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A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do not...
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第三部分阅读理解共20小题每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D中选出最
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
Thedifferencebetweenasmartmanandawisemanis_______a
where
when
that
whether
Onceuponatimetherewasawisemanthatusedtogototheseat
Longlongagotherewerealotofdonkeys.Thedonkeysworked
Onceuponatimetherewasawisemanwhousedtogototheseato
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
Inoldtimestherewasastoryaboutayoungathleticboyhung
Onceuponatimetherewasawisemanwhousedtogototheseato
Nomanisborn_____.Weallneedtolearntobecome_____.
wise; wise
wisely; wisely
wise; wisely
wisely; wise
6分Thereoncelivedayoungmanwhothoughthimselftobepoo
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
EarnestHemingwayoncesaidAmancanbedestroyedbutnot打败
Agreatandwisemanoncecalledoneofhisworkmantohimsayi
Longlongagotherewerealotofdonkeys.Thedonkeysworked
Therewasonceanoldwisemanlivingonthetopofamountain.
Therewasonceayoungmanwhobegantofeelself-satisfieda
第二节完形填空共15小题每小题1分满分15分阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从36-50各题所给的四个选项
Thereoncelivedayoungmanwhothoughthimselftobepoor.O
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Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermoretheadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasonshowever.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudiesoneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheuniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburgercarrotsbreadbakingpowdercannedpeachesandpotatoeswiththebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhiteminfifthplaceonbothlistsread1lb.MaxwellHouseCoffeeononelistandNestleInstantCoffeeontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneinagroupoffiftywomenandtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribeasfarastheycouldthekindofwomenpersonalityandcharacterwhowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhandonlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewifewhohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlistaslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.Whichofthefollwingstatementsistrueabouttheresultofthetest
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 3
GeorgeBernardShaw1856—1950wasborninDublinIreland.Attheageof14aftergraduatingfrommiddleschoolShawwasputintoajobasclerkinalandagent’soffice.At20hewenttoLondonwhereheremainedjoblessfor9yearsdevotingmuchtimetoself-education.MeantimeShawtookanactivepartinthesocialistmovement.AcontemporaryofShaw’sthuswroteofhim:IusedtobeadailyfrequenteroftheBritishMuseumReadingRoom.Evenmoreassiduousinhisattendancewasayoungman....Mycuriositywaspiquedbytheoddconjunctionofhissubjectsofresearch.Dayafterdayforweekshehadbeforehimtwobooks—KarlMarx’s’DasKapital’inFrenchandanorchestralscore管弦乐乐谱of’TristanandIsolde’.ThoughShawadmittedMarx’sgreatinfluenceonhimhefailedtograspthenecessityofarevolutionaryreconstructionoftheworld.AstronginfluencewasexercisedonShawbytheFabiansocietytheEnglishreformistorganization.IntheearlyperiodofhisliterarycareerShawwrotesomenovelsAnUnsocialSocialistandothersinwhichhedevelopedthetraditionsofcriticalrealismbitterlycriticizingthestupiditysnobbishnessandpettytyrannyofthemiddleclass.IntheninetiesShawturnedtothetheatrefirstworkingasadramaticcriticthenwritingplaysforthestage.Hisroleinthedevelopmentofdramaturgyisverygreat.Shawwasanenemyofartforart’ssake.Hewroteforart’ssakeIwillnotfacethetoilofwritingasentence.Heusedthestagetocriticizetheevilsofcapitalism.Hewrote51playsintotaltheimportantonesincludingWidower’sHousesSaintJoanandTheAppleCart.InhisplaysShawlaidbarethegrossinjusticeandutterinhumanityofthebourgeoissociety.Thisheachievednotsomuchbythestructuresofplotsinhisplaysasbythebrilliantdialoguesbetweenthecharacters.HisexposureofcapitalistsocietyisverysignificantanditplacesShawamongthemostimportantrepresentativesofcriticalrealisminmodernEnglishliterature.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect
InaninterviewlastmonthFrankChurchchairmanoftheSenatecommitteethatisinvestigatingtheCIAissuedanobliquebutimpassionedwarningthatthetechnologyofeavesdroppinghadbecomesohighlydevelopedthatAmericansmightsoonbeleftwithnoplacetohide.Thatdaymayhavearrived.Newsweekhaslearnedthatthecountry’smostsecretintelligenceoperationtheNationalSecurityAgencyalreadypossessesthecomputerizedequipmenttomonitornearlyalloverseastelephonecallsandmostdomesticandinternationalprintedmessages.Theagency’sdevicesmonitorthousandsoftelephonecircuitscablelinesandthemicrowavetransmissonsthatcarryanincreasingshareofbothspokenandwrittencommunications.Computersareprogramedtowatchfortriggerwordsorphrasesindicatingthatamessagemightinterestintelligenceanalysiswhenthetriggerispulledentiremessagesaretape-recordedorprintedout.Thatkindofeavesdroppingishoweverrelativelysimplecomparedwiththebreakthroughsthatlieaheadinthefieldofsnoopery.Alreadyitistechnicallyfeasibletobuganelectrictypewriterbypickingupitsfeebleelectronicemissionsfromaremotelocationandthentranslatingthemintowords.Andsomescientistsbelievethatitmaybepossibleinthefutureforremoteelectronicequipmenttointerceptandreadhumanbrainwaves.Wheresuchcapabilitiesexistsotoodoesthepotentialforabuse.Itistheoldstoryoftechnologyrushingforwardwithsomenewwonderbeforethemanwhosupposedlycontrolthemachineshavefigureouthowtopreventthemachinesfromcontrollingthem.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage
OfallthetruthsthatthisgenerationofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenationalpsychethanthemaximItpaystogotocollage.SincetheGlBilltransformedhighereducationintheaftermathofW.W.IIacollegediplomaonceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomealodestonefortheupwardlymobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself.Thenumberstellthestory:In1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontopursuesomeformofhighereducation;atthesametimeonly6%ofAmericanswerecollegegraduates.Butby1992almost2tooutof3secondary-schoolgraduateswereoptingforhighereducation—and21%ofamuchlargerU.S.populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversitytoldacommencementaudiencelastJune:Thecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassage.Howeverastheclassof1993issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisitecredentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegoodlife.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookforcollegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceivedtheirbaccalaureatedegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-timeemploymentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitatedawaveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung.Manyofmyclassmatesareabsolutelyterrifiedsaysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolandapermanentposition.Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob.Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldissipateifarecoveryfinallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.Butthesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillbeinconsiderablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsforwhichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristinaShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics—whobasesherestimateonamoderateprojectionofcurrenttrends—30percentofcollegegraduatesenteringthelaborforcebetweennowandtheyear2005willbeunemployedorwillfindemploymentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomistscalltheeducationallyunderutilized.Indeeditmaybequiteawhile—ifever—beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesortaxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcoursewaitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving.ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans—andtheirparents—hadinmindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsincollege.Thenumbersinthefirstparagrapharecitedtoshowthatnow______.
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 1
OfallthetruthsthatthisgenerationofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenationalpsychethanthemaximItpaystogotocollage.SincetheGlBilltransformedhighereducationintheaftermathofW.W.IIacollegediplomaonceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomealodestonefortheupwardlymobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself.Thenumberstellthestory:In1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontopursuesomeformofhighereducation;atthesametimeonly6%ofAmericanswerecollegegraduates.Butby1992almost2tooutof3secondary-schoolgraduateswereoptingforhighereducation—and21%ofamuchlargerU.S.populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversitytoldacommencementaudiencelastJune:Thecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassage.Howeverastheclassof1993issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisitecredentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegoodlife.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookforcollegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceivedtheirbaccalaureatedegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-timeemploymentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitatedawaveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung.Manyofmyclassmatesareabsolutelyterrifiedsaysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolandapermanentposition.Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob.Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldissipateifarecoveryfinallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.Butthesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillbeinconsiderablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsforwhichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristinaShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics—whobasesherestimateonamoderateprojectionofcurrenttrends—30percentofcollegegraduatesenteringthelaborforcebetweennowandtheyear2005willbeunemployedorwillfindemploymentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomistscalltheeducationallyunderutilized.Indeeditmaybequiteawhile—ifever—beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesortaxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcoursewaitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving.ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans—andtheirparents—hadinmindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsincollege.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue’
