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[A] However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene ...
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Yourheartsuddenlystartspoundingsohardyouthinkit’sgoingtoleaprightoutofyourchest.You’resweatingeventhoughit’scoldout.Youfeelunsteadyonyourfeetandgenerallyshakyliketheworldaroundyouisspinningoutofcontrolandyoucan’tgetagrip.Yourhandsandfeetarenumbanduseless.You’regaspingforbreathandfeellikeyou’redrowning. 41__________Geneticsmaybepartoftheexplanation;womenaremorepronetoanxietyordepressionandahistoryofthesemooddisordersmakesyoumorelikelytohaveapanicattack.Butunhappylifeexperiencesmayalsoincreasewomen’svulnerability. Aparticularlyactiveareaofresearchatthemomentistheeffectofhormones.Womenseemmostsusceptibletopanicattacksduringtimesofhormonalchangessuchasadolescencepregnancyandsoon.Dr.LilianGonsalvespsychologyattheClevelandClinicsayssomescientiststhinkthathormonalfluctuationmayupsetthebalanceofchemicalsinthebrainthatmodulatefearandanxietytriggeringapanicattack.Itfeelslikethefight-or-flightresponsegonewildwithnoprovocation.42__________ Fearofanotherattackoftenmakespeopleavoidplaceswhereanattacktookplaceandasmallpercentageofsufferersmayeventuallybecomehouseboundaconditioncalledagoraphobia.43__________"Weusedtosaythatyoudon’tdieofapanicattackbutI’vestoppedsayingthat"saysGonsalves."Itcouldbethatduringapanicattackyougetcoronaryspasmsoranirregularheartrate." 44__________There’snosinglecurethatworksforeveryonebutgenerallypatientsusemedicationcognitivebehavioraltherapyorsomecombinationofthetwo.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyteachesyouarangeoftechniques—suchasrelaxationexercises—todealwitheverydayanxietyandstresslesseningthechancesofanotherattack.Manypeoplefindthatdrugshelpcontroltheproblemuntiltheycanfindabehavioraltherapythatworksafterwhichdrugsmaynolongerbenecessary.Researchhasalsoshownthatregularexercise.andactivitiessuchasyogamayreducetheseverityandnumberofattacks. 45__________Ifthereisnothingwrongthenyourdoctorwillprobablyreferyoutoapsychiatristorpsychologistwhocanworkwithyouontheproblemoverwhatmaybeaperiodofseveralmonths. Ittakesawhiletofeelcompletelybetter;generallyantidepressantsstartworkinginsixtoeightweeksGonsalvessays.Butmanypatientsbegintogetsomereliefinjusttwoweekssheadds.Inallabout80percentofpatientswilldowell.Inthecaseoftheother20percentwhodon’trespondtotreatmentdoctorsoftenfindthattheyhavemissedanunderlyingmedicalconditionthatisbehindtheattacks. [A]Sufferingfromfrequentpanicattacksalsomeansyouareathigherriskofdepressionsubstanceabuseandsuicide.Someresearchalsoindicatesthatwomenwhohaverepeatedattacksareathigherriskofdeath. [B]Callyourdoctorevenifyou’vehadonlyasingleattackbecausethesesymptomscouldalsosignalawiderangeofotherproblemsincludingthyroidandheartdisease.Aprimary-carephysicianwillfirstperformaphysicalexamandprobablyorderanEKGandbloodteststoruleoutotherpossiblecausesoftheattacks. [C]Youcanbestandingatabusstoporshoppingatthemallwithoutanydangerinsightandsuddenlyyoufeellikeyou’redying.Theattackisgenerallyoverinafewminutesbutsometimessymptoms—especiallyfeelingfaintanddizzy—canlingerformarethananhour. [D]Manywomenreportexperiencingtheirfirstpanicattackinlateadolescence.Butothershavenotroubleuntiltheyarearound50whentheirhormonelevelsoftenvarywildly."Thesearehighfunctioningwomenwhohaveneverseenapsychiatristbefore"saysGonsalves."Theystarthavinghotflashesandtheydon’tsleep.Theybecomeacutelyanxious." [E]Ifyouhavefeltallofthesecomeonwithoutwarningyoumayhavejustsufferedapanicattack.Thesefrighteningsymptomsaffectwomentwiceasoftenasmenalthoughscientistsarenotsurewhy. [F]Thecureofpanicattacksoftendependsonthecause.Ifyourattacksaretriggeredbyaphysicalconditiontheyshouldbeeliminatedbytreatingthephysicalcause.Ifyoucan’tfindthecausecontinuelookingandusingtheabovetipstocontroltheattacks. [G]Becauseofthepossibleconsequencesofuntreatedpanicattacksit’simportanttogethelpearly.Andfortunatelythereislotofhelpavailable. 41
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 9
Yourheartsuddenlystartspoundingsohardyouthinkit’sgoingtoleaprightoutofyourchest.You’resweatingeventhoughit’scoldout.Youfeelunsteadyonyourfeetandgenerallyshakyliketheworldaroundyouisspinningoutofcontrolandyoucan’tgetagrip.Yourhandsandfeetarenumbanduseless.You’regaspingforbreathandfeellikeyou’redrowning. 41__________Geneticsmaybepartoftheexplanation;womenaremorepronetoanxietyordepressionandahistoryofthesemooddisordersmakesyoumorelikelytohaveapanicattack.Butunhappylifeexperiencesmayalsoincreasewomen’svulnerability. Aparticularlyactiveareaofresearchatthemomentistheeffectofhormones.Womenseemmostsusceptibletopanicattacksduringtimesofhormonalchangessuchasadolescencepregnancyandsoon.Dr.LilianGonsalvespsychologyattheClevelandClinicsayssomescientiststhinkthathormonalfluctuationmayupsetthebalanceofchemicalsinthebrainthatmodulatefearandanxietytriggeringapanicattack.Itfeelslikethefight-or-flightresponsegonewildwithnoprovocation.42__________ Fearofanotherattackoftenmakespeopleavoidplaceswhereanattacktookplaceandasmallpercentageofsufferersmayeventuallybecomehouseboundaconditioncalledagoraphobia.43__________"Weusedtosaythatyoudon’tdieofapanicattackbutI’vestoppedsayingthat"saysGonsalves."Itcouldbethatduringapanicattackyougetcoronaryspasmsoranirregularheartrate." 44__________There’snosinglecurethatworksforeveryonebutgenerallypatientsusemedicationcognitivebehavioraltherapyorsomecombinationofthetwo.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyteachesyouarangeoftechniques—suchasrelaxationexercises—todealwitheverydayanxietyandstresslesseningthechancesofanotherattack.Manypeoplefindthatdrugshelpcontroltheproblemuntiltheycanfindabehavioraltherapythatworksafterwhichdrugsmaynolongerbenecessary.Researchhasalsoshownthatregularexercise.andactivitiessuchasyogamayreducetheseverityandnumberofattacks. 45__________Ifthereisnothingwrongthenyourdoctorwillprobablyreferyoutoapsychiatristorpsychologistwhocanworkwithyouontheproblemoverwhatmaybeaperiodofseveralmonths. Ittakesawhiletofeelcompletelybetter;generallyantidepressantsstartworkinginsixtoeightweeksGonsalvessays.Butmanypatientsbegintogetsomereliefinjusttwoweekssheadds.Inallabout80percentofpatientswilldowell.Inthecaseoftheother20percentwhodon’trespondtotreatmentdoctorsoftenfindthattheyhavemissedanunderlyingmedicalconditionthatisbehindtheattacks. [A]Sufferingfromfrequentpanicattacksalsomeansyouareathigherriskofdepressionsubstanceabuseandsuicide.Someresearchalsoindicatesthatwomenwhohaverepeatedattacksareathigherriskofdeath. [B]Callyourdoctorevenifyou’vehadonlyasingleattackbecausethesesymptomscouldalsosignalawiderangeofotherproblemsincludingthyroidandheartdisease.Aprimary-carephysicianwillfirstperformaphysicalexamandprobablyorderanEKGandbloodteststoruleoutotherpossiblecausesoftheattacks. [C]Youcanbestandingatabusstoporshoppingatthemallwithoutanydangerinsightandsuddenlyyoufeellikeyou’redying.Theattackisgenerallyoverinafewminutesbutsometimessymptoms—especiallyfeelingfaintanddizzy—canlingerformarethananhour. [D]Manywomenreportexperiencingtheirfirstpanicattackinlateadolescence.Butothershavenotroubleuntiltheyarearound50whentheirhormonelevelsoftenvarywildly."Thesearehighfunctioningwomenwhohaveneverseenapsychiatristbefore"saysGonsalves."Theystarthavinghotflashesandtheydon’tsleep.Theybecomeacutelyanxious." [E]Ifyouhavefeltallofthesecomeonwithoutwarningyoumayhavejustsufferedapanicattack.Thesefrighteningsymptomsaffectwomentwiceasoftenasmenalthoughscientistsarenotsurewhy. [F]Thecureofpanicattacksoftendependsonthecause.Ifyourattacksaretriggeredbyaphysicalconditiontheyshouldbeeliminatedbytreatingthephysicalcause.Ifyoucan’tfindthecausecontinuelookingandusingtheabovetipstocontroltheattacks. [G]Becauseofthepossibleconsequencesofuntreatedpanicattacksit’simportanttogethelpearly.Andfortunatelythereislotofhelpavailable. 43
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought
Sadnessisn’tmanly—thisEricWeaverknew.WhendepressionengulfedthisNewYorkpolicesergeantittookadifferentguise:anear-constantstateofanger.OneminuteI’dbeokayandthenextminuteI’dbescreamingatmykidsandpunchingthewallherecalls.Mykidswouldask’What’swrongwithDaddyWhy’shesomadallthetime’ForyearsWeaverdidn’tknowwhatwaswrong.Weaver’sconfusionaboutwhattorturedhimwasnotunusual.Roughlyathirdofthe18millionormoreAmericanswhosufferdepressioneachyeararemen.Yetalltoooftenexpertssaymenfailtorecognizethesymptomsandgetthetreatmenttheyneed.Foryearsexpertssuspectedthatgendermakesabigdifferenceindepression.StudiesfromNewYorktoNewZealandhaverepeatedlyfoundthesamestartlingstatistic:Abouttwiceasmanywomenasmensufferfromdepression.Thatfindingwasconsideredoneofthebedrockfactsofmodernmentalhealth.Yetithasrecentlycomeunderattackfromcriticswhoareconcernedaboutunderreportingofmaledepression.WilliamPollackDirectoroftheCenterforMenatMcLeanHospitalisleadingthechargeagainstthewell-entrencheddepressiongendergap.Hearguesthatmen’srateofdepressionmaybenearlyequaltowomen’s.Justlookatsuiciderateshesays:Malesuicidesoutnumberfemalesfourtoone.Thatratioiswaytoohightosaythatmen’sdepressionnumbersaresolowhenotes.Pollackandotherscontendthatmaledepressiongoesunrecognizedbecauseunlikethefemaleversionitoftendoesn’tfitthetextbooksigns—atleastintheearlystages.Clinicaldepressionatlaterstageslooksmuchthesameinbothsexes.Butinthepreludetoabreakdownthatdeepeningdespairisoftenexpressedinverydifferentways.Insteadofbeingweepymenaremoreapttobeirritableandangry—moodsthataren’tincludedintheclassicdiagnostictests.TheirsadnessandhelplessnessarehiddenbehindamaskofangersaysPollack.MentendtoactouttoavoiddealingwithuncomfortablefeelingsaddsFredricRabinowitzapsychologistwhoworksprimarilywithmen.Iftheyfeelbadthey’reapttogetintofightsonthejoborathomewithdrawfromfamilyandfriendsbecomeobsessedwithworkorhobbies.Mostsignificantlymenoftenturntodrinkingordrugs.MenhavetwotofourtimestherateofsubstanceabuseproblemsaswomenandPollackcontendsthatifthiswasrecognizedasasignofdepressionthegendergapwouldsubstantiallynarrow.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
