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Thoughhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware. Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores.Manystudentsoftensucceedinexamsinthisway. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore.Suchprogramscanturnyourdreampassingexamsintoreality. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearningcurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims.Intheirmindsuchprogramsoveremphasizeitsfunctions. [G]SATandACTispopularwiththeinternationalstudentsespeciallyAsianstudents.ManyAsianstudentschasetheirdreamthroughSATandACT. 43
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictrothaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badsportsbutnottruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badsportsbutnottruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.
It’sgenerallybeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavourofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThomasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate.ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteachanytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible.TheScopesmonkeytrialfamouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawbaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeorwellArthurMillerandAllenGinsbergOppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerefirebombed.AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthathistoryistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupongettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo.What’stheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthispassage
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefacethattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientitlemethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfareandthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. 47
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefacethattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientitlemethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfareandthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. 49
Hominidsstartedwalkingontwolegssixmillionyearsagoshortlyafterdivergingfromchimpanzeesaccordingtoastudyoftheinnerstructureofafossilisedthighbone.Thefindingputsuprightpostureatthebaseofthehumanfamilytree.Theevolutionofuprightpostureisakeyissueinanthropology.Togetherwithlargebrainsizeitmarksthedividinglinebetweenhumansandthegreatapes.ResearchersknowthatuprightpostureevolvedfirstbecausetheskeletonoffamedAustralopithecineLucyhasasmallbraincasebutmodemankles.Yetwithfewknownfossilsolderthanaboutfourmillionyearsthedetailsofhowandwhenuprightpostureevolvedhavebeenhazy.Overthepastfewyearshowevertwoimportantnewfindshavebeguntofillinthegaps.TheolderanimalisSahelanthropustchadensiswhichlivedinChadsixtosevenmillionyearsagobutonlyitshominidcraniumwasfound.Morecompleteisthechimpanzee-sizedOrrorintugenensisas20fossilsfromatleastfiveindividualshavebeenfoundinKenya.Theseareaboutsixmillionyearsold.AteamledbyBrigitteSenutoftheFrenchMuseumofNaturalHistoryinParisinitiallyclassedOrrorinasahominidonthehumansideofthesplitfromchimpanzees.Thisclassificationwasbasedonskeletalfeaturesbutotheranthropologistsremainedsceptical.ToaddressthosedoubtsRobertEckhardtofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityintheUScarriedoutaCTscanonthemostcompleteofOrrorin’sthreethighbones.Hehopedthatrevealingitsinternalstructurewouldindicatethebiomechanicaluseofthebone.Thecriticalpartofeachthighbone—whichconsistsofastrongoutercortexandaspongycore—istheneckshaftthatconnectsthetoppartofbonewiththehipjoint.Essentiallythethighbonesaresupportingahorizontalpelvicbeamthattakestheweightoftheheadandbody.Thepreciseloadthisplacesonthethighbonesdependsonbodypostureandthisdeterminesthemusculatureandstructureofthethighbones.Inknuckle-walkingchimpsthecortexisthesamethicknessonthetopandbottomofthebone.Howeverbipedaluprightwalkingappliesdifferentforceswhichmeansthecodexinhumansisatleastfourtimesthickeronthebottompartofthebone.Fossilisationusuallyobscurestheinternalstructuresofbonessotherearen’tmanyhominidsinwhichscanningwillworkEckhardttoldNewScientist.HoweverwithOrrorinhewaslucky.HeandaresearchgroupincludingSenutfoundthatthelowerpartofthethighboneinOrrorinisthreetimesthickerthantheupper—makingitswalkinghabitsmuchclosertohumansthanchimps.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothe7thand8thparagraph