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage
Acommonprobleminhumanrelationsisthelackofassertivenessinotherwordstheinabilitytoexpressyourselfandclaimyourrightswithoutviolatingthefightsofothers.Donotconfuseassertivenesswithaggressiveness.41__________.Learningtocommunicateassertivelyinvolveslearningtobehonestopenanddirect.Youcanlearntospeakupmakerequestsaskforfavorsandacceptcomplimentsandalsotoexpressnegativethoughtscomplaintsresentmentcriticismdisagreementrejectintimidationrefuserequestsanddemandtobeleftalone.42__________.Inmostcultureshigherstatushastraditionallybeengiventothemasculinegender.Overthecenturieswomeninmanysocietieslearnedtoremainnon-assertivetostayoutofthepubliceyetokeeptheirvoicesdowntobediscreetandindirectnottopushandintheendnoteventodaretodesire.Thevastmajorityofopportunitiesforpublicinfluence—theabilitytoforgeusefulrelationshipsotherthanfriendshipspeakupinpubliccreateorganizationsuseforceandholdimportantpositionsingovernmentbusinessacademiaandinthemedicalandlegalfield—werelongrecognizedasmen’sprivilegeandright.43__________.Backinthe1960smodemfeministsnotedthatmostAmericanwomenandalsoafairnumberofmenwereunabletospeakupforthemselvesintheworkplaceorinpersonalrelationships;theyneededhelpinlearningtobeassertive.Tofillthisgapincommunicationskillscertaincollegesmentalhealthcentersandprivateconsultantsbegantoholdassertivenesstrainingworkshops.Theseearlyprogramswereoftenpartofemployer-sponsoredprofessionaldevelopmenttrainingthataimedamongotherthingstomakeemployeesmoreeffectiveincommunicatingwithcustomerswithrepresentativesofotherfirmsandwitheachother.WhatdoesassertivenesstraininginculcateTheideaatitscoreistostopbeingorsoundingwishy-washy.Donotapologizeneedlesslymakeexcusesgivelongexplanationsorgenerallybeataroundthebush.Veryoftentheseweakcommunicativestrategiescausethelistenertoreceiveamixedunclearorsometimes.justplainwrongmessage.Assertivenesstrainersteachyoutoidentifywhatisreallyimportantforyou.Thenyoumustworkoutinadvanceifpossiblethepointyouneedtomakeandhowbesttomakeit.Deliverthemessagedearlyanddirectlybutwithoutmemorizingsentencesneveragoodtactic.44__________.Rememberalsothatyouaxeentitledtoyourfeelings.Yourtruefeelingsneednojustification.Howeveratthesametimebeagoodlistenerlistenmoreoftenthanyouspeak.Alsopayattentiontoyourlistenerwhenyouarespeaking.Bepositive.Noticeandappreciatetheeffortsofothers.Givecreditwherecreditisdue.Youarebeinglegitimatelyassertivewhenyoustandupforyourrightsinsuchawaythattherightsofothersarenotviolated.Beyondjustdemandingyourfightsyoumustlearnthatyoucantalkaboutyourselfyourfeelingsopinionsandinterestswithoutbeingself-conscious.Youcanacceptcomplimentswithoutembarrassment.Youcanaskforclarification.45__________.AfterallhowdoeslettingbaddecisionsgounchallengedcontributetomakinganythingbetterA.Somepeoplethinkthatassertivenesstrainingturnsniceaccommodatingpeopleintocomplainersorcalculatingmanipulators.Notso:it’syourrighttoprotectyourselfwhensomethingseemsunfair.Onlyyouknowyourtruediscomfortlevelandemotionalneeds.Nooneshouldbeallowedtogetawaywithpresumingtothinkorfeelforyou.B.Beingaggressiveisactinginaself-centeredinconsideratearrogantlydemandingandhostilemanner;thisisoftencounterproductivesincemanypeoplereactbyshuttingtheirmindstoyourideas.C.Youcandisagreewithsomeoneopenlyandsaynotorequestswithoutfeelingguilty.Youcanaskwhyandquestionauthoritynotinordertorebelbuttoassumeresponsibilityforyourshareincontrollingasituation.D.ThissituationbegantochangesignificantlyintheWestabouttwohundredyearsago.Overthepast40yearstheUSCongresshasmadenumerouslawsforbiddingdiscriminationbasedongender.E.Thefewerwordsyouusethegreaterwillbetheimpactofwhatyousay.Powerfulpeoplecommunicatesuccinctlyandinmeasuredtonesnotstridently.Raisingyourvoicemakesyousounddefensiveandangrynotstrong.F.Underlyingassertivenesstrainingobviouslyisthebeliefthatweareallcreatedequalandshouldtreateachotherasequals.Ifyouweretaughtasachildtoassumethatyourperceptionsopinionsfeelingsandwantswerelessimportantthanthoseofothersyoucaneithergoonbehavingaccordingtothoseassumptionsorbecomeanassertiveadult.G.Manypeoplehavedifficultysayingnotorequestsordemands.Assertivenesstrainingprovidesanantidotetofearshynesspassivityand—ironicallyevenangersothereisawiderangeofsituationsinwhichthistrainingcanbehelpful.