InAmericaandEuropemagazinepublishershaveacommonheadache:totalcirculationiseitherflatordecliningslightlyaspeopledevotemoretimetotheinternetandanevergreatershareofadvertisingspendingisgoingonline.Magazineunitsaremostlyadragongrowthfortheirparents.TimeInctheworld’sbiggestmagazinecompanyhastofendoffrumoursthatitsparentTimeWarnerwillsellit.PeopleintheindustryexpectthatTimeWarnerwillsoonsellIPCMediaitsBritishmagazinesubsidiary.Thebusinessmodelforconsumermagazinesisunderpressurefromseveraldirectionsatoncebothonlineandoff.Magazineshavebecomemoreexpensivetolaunchandthecostofattractingandkeepingnewsubscribershasrisen.InAmericanewsstandsaleshavebeenworryinglyweakpartlybecausesupermarketsdominatedistributionandshelf-spaceisinshortsupply.Theinternet’spopularityhashitmen’stitlesthehardest.FHMtheflagshipladsmagazineofEmap—aBritishmediafirmforinstancelostaquarterofitscirculationintheyeartoJune.NotlongagoconsumermagazineswereEmap’sprizeassetbutslowinggrowthfromthedivisioncontributedtothecompany’sdecisiontoputitselfupforsale.Men’smagazinesareintroubleinmostdeveloped-worldmarketsaspeoplehavequicklyswitchedfrommagazinestoonlineservices.Therearegoodreasonswhymagazineownersshouldnotfeelpessimistichowever.Forreadersmanyofthepleasingcharacteristicsofmagazines—theirportabilityandglossinessforinstance—cannotbematchedonline.Andmagazinesarenotlosingyoungerreadersinthewaythatnewspapersare.AccordingtoastudybythedigitalarmofOgilvyGroupappetiteformagazinesislargelyunchangedbetweenolderbabyboomersandyoungmillennials.Ontheadvertisingsidemagazinesarefaringmuchbetterthannewspaperswhicharelosingbigchunksofrevenueasclassifiedadvertisingshiftsonline.Advertiserslikethefactthatinmanygenressuchasfashionreadersacceptandvaluemagazineadsandevenconsiderthempartoftheproduct.Unfortunatelymagazinepublishershavebeenslowtogetontotheinternet.Eighteenmonthsagotheinternetwassomethingtheyworriedaboutafter4pmonFridaysaysPeterKreiskyaconsultanttothemediaindustrybutnowit’sattheheartoftheirbusinessmodel.Totheircredithoweverbigmagazinefirmsaredoingfarmorethanreproducingtheirprintproductsonline.Theyofferpeopleusefulfunservicesonline—Lagardere’sCarandDriverwebsiteforinstanceoffersvirtualtestdrivesandBetterHomesandGardensonlinehasa3Dplanningtooltohelppeopleredesigntheirhomes.Whengoingontotheinternetbigmagazines______.
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./Thecurrentpubliccommentsontheproposalare______.
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests.Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors.TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated.AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945.IsthatreallysoimplausibleDr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld.Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovensDr.GreenfieldsaidIsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury./OnwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldDr.Flynnmostprobablyagree
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 15
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 3
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 17
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 5
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth.
