~C.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycansafelyendure.ThankNASAscienceforwell-designedspace54thatprotectastronautsfromthesetemperatureextremes.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravelawayfromtheSun.AstronomersestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout-210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour56.Wearetaughtitissupposedly57tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis-273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistswhosenamesareCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfullycooleddownagastemperaturebarely58absolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirworknotadiscoveryinthiscar.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting59aboutparticleswenowcallphotons.Bosehadtrouble60otherscientiststobelieve61hecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorize62behaveasBosethoughtbutonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthat63atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclocksevenmoreaccurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocitytimestimed=v×t.Withthelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65toknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverseWhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas-91℃which51inAntarcticain1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbitactuallyrangefromabout+120~Cto-120~C.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycansafelyendure.ThankNASAscienceforwell-designedspace54thatprotectastronautsfromthesetemperatureextremes.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravelawayfromtheSun.AstronomersestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout-210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour56.Wearetaughtitissupposedly57tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis-273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistswhosenamesareCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfullycooleddownagastemperaturebarely58absolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirworknotadiscoveryinthiscar.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting59aboutparticleswenowcallphotons.Bosehadtrouble60otherscientiststobelieve61hecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorize62behaveasBosethoughtbutonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthat63atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclocksevenmoreaccurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocitytimestimed=v×t.Withthelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65toknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
{{*HTML*}}RisingTuitionintheUS??EveryspringUSuniversityadministratorsgathertodiscussthenextacademicyear’sbudget.Theyconsiderfacultysalariesutilitycostsfordormitoriesnewbuildingneedsandrepairstooldones.Theyrunthenumbersandconclude—itseemsinevitably—thatyetagainthecostoftuitionmustgoup.??AccordingtotheUS’sCollegeBoardthepriceofattendingafour-yearprivateuniversityintheUSrose81percentbetween1993and2004．?46?In2005and2006thenumberscontinuedtorise.??Accordingtouniversityofficialscollegecostincreasesaresimplytheresultofbalancinguniversitycheckbooks.TuitionincreasesatCedarvilleUniversityaredeterminedbyourrevenueneedsforeachyear.saidtheuniversity’spresidentDrBillBrown.Studenttuitionpaysfor78percentoftheuniversity’soperatingcosts.Brown’sschoolisaprivateuniversitythatenrollsabout3100undergradsandisconsistentlyrecognizedbyannualcollegerankingguideslikeUSNewsandWorldReport’sandThePrincetonReview’s.?47???Tuitionatprivateuniversitiesissetbyadministrationofficialsandthensentforapprovaltotheschool’sboardoftrustees董事.?48?Thisboardoversees监管allofastate’spublicinstitutions.??JohnDurhamassistantsecretarytotheboardoftrusteesatEastCarolinaUniversityECUexplainsthatstateLawsaysthatpublicinstitutionsmustmaketheirservicesavailablewheneverpossibletothepeopleofthestateforfree.DurhamsaidthatNorthCarolinaresidentsonlypay22percentofthecostoftheireducation.?49?StateresidentsattendingECUpayaboutUS$10000fortuitionroomandboardbeforefinancialaid.??Amidthenewsaboutcontinuedincreasesincollegecostshoweverthereissomegoodnews.Tuitionincreaseshavebeenaccompaniedbyroughlyequalincreasesinfinancialaidatalmosteveryuniversity.ToreceivefinancialaidUSstudentscompleteaformalapplicationwiththefederalgovernment.Thefederalgovernmentthendecideswhetheranapplicantiseligible有资格的forgrantsorloans.?50?A．Theapplicationisthensenttothestudent’suniversitywheretheschoolitselfwilldecidewhetherfreemoneywillbegiventothestudentandhowmuch.B．Atpublicuniversitieshowevertuitionincreasesmustalsobeapprovedbyastateeducationcommitteesometimescalledtheboardofgovernors.C．TheschoolcurrentlychargesUS$23410ayearfortuition.D．ManyAmericanpeoplearesimplyunabletopaythegrowingcostoffood.E.That’smorethandoubletherateofinflation.F.Thestategovernmentcoverstherest.
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWellHowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemastery精通ofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand掌握.WhataccountsforthisdifferenceDespiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksin吸引allthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubbling冒泡的spring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation.Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasitisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled.Finallythoughachild’steachersmaynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy.Thereasonwhychildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellliessolelyintheirenvironmentoflearning.