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 17
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 15
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 5
Thefirstdayofclassisaveryimportanttimeforfacultytoestablishatoneforwhatwillhappentherestoftheterm.Itisappropriatethatateacherreflectonjustwhatclimateandfirstimpressionshe/hewouldliketoestablish.Thisarticleofferssomeideasaboutthatimportantday.ReflectingonthefirstdayofclassMcKeachiesuggeststhat...meetingagroupofstrangerswhowillaffectyourwellbeingisatthesametimeexcitingandanxiety-producingforbothstudentsandteacher.46ResearchonthefirstdayofclassbyDr.Bushshowedtherewasarealdesireonthepartofbothstudentsandteachersforconnectednessbutneithergrouprealizedtheothersharedthatdesire.Iftheparticipantsonbothsidesdon’tunderstandhowtodeveloptheirrelationshipslearningwillbediminished减少变小.Ifyouhaveexperiencedsomeanxietyaboutthismeetingplanningsomespecificstepscannotonlyreducethatfeelingbutcangetstudentstoshareinthesenseofpurposeyouholdfortheclass.Somefacultyavoidthefirstdayanxietybyhandingoutasyllabusgivinganassignmentanddismissingtheclass.Thisonlypostponestheinevitable.Italsogivesstudentsasensethatclasstimeisnottooimportant.47Mostofallitlosestheopportunitytousetheheightenedexcitementandanticipationthatstudentsbringthatdaythechancetodirectthatexcitementtowardenthusiasmfortheclass.Whatcanyoudotoestablishapositivebeginning48Howcanyoumakesurestudents’attitudestowardyouthecourseandthesubjectmatterwillsupportaconstructivelearningclimateforthesemesterThefollowingideashavebeengatheredtostimulateyourthoughtsaboutthesequestions.Perhapsyouwillthinkofothersbutthefollowingarethingswhichcouldcontributetothisgoal.Theyarenotinaparticularorderbutcanbesampledtofityourownpreferences.Conveyingasenseofenthusiasmforthecontentisalsoveryimportant.SchollBuchwaldsuggeststhatprofessorsRarely...needtoimpressstudentswithourcommandofthematerial.49Whatisnotalwayscleartostudentsiswhetherweareinterestedinthesubjectandwhetherwewillbeabletohelpthembecomeascompetentasweare.Hesuggeststhatonewaytodemonstrateenthusiasmistotalkaboutyourselfandyourownexcitementaboutwhatyouteach.Whatintriguesyouandwhatcouldinterestthem50Anotherapproachistogiveashortlectureorleadadiscussiontostimulateinterestintheproblem-solvingthatthissubjectmattercouldenablestudentstodo.ConsidercoreideastypicalproblemsinthefieldCutting-edgediscoveriescommonlyheldmythsprovocativeinsights/interpretationsorotherstimulatinginsightsintothefield.DoyouhaveslidesorvideotapestoenhancetheseimagesofinquiryWhatinterestingrelatedresearchisgoingonhereatUNLHowmightthishaveimpactontheirlivesHowcanyourelatetheseideastotheirownexperiencesPerhapsaninterestingexperimentorproblemtosolvecanintroducethefield.