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 43
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 41
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 13
Sadnessisn’tmanly—thisEricWeaverknew.WhendepressionengulfedthisNewYorkpolicesergeantittookadifferentguise:anear-constantstateofanger.OneminuteI’dbeokayandthenextminuteI’dbescreamingatmykidsandpunchingthewallherecalls.Mykidswouldask’What’swrongwithDaddyWhy’shesomadallthetime’ForyearsWeaverdidn’tknowwhatwaswrong.Weaver’sconfusionaboutwhattorturedhimwasnotunusual.Roughlyathirdofthe18millionormoreAmericanswhosufferdepressioneachyeararemen.Yetalltoooftenexpertssaymenfailtorecognizethesymptomsandgetthetreatmenttheyneed.Foryearsexpertssuspectedthatgendermakesabigdifferenceindepression.StudiesfromNewYorktoNewZealandhaverepeatedlyfoundthesamestartlingstatistic:Abouttwiceasmanywomenasmensufferfromdepression.Thatfindingwasconsideredoneofthebedrockfactsofmodernmentalhealth.Yetithasrecentlycomeunderattackfromcriticswhoareconcernedaboutunderreportingofmaledepression.WilliamPollackDirectoroftheCenterforMenatMcLeanHospitalisleadingthechargeagainstthewell-entrencheddepressiongendergap.Hearguesthatmen’srateofdepressionmaybenearlyequaltowomen’s.Justlookatsuiciderateshesays:Malesuicidesoutnumberfemalesfourtoone.Thatratioiswaytoohightosaythatmen’sdepressionnumbersaresolowhenotes.Pollackandotherscontendthatmaledepressiongoesunrecognizedbecauseunlikethefemaleversionitoftendoesn’tfitthetextbooksigns—atleastintheearlystages.Clinicaldepressionatlaterstageslooksmuchthesameinbothsexes.Butinthepreludetoabreakdownthatdeepeningdespairisoftenexpressedinverydifferentways.Insteadofbeingweepymenaremoreapttobeirritableandangry—moodsthataren’tincludedintheclassicdiagnostictests.TheirsadnessandhelplessnessarehiddenbehindamaskofangersaysPollack.MentendtoactouttoavoiddealingwithuncomfortablefeelingsaddsFredricRabinowitzapsychologistwhoworksprimarilywithmen.Iftheyfeelbadthey’reapttogetintofightsonthejoborathomewithdrawfromfamilyandfriendsbecomeobsessedwithworkorhobbies.Mostsignificantlymenoftenturntodrinkingordrugs.MenhavetwotofourtimestherateofsubstanceabuseproblemsaswomenandPollackcontendsthatifthiswasrecognizedasasignofdepressionthegendergapwouldsubstantiallynarrow.AccordingtothepassageMr.Pollackbelievesthatmenfacingdepression______.
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 19
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 1
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 7
InAmericaandEuropemagazinepublishershaveacommonheadache:totalcirculationiseitherflatordecliningslightlyaspeopledevotemoretimetotheinternetandanevergreatershareofadvertisingspendingisgoingonline.Magazineunitsaremostlyadragongrowthfortheirparents.TimeInctheworld’sbiggestmagazinecompanyhastofendoffrumoursthatitsparentTimeWarnerwillsellit.PeopleintheindustryexpectthatTimeWarnerwillsoonsellIPCMediaitsBritishmagazinesubsidiary.Thebusinessmodelforconsumermagazinesisunderpressurefromseveraldirectionsatoncebothonlineandoff.Magazineshavebecomemoreexpensivetolaunchandthecostofattractingandkeepingnewsubscribershasrisen.InAmericanewsstandsaleshavebeenworryinglyweakpartlybecausesupermarketsdominatedistributionandshelf-spaceisinshortsupply.Theinternet’spopularityhashitmen’stitlesthehardest.FHMtheflagshipladsmagazineofEmap—aBritishmediafirmforinstancelostaquarterofitscirculationintheyeartoJune.NotlongagoconsumermagazineswereEmap’sprizeassetbutslowinggrowthfromthedivisioncontributedtothecompany’sdecisiontoputitselfupforsale.Men’smagazinesareintroubleinmostdeveloped-worldmarketsaspeoplehavequicklyswitchedfrommagazinestoonlineservices.Therearegoodreasonswhymagazineownersshouldnotfeelpessimistichowever.Forreadersmanyofthepleasingcharacteristicsofmagazines—theirportabilityandglossinessforinstance—cannotbematchedonline.Andmagazinesarenotlosingyoungerreadersinthewaythatnewspapersare.AccordingtoastudybythedigitalarmofOgilvyGroupappetiteformagazinesislargelyunchangedbetweenolderbabyboomersandyoungmillennials.Ontheadvertisingsidemagazinesarefaringmuchbetterthannewspaperswhicharelosingbigchunksofrevenueasclassifiedadvertisingshiftsonline.Advertiserslikethefactthatinmanygenressuchasfashionreadersacceptandvaluemagazineadsandevenconsiderthempartoftheproduct.Unfortunatelymagazinepublishershavebeenslowtogetontotheinternet.Eighteenmonthsagotheinternetwassomethingtheyworriedaboutafter4pmonFridaysaysPeterKreiskyaconsultanttothemediaindustrybutnowit’sattheheartoftheirbusinessmodel.Totheircredithoweverbigmagazinefirmsaredoingfarmorethanreproducingtheirprintproductsonline.Theyofferpeopleusefulfunservicesonline—Lagardere’sCarandDriverwebsiteforinstanceoffersvirtualtestdrivesandBetterHomesandGardensonlinehasa3Dplanningtooltohelppeopleredesigntheirhomes.Whichofthefollowingistrueofmagazines’currentsituation
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests.Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors.TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated.AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945.IsthatreallysoimplausibleDr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld.Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovensDr.GreenfieldsaidIsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury./Thetextintendstotellusthat______.