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell HowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemastery精通ofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand掌握.Whataccountsforthisdifference Despiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksin吸引allthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubbling冒泡的spring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation. Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasitisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled. Finallythoughachild’s"teachers"maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy. Comparedwithadultslearningaforeignlanguagechildrenlearntheirnativelanguagewithease.
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverseWhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas-91℃which51inAntarcticain1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbitactuallyrangefromabout+120~Cto-120~C.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycansafelyendure.ThankNASAscienceforwell-designedspace54thatprotectastronautsfromthesetemperatureextremes.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravelawayfromtheSun.AstronomersestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout-210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour56.Wearetaughtitissupposedly57tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis-273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistswhosenamesareCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfullycooleddownagastemperaturebarely58absolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirworknotadiscoveryinthiscar.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting59aboutparticleswenowcallphotons.Bosehadtrouble60otherscientiststobelieve61hecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorize62behaveasBosethoughtbutonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthat63atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclocksevenmoreaccurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocitytimestimed=v×t.Withthelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65toknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
{{*HTML*}}RisingTuitionintheUS??EveryspringUSuniversityadministratorsgathertodiscussthenextacademicyear’sbudget.Theyconsiderfacultysalariesutilitycostsfordormitoriesnewbuildingneedsandrepairstooldones.Theyrunthenumbersandconclude—itseemsinevitably—thatyetagainthecostoftuitionmustgoup.??AccordingtotheUS’sCollegeBoardthepriceofattendingafour-yearprivateuniversityintheUSrose81percentbetween1993and2004．?46?In2005and2006thenumberscontinuedtorise.??Accordingtouniversityofficialscollegecostincreasesaresimplytheresultofbalancinguniversitycheckbooks.TuitionincreasesatCedarvilleUniversityaredeterminedbyourrevenueneedsforeachyear.saidtheuniversity’spresidentDrBillBrown.Studenttuitionpaysfor78percentoftheuniversity’soperatingcosts.Brown’sschoolisaprivateuniversitythatenrollsabout3100undergradsandisconsistentlyrecognizedbyannualcollegerankingguideslikeUSNewsandWorldReport’sandThePrincetonReview’s.?47???Tuitionatprivateuniversitiesissetbyadministrationofficialsandthensentforapprovaltotheschool’sboardoftrustees董事.?48?Thisboardoversees监管allofastate’spublicinstitutions.??JohnDurhamassistantsecretarytotheboardoftrusteesatEastCarolinaUniversityECUexplainsthatstateLawsaysthatpublicinstitutionsmustmaketheirservicesavailablewheneverpossibletothepeopleofthestateforfree.DurhamsaidthatNorthCarolinaresidentsonlypay22percentofthecostoftheireducation.?49?StateresidentsattendingECUpayaboutUS$10000fortuitionroomandboardbeforefinancialaid.??Amidthenewsaboutcontinuedincreasesincollegecostshoweverthereissomegoodnews.Tuitionincreaseshavebeenaccompaniedbyroughlyequalincreasesinfinancialaidatalmosteveryuniversity.ToreceivefinancialaidUSstudentscompleteaformalapplicationwiththefederalgovernment.Thefederalgovernmentthendecideswhetheranapplicantiseligible有资格的forgrantsorloans.?50?A．Theapplicationisthensenttothestudent’suniversitywheretheschoolitselfwilldecidewhetherfreemoneywillbegiventothestudentandhowmuch.B．Atpublicuniversitieshowevertuitionincreasesmustalsobeapprovedbyastateeducationcommitteesometimescalledtheboardofgovernors.C．TheschoolcurrentlychargesUS$23410ayearfortuition.D．ManyAmericanpeoplearesimplyunabletopaythegrowingcostoffood.E.That’smorethandoubletherateofinflation.F.Thestategovernmentcoverstherest.