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
It’sgenerallybeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavourofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThomasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate.ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteachanytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible.TheScopesmonkeytrialfamouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawbaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeorwellArthurMillerandAllenGinsbergOppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerefirebombed.AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthathistoryistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupongettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph
It’sgenerallybeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavourofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThomasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate.ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteachanytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible.TheScopesmonkeytrialfamouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawbaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeorwellArthurMillerandAllenGinsbergOppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerefirebombed.AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthathistoryistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupongettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat______.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Directions:ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80-100EnglishwordsonANSWERSHEET2.冬季的体育锻炼尽管冬季寒冷但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼一定要注意自我保健否则会适得其反冻坏身体冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰滑喾晨练冬泳等下面结合冬季气候作介绍首先是着装问题服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡在冷天中多穿衣服衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气使传导散热过程减弱但在运动时机体的产热大大增加如果穿得过多反而有害应穿轻便的衣服这样在运动中产热增加时可以方便地脱掉近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进这样可以保证良好的隔热性同时又保证了活动的自由性在寒冷环境下运动时机体能量代谢增强产热增加此时机体血管扩展大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力因此在运动间隙要特别注意保暖及时加衣寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大代谢水平高使身体内的能源物质消耗增多在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与如维生素B1B2B3烟酸维生素C等需求增加因此对于从事滑冰滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食应注意增加较多的热量一般来说从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右据测算一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量在三大物质中因脂肪具有产热多的特点且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例一般可占全部热量的25%～30%而蛋白质也应偏高占12%～18%其余由糖来供给体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算蛋白质约需130克脂肪150克糖约480克相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右鸡肉100克瘦猪肉200克鸡蛋两个牛奶两杯植物油50克等冰雪项目锻炼中膳食中的维生素也应相当增加维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力据文献称摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应增加机体耐寒能力冬泳是我国北方的一大特色冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动必须掌握科学的方法反之就会影响身体健康甚至诱发疾病一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充冬泳前不要喝酒对于心肝肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病溃疡关节炎患者以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳冬季有晨练习惯的人遇大雾天最好在室内进行晨练一是雾天能见度低容易发生交通事故二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物吸人人体易引起气管炎喉炎结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病另外冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘对于严重的疾病患者冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度以防旧病复发注意循序渐进掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则在天气过于寒冷时最好不要外出锻炼