Itisafavoritepastimeofolderpeopletolamentthedefectsoftheyoung.Everygenerationseemstobeconvincedthatinitsdaystandardswerehigherschoolsweretougherandkidsweresmarter.ButifI.Q.scoresareanymeasureandeventheircriticsagreetheymeasuresomethingpeoplearegettingsmarter.Researcherswhostudyintelligencesayscoresaroundtheworldhavebeenincreasingsofastthatahighproportionofpeopleregardedasnormalattheturnofthecenturywouldbeconsideredwaybelowaveragebytoday’stests.Psychologistsofferavarietyofpossibleexplanationsfortheincreaseincludingbetternutritionurbanizationmoreexperiencewithtesttakingandsmallerfamilies.Someevensaythattelevisionandvideogameshavemadechildren’sbrainsmoreagile.Butnoexplanationiswithoutitscriticsandnoonecansaywithcertaintywhateffectsifanythechangeishavingonhowpeopleleadtheirdailylives.Itisallthemoremysteriousbecauseitseemstobehappeningintheabsenceofasimultaneousincreaseinscoresonachievementtests.Oneexplanationfortheriseisruledout:genetics.Becausetheincreasehastakenplaceinarelativelyshortperiodoftimeitcannotbeduetogeneticfactors.TheworldwidepatternofrisingscoresinindustrializednationswasdiscoveredbyDr.JamesR.FlynnnowaprofessorattheUniversityofOtegoNewZealand.Hebeganlookingintothesubjectinthe1980’sinanefforttorebutDr.ArthurJensentheprofessorfromtheUCBerkeleywhoarguedthateveniftheenvironmentsofblacksandwhiteswereequalizedthe15-pointgapinI.Q.scoresbetweentheraceswouldonlybepartlyeliminated.AsDr.FlynninvestigatedhefoundthatI.Q.scoresweregoingupalmosteverywherehelooked.AlthoughthegapremainsDr.Flynnsaidthemovementinscoressuggeststhatthegapneednotbepermanent.Ifblacksin1995hadthesamemeanI.Q.thatwhiteshadin1945hesaiditmaybethattheaverageblackenvironmentof1995wasequivalentinqualitytotheaveragewhiteenvironmentof1945.IsthatreallysoimplausibleDr.Flynnasked.MeanwhilethekindsofintelligencethatarepromotedandrespectedvaryfromtimetotimesaidDr.PatriciaGreenfieldapsychologyprofessorattheUCLA.PlayingcomputergameslikeTetrispromotesverydifferentskillsfromreadingnovels.Thenewskillsshesaidaremanifestedintheworld.Flynnwilltellyouwedon’thavemoreMozartsandBeethovensDr.GreenfieldsaidIsaylookattheachievementsofsciencelikeDNA.Orlookatallthetechnologicaldevelopmentsofthiscentury./Thecaseofolderpeopleismentionedto______.