ImmigrationandProblemsHundredsofthousandsofpeoplesupportingimmigrationrightsintheUSfilledstreetsalloverAmericainearly2006.ManyheldsignsandAmericanflagsandaskedtobetreatedascitizens—notcriminals.ManyofthesesupportedlegislationfromSenatorJohnMcCainthatwouldopenapathtocitizenshiptoimmigrantswhowerealreadyinthecountryillegally.Proposedlegislationfromotherpoliticianscalledforstrictermeasures-includingroundingupundocumentedimmigrantsandsendingthembacktotheirhomecountries.Canadianofficialssaythatimmigrationapplicationscontinuetorise.Somewanttokeepthedoorsopen.Theyneedthelabor.About400000immigrantswereallowedintothecountryin2005accordingtotheCanadianGovernmentstatistics.Howeverallthisgrowthmeansthatcitiesneedtoadapt.Newcomersdon’talwaysmakeasmoothtransitionintojobsforwhichtheyareskilled.Soindustriesareusingmentoringprogramstohelpnewimmigrantsfindproperjobs.WiththelargenumbersofundocumentedAfricanimmigrantsarrivingintheCanaryIslandsandshowingnosignofabatingtheSpanishGovernmenthasdecidedtogettough.TherewillbenomoremassamnestiesforillegalandanyonecomingtoSpainwithoutpermissionwillbesentbackthegovernmenthasannounced.About23000migrantslandedontheislandsin2006andriotshaveeruptedinsomecrowdedreceptioncenters.ThishaspromotedlocalauthoritiestoappealtotheUnitedNationsforhelp.France’snewimmigrationandintegrationlawgivesthegovernmentnewpowerstoencouragehigh-skilledmigration.Ittakeseffectin2007.ThenewlawauthorizesthegovernmenttoidentifyparticularprofessionswhereFrancehasatalentshortage.Thenthegovernmentwillhelptheseidentifiedemployersfindimmigrantworkerswithneededskillsorqualifications.Theselectedforeignemployeeswillbegrantedskillsandtalentsvisasvalidforthreeyears.Butsomeconcernthatit’llcausebraindrainindevelopingcountries.WhathastheSpanishGovernmentdecidedtodo
ImmigrationandProblemsHundredsofthousandsofpeoplesupportingimmigrationrightsintheUSfilledstreetsalloverAmericainearly2006.ManyheldsignsandAmericanflagsandaskedtobetreatedascitizens—notcriminals.ManyofthesesupportedlegislationfromSenatorJohnMcCainthatwouldopenapathtocitizenshiptoimmigrantswhowerealreadyinthecountryillegally.Proposedlegislationfromotherpoliticianscalledforstrictermeasures-includingroundingupundocumentedimmigrantsandsendingthembacktotheirhomecountries.Canadianofficialssaythatimmigrationapplicationscontinuetorise.Somewanttokeepthedoorsopen.Theyneedthelabor.About400000immigrantswereallowedintothecountryin2005accordingtotheCanadianGovernmentstatistics.Howeverallthisgrowthmeansthatcitiesneedtoadapt.Newcomersdon’talwaysmakeasmoothtransitionintojobsforwhichtheyareskilled.Soindustriesareusingmentoringprogramstohelpnewimmigrantsfindproperjobs.WiththelargenumbersofundocumentedAfricanimmigrantsarrivingintheCanaryIslandsandshowingnosignofabatingtheSpanishGovernmenthasdecidedtogettough.TherewillbenomoremassamnestiesforillegalandanyonecomingtoSpainwithoutpermissionwillbesentbackthegovernmenthasannounced.About23000migrantslandedontheislandsin2006andriotshaveeruptedinsomecrowdedreceptioncenters.ThishaspromotedlocalauthoritiestoappealtotheUnitedNationsforhelp.France’snewimmigrationandintegrationlawgivesthegovernmentnewpowerstoencouragehigh-skilledmigration.Ittakeseffectin2007.ThenewlawauthorizesthegovernmenttoidentifyparticularprofessionswhereFrancehasatalentshortage.Thenthegovernmentwillhelptheseidentifiedemployersfindimmigrantworkerswithneededskillsorqualifications.Theselectedforeignemployeeswillbegrantedskillsandtalentsvisasvalidforthreeyears.Butsomeconcernthatit’llcausebraindrainindevelopingcountries.ManyimmigrantsswarmedintostreetsintheUSinearly2006demandingthattheyshouldbetreatedas______.
Alllivingorganismsregardlessoftheiruniqueidentityhavecertainbiologicalchemicalandphysicalcharacteristicsincommon.
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