Theamountofgreenhousegaseswe’vealreadypumpedintotheatmospherehasirreversiblyboundustoacertainamountofwarmingoverthenextseveraldecades.Thatmeansclimatechangeisn’taproblemfortomorrow—theeffectsarehappeningnow.Alreadyrainingpatternsseemtobechangingmakingsomedrierareasevendrierandrainyregionsevenwetter.Aswarmertemperaturescreepnorthwardsodoinsectsandotherpeststhatareadaptedtotheheat.ThepopulationofthetinymountainpinebeetlewhichinfestspinetreesintheRockyMountainregionusedtobecontrolledbyfreezingwinters.Butastemperatureshavewarmedoverthepastdecadethemountainpinebeetle’sterritoryhasspreaddestroyingmillionsofacresofCanadianpines.Thepinebeetleinfestationrepresentstheuniquechallengesthatwarmingwillposeforlandconservationmanagersonthefrontlinesofthebattleagainstit.GenerationsofAmericanconservationistshavefoughttopreservewildlifeandtokeepnaturepureinthefaceofagrowingpopulationandpollution.Butglobalwarmingthreatenstochangeallthatbyalteringtheveryfoundationonwhichtheconservationmovementwasbuilt.Whatgoodisawildlifereserveiftheprotectedanimalscan’tlivetherebecauseclimatechangepushesthemoutWhatdifferencedoesitmaketodefendtreesfromloggingifglobalwarmingwillallowanewpesttoruinthewholeforestsTheansweristoadaptthewaywepracticewildlifeandlandconservationtoclimatechangeThere’satermforthis—adaptivemanagement.Weneedtobeginmakingmovestodaytoadapttochangesthatwarmingwillbringdecadeshence.ClimatechangewillaffectanythingyounameitsaidLaraHansenofEcoAdapt.Weneedtochangethewayweallocateresourcesandprotectlivelihoods.Thatmeansthatthewaywe’vebeencarryingoutconservation—pickingtherightlandspacesandplayinggoalie—won’tworkanymoreasclimatechangekeepsmovingthetarget.Conservationistswillhavetoworkevenhardertryingtominimizenon-climate-relatedthreatstolandandspeciesevenasthehumanpopulationgrowsbybillions.Regardlessofwhatwedothechangeswillbecominglastandthefuturewillbringincreaseddroughtheatwavesrainstormsextinctionsandmore.Weneedtobegincuttingourcarbonimmediatelybutweneedtoadaptnowaswell.Theworldischangingbecauseofus;tosavewhat’sleftwe’llhavetochangetoo.Whatisthebasicchangecausedbywarmingtotheconservationists
Hominidsstartedwalkingontwolegssixmillionyearsagoshortlyafterdivergingfromchimpanzeesaccordingtoastudyoftheinnerstructureofafossilisedthighbone.Thefindingputsuprightpostureatthebaseofthehumanfamilytree.Theevolutionofuprightpostureisakeyissueinanthropology.Togetherwithlargebrainsizeitmarksthedividinglinebetweenhumansandthegreatapes.ResearchersknowthatuprightpostureevolvedfirstbecausetheskeletonoffamedAustralopithecineLucyhasasmallbraincasebutmodemankles.Yetwithfewknownfossilsolderthanaboutfourmillionyearsthedetailsofhowandwhenuprightpostureevolvedhavebeenhazy.Overthepastfewyearshowevertwoimportantnewfindshavebeguntofillinthegaps.TheolderanimalisSahelanthropustchadensiswhichlivedinChadsixtosevenmillionyearsagobutonlyitshominidcraniumwasfound.Morecompleteisthechimpanzee-sizedOrrorintugenensisas20fossilsfromatleastfiveindividualshavebeenfoundinKenya.Theseareaboutsixmillionyearsold.AteamledbyBrigitteSenutoftheFrenchMuseumofNaturalHistoryinParisinitiallyclassedOrrorinasahominidonthehumansideofthesplitfromchimpanzees.Thisclassificationwasbasedonskeletalfeaturesbutotheranthropologistsremainedsceptical.ToaddressthosedoubtsRobertEckhardtofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityintheUScarriedoutaCTscanonthemostcompleteofOrrorin’sthreethighbones.Hehopedthatrevealingitsinternalstructurewouldindicatethebiomechanicaluseofthebone.Thecriticalpartofeachthighbone—whichconsistsofastrongoutercortexandaspongycore—istheneckshaftthatconnectsthetoppartofbonewiththehipjoint.Essentiallythethighbonesaresupportingahorizontalpelvicbeamthattakestheweightoftheheadandbody.Thepreciseloadthisplacesonthethighbonesdependsonbodypostureandthisdeterminesthemusculatureandstructureofthethighbones.Inknuckle-walkingchimpsthecortexisthesamethicknessonthetopandbottomofthebone.Howeverbipedaluprightwalkingappliesdifferentforceswhichmeansthecodexinhumansisatleastfourtimesthickeronthebottompartofthebone.Fossilisationusuallyobscurestheinternalstructuresofbonessotherearen’tmanyhominidsinwhichscanningwillworkEckhardttoldNewScientist.HoweverwithOrrorinhewaslucky.HeandaresearchgroupincludingSenutfoundthatthelowerpartofthethighboneinOrrorinisthreetimesthickerthantheupper—makingitswalkinghabitsmuchclosertohumansthanchimps.