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将极坐标系下的二次积分交换积分次序后得
设fxy连续交换二次积分的顺序
交换积分次序=
设fxy连续交换二次积分的顺序
交换积分顺序=______．
仪表PID参数整定时应
先比例，后积分，再微分
先比例，后微分，再积分
先积分，后比例，再微分
任意顺序
交换积分顺序
试述化学沉积分异作用及其沉积顺序并评价之
名片交换的顺序
设二重积分交换积分次序后则I等于
煤气空气废气交换的顺序是交换空气和开
强碱性阴离子交换树脂对水中的阴离子交换吸附顺序是
交换二次积分的积分顺序并算出这个积分的值．
交换二次积分的积分顺序并算出这个积分的值．
建立数学分析基础的逻辑顺序应该是
实数理论→微积分→极限理论
实数理论→极限理论→微积分
极限理论→实数理论→微积分
极限理论→微积分→实数理论
下列有关数组中元素位置交换的描述错误的是
位置交换的过程中需要借助一个中间变量
位置交换的过程至少需要三步
位置交换后数组的角标顺序发生了改变
位置交换后数组的角标顺序不会发生改变
煤气交换的顺序原则①关闭原上升气流的煤气交换旋塞②空废气换向③开启原下降气流的煤气交换旋塞
交换机交换的顺序是怎样的
交换积分顺序=______．
设二重积分交换积分次序后则I等于下列哪一式?
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Text1 MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour. Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. Dr.Vink'sresultsmustbeinterpretedwithcarebecause
Directions:YourroommateMarytransferredtoanotherschoolafewdaysago.Writeraletterto:1expressyourfeelingofmissing;2askhertokeepintouch.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census. JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad. 41._______________ AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds. 42._______________ Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent. SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences. 43._______________ SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999. OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization: —Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999; —Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent; —Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent. 44.______________ ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid. Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999. 45.______________ "Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRichesaid. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 45
It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census. JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad. 41._______________ AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds. 42._______________ Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent. SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences. 43._______________ SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999. OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization: —Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999; —Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent; —Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent. 44.______________ ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid. Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999. 45.______________ "Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRichesaid. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 43
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.17
自动转账制度ATS
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.
Text2 Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned. Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics. Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology. Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange. Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Oneadvantageofthebiofuelsisthat
运用现金流量贴现模式对目标公司进行价值评估需要解决的基本问题是
Text3 QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield. Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale. OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay. ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. oracle'scurrentdifficultytotakeoverPeopleSoftisthat
Text3 QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield. Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale. OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay. ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. Thephrasesmokingguninthefirstparagraphprobablymeans
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.9
Text1 MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour. Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. TheauthorcitestheexampleofMarkTwaintoshowthat
Text3 QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield. Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale. OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay. ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. AccordingtothepassageCraigConway
贝叶斯纳什均衡Bayesian-Nashequilibrium
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.13
Text4 Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity. Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds. Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers. ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill. Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Ifapersondrinkssilverteaduringhisgoldenyearswecansaythat
过度经营的基本表现是
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.15
在下列各项中属于中央银行银行的银行职能的内容是
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart.
在社会未达到充分就业状态时需求拉上型通货膨胀的经济效应是
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.19
补偿贸易
Text1 MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour. Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. ThewordcustomizedLines3～4Paragraph5canbestbesubstitutedby
Text4 Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity. Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds. Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers. ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill. Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Theauthormentionshisfamilystoryinparagraph4toshowthat
Text2 Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned. Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics. Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology. Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange. Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. TheworddepletedLine2Paragraph3canbesubstitutedby
It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census. JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad. 41._______________ AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds. 42._______________ Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent. SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences. 43._______________ SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999. OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization: —Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999; —Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent; —Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent. 44.______________ ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid. Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999. 45.______________ "Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRichesaid. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 41
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