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 45
Youareasalesmaninapharmacycompany.WritealettertoMr.Wangoneofyourcustomerstointroduceanewmedicinetohim.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Sadnessisn’tmanly—thisEricWeaverknew.WhendepressionengulfedthisNewYorkpolicesergeantittookadifferentguise:anear-constantstateofanger.OneminuteI’dbeokayandthenextminuteI’dbescreamingatmykidsandpunchingthewallherecalls.Mykidswouldask’What’swrongwithDaddyWhy’shesomadallthetime’ForyearsWeaverdidn’tknowwhatwaswrong.Weaver’sconfusionaboutwhattorturedhimwasnotunusual.Roughlyathirdofthe18millionormoreAmericanswhosufferdepressioneachyeararemen.Yetalltoooftenexpertssaymenfailtorecognizethesymptomsandgetthetreatmenttheyneed.Foryearsexpertssuspectedthatgendermakesabigdifferenceindepression.StudiesfromNewYorktoNewZealandhaverepeatedlyfoundthesamestartlingstatistic:Abouttwiceasmanywomenasmensufferfromdepression.Thatfindingwasconsideredoneofthebedrockfactsofmodernmentalhealth.Yetithasrecentlycomeunderattackfromcriticswhoareconcernedaboutunderreportingofmaledepression.WilliamPollackDirectoroftheCenterforMenatMcLeanHospitalisleadingthechargeagainstthewell-entrencheddepressiongendergap.Hearguesthatmen’srateofdepressionmaybenearlyequaltowomen’s.Justlookatsuiciderateshesays:Malesuicidesoutnumberfemalesfourtoone.Thatratioiswaytoohightosaythatmen’sdepressionnumbersaresolowhenotes.Pollackandotherscontendthatmaledepressiongoesunrecognizedbecauseunlikethefemaleversionitoftendoesn’tfitthetextbooksigns—atleastintheearlystages.Clinicaldepressionatlaterstageslooksmuchthesameinbothsexes.Butinthepreludetoabreakdownthatdeepeningdespairisoftenexpressedinverydifferentways.Insteadofbeingweepymenaremoreapttobeirritableandangry—moodsthataren’tincludedintheclassicdiagnostictests.TheirsadnessandhelplessnessarehiddenbehindamaskofangersaysPollack.MentendtoactouttoavoiddealingwithuncomfortablefeelingsaddsFredricRabinowitzapsychologistwhoworksprimarilywithmen.Iftheyfeelbadthey’reapttogetintofightsonthejoborathomewithdrawfromfamilyandfriendsbecomeobsessedwithworkorhobbies.Mostsignificantlymenoftenturntodrinkingordrugs.MenhavetwotofourtimestherateofsubstanceabuseproblemsaswomenandPollackcontendsthatifthiswasrecognizedasasignofdepressionthegendergapwouldsubstantiallynarrow.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 11
FrontieroneofmanyEnglishwordsthattookonnewmeaningsinNorthAmericahasassumedaswellaroleinexplainingthecontinent’shistoryduringthepastfivehundredyears.Intimethewordhasacquiredotherconnotationsbothpositiveandnegative.AmonghistoriansthetermfrontierismostcloselyassociatedwithFrederickJacksonTurnerwhoseessayprofoundlyinfluencedAmericanhistoriographyforfortyyearsafteritspublicationin1893.ReactingagainsthistorianswhoconsideredAmericanhistoryessentiallyanoutgrowthofBritishandEuropeaninstitutionsTurnerarguedthatOldWorldcustomsandattitudesbrokedownandreformedinAmerica’sradicallydifferentphysicalandsocialenvironment.Theopportunityoffreelanddrewpioneerswestwardintosettingsthatrequiredthemtomodifyorscrapentirelymanyoftheinstitutionsandvaluesoftheirpreviouslives.Theresultwasamergednationalityadistinctivecultureandpeople.AlthoughheemphasizedthepositiveTurnerobservedthatthesameconditionsthathadhelpedreshapethesocietyhadlessdesirableeffects.Forinstanceasearlygovernmentstheyhadtocreatepoliticalformsalmostontheflytheywerelesslikelytoinnovatethantocopywhattheyknewfromthepast.Thetensionbetweenchangeandtraditionwasplayedoutingenderrelations.Frontierconditionsoftenrequiredwomentotakeonrolesusuallyreservedformenbutthecrushingloadofworkmadewomen’slivesdifficultanddangerousandleftlittleroomforindividualfulfillmentoutsidetheirlabors.ByTurner’sdeathin1932morefundamentalcritiquesofhisideaswerebeingheard.Somestressedthatmanyotherfactors—amongthempatternsofimmigrationAmericansociety’smiddleclassnatureetc.—influencedthenationalcharacteratleastasmuchasthefrontier.OthersarguedthatclassdivisionsandsocialandeconomichierarchieshavebeenmuchmoreapartofAmericanlifethanthefrontier-inspiredequalityimpliedinTurner’swork.Theeffectofthesevariouscritiqueshasbeenparadoxical.Nolongerconsideredtheprimaryformativeforceoncontinentalhistorythefrontierhasbeenmorebroadlydefinedanditsexplanatorypowerhasgrown.RecentresearchhasexploredtheinteractionsamongEuropeansEuro-AmericansandIndianpeoples.AlongthevariousfrontierstheredevelopedwhatthehistorianRichardWhitehascalledamiddlegroundculturesofoverlappingcustomsandmutualborrowinginwhichallsidescreatednewtermsofunderstandingandexchange.Consequentlymanytribesmergedandconsolidatedtomeetthethreatsandopportunitiesposedbythenewcomers.Afrontierinthissensewascertainlynotadivisionbetweencivilizationandsavagerybutratheraplacewherepeoplesideasculturesandinstitutionscametogetherandinteractedonmanylevelssometimesmixingandsometimesconflictingbutalwaysinmutualinfluence.WemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatTurnerbelieved______.