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe_______.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Hominidsstartedwalkingontwolegssixmillionyearsagoshortlyafterdivergingfromchimpanzeesaccordingtoastudyoftheinnerstructureofafossilisedthighbone.Thefindingputsuprightpostureatthebaseofthehumanfamilytree.Theevolutionofuprightpostureisakeyissueinanthropology.Togetherwithlargebrainsizeitmarksthedividinglinebetweenhumansandthegreatapes.ResearchersknowthatuprightpostureevolvedfirstbecausetheskeletonoffamedAustralopithecineLucyhasasmallbraincasebutmodemankles.Yetwithfewknownfossilsolderthanaboutfourmillionyearsthedetailsofhowandwhenuprightpostureevolvedhavebeenhazy.Overthepastfewyearshowevertwoimportantnewfindshavebeguntofillinthegaps.TheolderanimalisSahelanthropustchadensiswhichlivedinChadsixtosevenmillionyearsagobutonlyitshominidcraniumwasfound.Morecompleteisthechimpanzee-sizedOrrorintugenensisas20fossilsfromatleastfiveindividualshavebeenfoundinKenya.Theseareaboutsixmillionyearsold.AteamledbyBrigitteSenutoftheFrenchMuseumofNaturalHistoryinParisinitiallyclassedOrrorinasahominidonthehumansideofthesplitfromchimpanzees.Thisclassificationwasbasedonskeletalfeaturesbutotheranthropologistsremainedsceptical.ToaddressthosedoubtsRobertEckhardtofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityintheUScarriedoutaCTscanonthemostcompleteofOrrorin’sthreethighbones.Hehopedthatrevealingitsinternalstructurewouldindicatethebiomechanicaluseofthebone.Thecriticalpartofeachthighbone—whichconsistsofastrongoutercortexandaspongycore—istheneckshaftthatconnectsthetoppartofbonewiththehipjoint.Essentiallythethighbonesaresupportingahorizontalpelvicbeamthattakestheweightoftheheadandbody.Thepreciseloadthisplacesonthethighbonesdependsonbodypostureandthisdeterminesthemusculatureandstructureofthethighbones.Inknuckle-walkingchimpsthecortexisthesamethicknessonthetopandbottomofthebone.Howeverbipedaluprightwalkingappliesdifferentforceswhichmeansthecodexinhumansisatleastfourtimesthickeronthebottompartofthebone.Fossilisationusuallyobscurestheinternalstructuresofbonessotherearen’tmanyhominidsinwhichscanningwillworkEckhardttoldNewScientist.HoweverwithOrrorinhewaslucky.HeandaresearchgroupincludingSenutfoundthatthelowerpartofthethighboneinOrrorinisthreetimesthickerthantheupper—makingitswalkinghabitsmuchclosertohumansthanchimps.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutLucy
Morethan40millionAmericansbetweentheagesof5and18attendschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates.About2millionschool-agechildrenaretaughtathome.Whilehomeschoolingoffersanalternativetotheschoolenvironmentithasbecomeacontroversialissue.Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationthehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Somepublicschoolshavemovedclosertotoleranceandeveninsomecasesareseekingcooperationwithhomeschoolers.Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomebacksaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial.Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.Somehomeschoolersopposethatpublicschoolsystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation—whetherfueledbyreligiousbeliefortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.Otherhomeschoolerscontendnotsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresybutthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately.Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto’takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.saysVanGallon.ButHowardCarolspokesmanforAmerica’slargestteachersunionarguesthathomeschoolingparentsaretryingtohidetheirchildrenfromtherealworldsaysVanGallon.Maybewearegoingtorunintopeoplewithproblemspeoplethathaveadrugproblempeoplethathaveanalcoholproblemandteenagepregnancy.Wehavemanyproblemsthathappeninoursocietyandmanyofthechildrenarevictims.Butshieldingthechildrenfromtherealmixofwhathappenseverydayisdenyingthemsomethingthattheyaregoingtoneedlaterinlife.Mr.Carolalsoquestionedthecompetenceofparentsasteachersthoughheadmittedthatsomehomeschoolersdobetteracademically.Wewanttomakesurethatastudentisnotdeniedthefullrangeofcurriculumexperiencesandappropriatematerialsespeciallynowwiththenewtechnologythatisbeingintroducedandthecostsinvolvedthere.ThesuccessofhomeschoolinghasbeendocumentedinstandardizedtestscoresadministeredbypublicschoolofficialssaysFrankBernettheexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofCollegeAdmissionCouncilors.IknowwhytheyaredoingitbutIwonderwhytheycan’tworkwithschoolofficialsandteacherstomaketheschoolwhattheywantittobe.Theresponsefromhomeschoolers:Wehavetriedthat.NOWit’stimetostrikeoutonourown./Publicschoolteachingintheopinionsofhomeschooladvocatesis______.