首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Write a composition on the topic ARE PETS GOOD FOR MANKIND on the outline below: 1. Pet...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Forthispartyouarerequiredtowriteacompos
Directions:WriteacompositiononthetopicAREPETSGOOD
Directions:Forthispartwriteapassageabout100~-120wo
Directions:Writeamemorandumtothestudentservicedep
Directions:Whatdoyouthinkoftheappreciationineducat
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:ShouldWome
Directions:Writeacompositionof120～150wordsabouttra
Directions:Forthispartwriteapassageabout100～120wor
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:Decoration
热门试题
更多
PartB Direction: A.Writeanessaythatconveystheinformationinthefollowingchart/graphaccompaniedbyyourcomments. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points C.Wordlimit:160--200words. AnnualPayrollofaU.S.Ins
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points4
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlaterthemcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points18
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Itcanlearnedfromthetextthat
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points6
[A]Themarketingofthenovel [B]Thevalueofthenovel [C]Thesuccessfuldistributionchannelisahelper [D]Thespecialwritingstyleattractsthereadersuccessfully [E]Feedbackfromtheseller [F]Chainreactionofthenovel TwoyearsagothismonthDoubledaypublishedahistoricalthrillerwithanannouncedfirstprintingof85000andhighhopesthatalittle-knownwriternamedDanBrownwouldcatchonwiththegeneralpublic."WesurelyexpectedtohaveahugesuccessbutIdon’tthinkanyonedreameditwouldbecomeahistoricpublication"saysStephenRubinpresidentandpublisheroftheDoubledayBroadwayPublishingGroup. 41.__________________________________ Ifthe"HarryPotter"booksstandastheessentialpopularreadforyoungpeoplethen"TheDaVinciCode"hascapturedthecrownforgrown-ups.Aword-of-mouthsensationfromthemomentitcameoutBrown’scontroversialmixofstorytellingandspeculationremainshighonbest-sellerlistsevenasitbeginsitsthirdyearsincepublication. 42.__________________________________ Twenty-fivemillionbooksin44languagesareinprintworldwideandnoendisinsight.Booksellersexpect"TheDaVinciCode"toremainabest-sellerwellinto2005.AplannedfilmversionbyOscar-winningdirectorRonHowardshouldbringinevenmorereaders.Andatatimewhenconsumersaresupposedlymindingtheirbudgetssalesforthe$24.95hardcoverhavebeensogoodthatDoubledaystillhassetnodateforapaperback. 43.__________________________________ "It’sbeenourNo.1fictionbookfortwoyearsinarowandIcan’trememberanothertimethathappened"saidBobWietrakvicepresidentofmerchandisingforBarnesNobleInc."Peoplecomeintoourstoreallthetimeandaskforitoraskforbooksthatarelikeit." 44.__________________________________ Thanksto"TheDaVinciCode"abouttheonlybooksthatseemabletokeepupareBrown’spreviousnovels."DeceptionPoint"firstreleasedin2001nowhas3.7millioncopiesinprintaccordingtoSimon＆SchusterBrown’spreviouspublisher."Angelsanddemons"publishedin2000andfeaturing"DaVinci"protagonistRobertLangdonhasmorethan8millioncopiesinprint. 45.__________________________________ Theunprecedentedsuccessof"TheDaVinciCode"hasbeenhelpedbywideaccesswiththebookonsaleeverywherefromWal-Marttoairportstosupermarketsoftenprovingmorepopularthanthemassmarketpaperbacksavailableatthesameoutlets. "TheDaVinciCode"hasalsothrivedduringatimewhenbothliteraryandcommercialnovelsstruggledwhenatighteconomycompetitionfromothermediaandelection-yeartensionsdrovethepublictononfictionworksorawayfrombooksaltogether.PublishersandbooksellerssayBrown’snovelhasworkedbycombiningnarrativeexcitementandprovocative-anddisputed-historicaldetail. 42
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whatistheattitudeofconsumerstowards'luxurygoodsinthepresentsituation
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatinJapanskyscrapers
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithGeorgeBush'sfather'swords
46A"scientific’viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic. Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofunilateralism
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. ThepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageistourgetheFed
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveexamplestosupportyourview. Youshouldwriteabout150—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points10
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points8
[A]Themarketingofthenovel [B]Thevalueofthenovel [C]Thesuccessfuldistributionchannelisahelper [D]Thespecialwritingstyleattractsthereadersuccessfully [E]Feedbackfromtheseller [F]Chainreactionofthenovel TwoyearsagothismonthDoubledaypublishedahistoricalthrillerwithanannouncedfirstprintingof85000andhighhopesthatalittle-knownwriternamedDanBrownwouldcatchonwiththegeneralpublic."WesurelyexpectedtohaveahugesuccessbutIdon’tthinkanyonedreameditwouldbecomeahistoricpublication"saysStephenRubinpresidentandpublisheroftheDoubledayBroadwayPublishingGroup. 41.__________________________________ Ifthe"HarryPotter"booksstandastheessentialpopularreadforyoungpeoplethen"TheDaVinciCode"hascapturedthecrownforgrown-ups.Aword-of-mouthsensationfromthemomentitcameoutBrown’scontroversialmixofstorytellingandspeculationremainshighonbest-sellerlistsevenasitbeginsitsthirdyearsincepublication. 42.__________________________________ Twenty-fivemillionbooksin44languagesareinprintworldwideandnoendisinsight.Booksellersexpect"TheDaVinciCode"toremainabest-sellerwellinto2005.AplannedfilmversionbyOscar-winningdirectorRonHowardshouldbringinevenmorereaders.Andatatimewhenconsumersaresupposedlymindingtheirbudgetssalesforthe$24.95hardcoverhavebeensogoodthatDoubledaystillhassetnodateforapaperback. 43.__________________________________ "It’sbeenourNo.1fictionbookfortwoyearsinarowandIcan’trememberanothertimethathappened"saidBobWietrakvicepresidentofmerchandisingforBarnesNobleInc."Peoplecomeintoourstoreallthetimeandaskforitoraskforbooksthatarelikeit." 44.__________________________________ Thanksto"TheDaVinciCode"abouttheonlybooksthatseemabletokeepupareBrown’spreviousnovels."DeceptionPoint"firstreleasedin2001nowhas3.7millioncopiesinprintaccordingtoSimon＆SchusterBrown’spreviouspublisher."Angelsanddemons"publishedin2000andfeaturing"DaVinci"protagonistRobertLangdonhasmorethan8millioncopiesinprint. 45.__________________________________ Theunprecedentedsuccessof"TheDaVinciCode"hasbeenhelpedbywideaccesswiththebookonsaleeverywherefromWal-Marttoairportstosupermarketsoftenprovingmorepopularthanthemassmarketpaperbacksavailableatthesameoutlets. "TheDaVinciCode"hasalsothrivedduringatimewhenbothliteraryandcommercialnovelsstruggledwhenatighteconomycompetitionfromothermediaandelection-yeartensionsdrovethepublictononfictionworksorawayfrombooksaltogether.PublishersandbooksellerssayBrown’snovelhasworkedbycombiningnarrativeexcitementandprovocative-anddisputed-historicaldetail. 44
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlaterthemcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points20
46A"scientific’viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic. Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points14
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheconstructionofskyscrapersseemstobethatof
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号