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./Accordingtolastparagraphtheproposedruleswould______.
FrontieroneofmanyEnglishwordsthattookonnewmeaningsinNorthAmericahasassumedaswellaroleinexplainingthecontinent’shistoryduringthepastfivehundredyears.Intimethewordhasacquiredotherconnotationsbothpositiveandnegative.AmonghistoriansthetermfrontierismostcloselyassociatedwithFrederickJacksonTurnerwhoseessayprofoundlyinfluencedAmericanhistoriographyforfortyyearsafteritspublicationin1893.ReactingagainsthistorianswhoconsideredAmericanhistoryessentiallyanoutgrowthofBritishandEuropeaninstitutionsTurnerarguedthatOldWorldcustomsandattitudesbrokedownandreformedinAmerica’sradicallydifferentphysicalandsocialenvironment.Theopportunityoffreelanddrewpioneerswestwardintosettingsthatrequiredthemtomodifyorscrapentirelymanyoftheinstitutionsandvaluesoftheirpreviouslives.Theresultwasamergednationalityadistinctivecultureandpeople.AlthoughheemphasizedthepositiveTurnerobservedthatthesameconditionsthathadhelpedreshapethesocietyhadlessdesirableeffects.Forinstanceasearlygovernmentstheyhadtocreatepoliticalformsalmostontheflytheywerelesslikelytoinnovatethantocopywhattheyknewfromthepast.Thetensionbetweenchangeandtraditionwasplayedoutingenderrelations.Frontierconditionsoftenrequiredwomentotakeonrolesusuallyreservedformenbutthecrushingloadofworkmadewomen’slivesdifficultanddangerousandleftlittleroomforindividualfulfillmentoutsidetheirlabors.ByTurner’sdeathin1932morefundamentalcritiquesofhisideaswerebeingheard.Somestressedthatmanyotherfactors—amongthempatternsofimmigrationAmericansociety’smiddleclassnatureetc.—influencedthenationalcharacteratleastasmuchasthefrontier.OthersarguedthatclassdivisionsandsocialandeconomichierarchieshavebeenmuchmoreapartofAmericanlifethanthefrontier-inspiredequalityimpliedinTurner’swork.Theeffectofthesevariouscritiqueshasbeenparadoxical.Nolongerconsideredtheprimaryformativeforceoncontinentalhistorythefrontierhasbeenmorebroadlydefinedanditsexplanatorypowerhasgrown.RecentresearchhasexploredtheinteractionsamongEuropeansEuro-AmericansandIndianpeoples.AlongthevariousfrontierstheredevelopedwhatthehistorianRichardWhitehascalledamiddlegroundculturesofoverlappingcustomsandmutualborrowinginwhichallsidescreatednewtermsofunderstandingandexchange.Consequentlymanytribesmergedandconsolidatedtomeetthethreatsandopportunitiesposedbythenewcomers.Afrontierinthissensewascertainlynotadivisionbetweencivilizationandsavagerybutratheraplacewherepeoplesideasculturesandinstitutionscametogetherandinteractedonmanylevelssometimesmixingandsometimesconflictingbutalwaysinmutualinfluence.WhichofthefollowingbelongstothecriticismsofTurner’sthoughts
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