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Morethan40millionAmericansbetweentheagesof5and18attendschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates.About2millionschool-agechildrenaretaughtathome.Whilehomeschoolingoffersanalternativetotheschoolenvironmentithasbecomeacontroversialissue.Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationthehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Somepublicschoolshavemovedclosertotoleranceandeveninsomecasesareseekingcooperationwithhomeschoolers.Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomebacksaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial.Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.Somehomeschoolersopposethatpublicschoolsystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation—whetherfueledbyreligiousbeliefortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.Otherhomeschoolerscontendnotsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresybutthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately.Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto’takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.saysVanGallon.ButHowardCarolspokesmanforAmerica’slargestteachersunionarguesthathomeschoolingparentsaretryingtohidetheirchildrenfromtherealworldsaysVanGallon.Maybewearegoingtorunintopeoplewithproblemspeoplethathaveadrugproblempeoplethathaveanalcoholproblemandteenagepregnancy.Wehavemanyproblemsthathappeninoursocietyandmanyofthechildrenarevictims.Butshieldingthechildrenfromtherealmixofwhathappenseverydayisdenyingthemsomethingthattheyaregoingtoneedlaterinlife.Mr.Carolalsoquestionedthecompetenceofparentsasteachersthoughheadmittedthatsomehomeschoolersdobetteracademically.Wewanttomakesurethatastudentisnotdeniedthefullrangeofcurriculumexperiencesandappropriatematerialsespeciallynowwiththenewtechnologythatisbeingintroducedandthecostsinvolvedthere.ThesuccessofhomeschoolinghasbeendocumentedinstandardizedtestscoresadministeredbypublicschoolofficialssaysFrankBernettheexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofCollegeAdmissionCouncilors.IknowwhytheyaredoingitbutIwonderwhytheycan’tworkwithschoolofficialsandteacherstomaketheschoolwhattheywantittobe.Theresponsefromhomeschoolers:Wehavetriedthat.NOWit’stimetostrikeoutonourown./Theauthor’soverallattitudetowardhomeschoolingis______.
Thoughhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware. Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores.Manystudentsoftensucceedinexamsinthisway. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore.Suchprogramscanturnyourdreampassingexamsintoreality. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearningcurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims.Intheirmindsuchprogramsoveremphasizeitsfunctions. [G]SATandACTispopularwiththeinternationalstudentsespeciallyAsianstudents.ManyAsianstudentschasetheirdreamthroughSATandACT. 41
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Whenacountryisunder-populatednewcomersarenotcompetitorsbutassistants.Ifmorecometheymayproducenotonlynewquotasbuta1aswell.Insuchastateofthingslandis2andcheap.Thepossessionofit3nopowerorprivilege.Noonewillworkforanotherforwages4hecantakeupnewlandandbehisownmaster.Henceitwillpaynoonetoownmorelandthanhecan5byhisownlabororwithsuchaidashisownfamily6.Henceagainland7littleornorent;therewillbenolandlordslivingonrentandnolaborerslivingon8butonlyamiddleclassofyeomanfarmers自耕农.Allare9onanequalityanddemocracybecomesthepoliticalformbecausethisistheonlystateofsocietyinwhichequalityonwhichdemocracyis10isrealizedasafact.Thesameeffectsarepowerfully11byotherfacts.Inanewandunder-populatedcountrytheindustrieswhicharemostprofitablearetheextractiveindustries.The12ofthesewiththeexceptionofsomekindsofminingisthattheycall13onlyaloworganizationoflaborandsmallamountofcapital.Hencetheyallowtheworkmantobecome14hisownmasterandtheyeducatehimtofreedomindependenceandself15.Atthesametimethesocialgroupsbeingonly16markedofffromeachotheritiseasyto17fromoneclassofoccupationsandconsequentlyfromonesocialgradetoanother.Finallyunderthesamecircumstanceseducationskillandsuperiortraininghavebutinferiorvaluecomparedwithwhattheyhavein18populatedcountries.The19lieinanunder-populatedcountrywiththe20unskilledmanualoccupationsandnotwiththehighestdevelopmentsofscienceliteratureandart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Directions:Severaldaysagoyouandyourfamilywenttoahoteltohaveadinner.Thereyouwerenotsatisfiedwithitsserviceandthequalityofthedinnel.Backhomeyouandyoudaddyhadloosebowels.Writealettertothemanagertomakeacomplaintandhopetosolvetheproblemassoonaspossible.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thoughhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware. Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores.Manystudentsoftensucceedinexamsinthisway. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore.Suchprogramscanturnyourdreampassingexamsintoreality. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearningcurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims.Intheirmindsuchprogramsoveremphasizeitsfunctions. [G]SATandACTispopularwiththeinternationalstudentsespeciallyAsianstudents.ManyAsianstudentschasetheirdreamthroughSATandACT. 45
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictrothaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badsportsbutnottruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.
Theamountofgreenhousegaseswe’vealreadypumpedintotheatmospherehasirreversiblyboundustoacertainamountofwarmingoverthenextseveraldecades.Thatmeansclimatechangeisn’taproblemfortomorrow—theeffectsarehappeningnow.Alreadyrainingpatternsseemtobechangingmakingsomedrierareasevendrierandrainyregionsevenwetter.Aswarmertemperaturescreepnorthwardsodoinsectsandotherpeststhatareadaptedtotheheat.ThepopulationofthetinymountainpinebeetlewhichinfestspinetreesintheRockyMountainregionusedtobecontrolledbyfreezingwinters.Butastemperatureshavewarmedoverthepastdecadethemountainpinebeetle’sterritoryhasspreaddestroyingmillionsofacresofCanadianpines.Thepinebeetleinfestationrepresentstheuniquechallengesthatwarmingwillposeforlandconservationmanagersonthefrontlinesofthebattleagainstit.GenerationsofAmericanconservationistshavefoughttopreservewildlifeandtokeepnaturepureinthefaceofagrowingpopulationandpollution.Butglobalwarmingthreatenstochangeallthatbyalteringtheveryfoundationonwhichtheconservationmovementwasbuilt.Whatgoodisawildlifereserveiftheprotectedanimalscan’tlivetherebecauseclimatechangepushesthemoutWhatdifferencedoesitmaketodefendtreesfromloggingifglobalwarmingwillallowanewpesttoruinthewholeforestsTheansweristoadaptthewaywepracticewildlifeandlandconservationtoclimatechangeThere’satermforthis—adaptivemanagement.Weneedtobeginmakingmovestodaytoadapttochangesthatwarmingwillbringdecadeshence.ClimatechangewillaffectanythingyounameitsaidLaraHansenofEcoAdapt.Weneedtochangethewayweallocateresourcesandprotectlivelihoods.Thatmeansthatthewaywe’vebeencarryingoutconservation—pickingtherightlandspacesandplayinggoalie—won’tworkanymoreasclimatechangekeepsmovingthetarget.Conservationistswillhavetoworkevenhardertryingtominimizenon-climate-relatedthreatstolandandspeciesevenasthehumanpopulationgrowsbybillions.Regardlessofwhatwedothechangeswillbecominglastandthefuturewillbringincreaseddroughtheatwavesrainstormsextinctionsandmore.Weneedtobegincuttingourcarbonimmediatelybutweneedtoadaptnowaswell.Theworldischangingbecauseofus;tosavewhat’sleftwe’llhavetochangetoo.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysayingthewaywe’vebeencarryingoutconservation—pickingtherightlandspacesandplayinggoalie—won’tworkanymoreLine1-2Para.4
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