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 13
DirectionsWriteasummarybasedonthefollox4ingpassage.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Remembertowriteclearlyanduseyourownwordsasfaraspossible.It’sveryeasytoacquirebadhabitssuchaseatingtoomanysweetsortoomuchfoodordrinkingtoomuchfluidofanykindorsmoking.Themorewedoathingthemorewetendtolikedoingit;andifwedonotcontinuetodoitwefeelunhappy.ThisiscalledtheForceofHabitandtheforceofhabitshouldbefoughtagainst.Thingswhichmaybeverygoodwhenonlydonefromtimetotimetendtobecomeveryharmfulwhendonetoooftenandtoomuch.Thisapplieseventosuchgoodthingsasworkorrest.Somepeopleformabadhabitofworkingtoomuchandothersidlingtoomuch.Thewisemanalwaysremembersthatthisistrueabouthimselfandchecksanybadhabit.HesaystohimselfI’mnowbecomingidleorIliketoomanysweetsorIsmoketoomuchandthenaddsIwillgetmyselfoutofthisbadhabitatonce.Oneofthemostwidelyspreadbadhabitsistheuseoftobacco.Tobaccoisnowsmokedorchewedbymenoftenbywomenandevenbychildrenalmostallovertheworld.ItwasbroughtintoEuropefromAmericabyWalterRaleignfourcenturiesagoandhashencespreadeverywhere.Iverymuchdoubtwhetherthereisanygoodinthehabitevenwhentobaccoisnotusedtoexcessanditisextremelydifficulttogetridofthehabitonceithasbeenformed.Alcoholistakeninalmostallcoolandcoldclimatesandtoaverymuchlessextentinhotone.ThusitistakenbypeoplewholiveintheHimalayaMountainsbutnotnearlysomuchbythosewholiveinplainsofIndia.Alcoholisnotnecessaryinanywaytoanybody.Millionsofpeoplearebeginningtodowithoutitentirely;andoncetheUnitedStatesofAmericahaspassedlawswhichforbiditsmanufactureorsalethroughoutthelengthandthebreadthoftheirvastcountry.Inhotcountriesitisnotrequiredbythepeopleatallandshouldbeavoidedbythemaltogether.Theregularuseofalcoholeveninsmallquantitiestendstocausemischiefinmanywaystovariousorgansofthebody.Itaffectstheliverweakensthementalpowersandlessensthegeneralenergyofthebody.
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 11
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 19
GeorgeBernardShaw1856—1950wasborninDublinIreland.Attheageof14aftergraduatingfrommiddleschoolShawwasputintoajobasclerkinalandagent’soffice.At20hewenttoLondonwhereheremainedjoblessfor9yearsdevotingmuchtimetoself-education.MeantimeShawtookanactivepartinthesocialistmovement.AcontemporaryofShaw’sthuswroteofhim:IusedtobeadailyfrequenteroftheBritishMuseumReadingRoom.Evenmoreassiduousinhisattendancewasayoungman....Mycuriositywaspiquedbytheoddconjunctionofhissubjectsofresearch.Dayafterdayforweekshehadbeforehimtwobooks—KarlMarx’s’DasKapital’inFrenchandanorchestralscore管弦乐乐谱of’TristanandIsolde’.ThoughShawadmittedMarx’sgreatinfluenceonhimhefailedtograspthenecessityofarevolutionaryreconstructionoftheworld.AstronginfluencewasexercisedonShawbytheFabiansocietytheEnglishreformistorganization.IntheearlyperiodofhisliterarycareerShawwrotesomenovelsAnUnsocialSocialistandothersinwhichhedevelopedthetraditionsofcriticalrealismbitterlycriticizingthestupiditysnobbishnessandpettytyrannyofthemiddleclass.IntheninetiesShawturnedtothetheatrefirstworkingasadramaticcriticthenwritingplaysforthestage.Hisroleinthedevelopmentofdramaturgyisverygreat.Shawwasanenemyofartforart’ssake.Hewroteforart’ssakeIwillnotfacethetoilofwritingasentence.Heusedthestagetocriticizetheevilsofcapitalism.Hewrote51playsintotaltheimportantonesincludingWidower’sHousesSaintJoanandTheAppleCart.InhisplaysShawlaidbarethegrossinjusticeandutterinhumanityofthebourgeoissociety.Thisheachievednotsomuchbythestructuresofplotsinhisplaysasbythebrilliantdialoguesbetweenthecharacters.HisexposureofcapitalistsocietyisverysignificantanditplacesShawamongthemostimportantrepresentativesofcriticalrealisminmodernEnglishliterature.TheinferencewecandrawfromwhatacontemporaryofShaw’sisthat______.
Thefirstdayofclassisaveryimportanttimeforfacultytoestablishatoneforwhatwillhappentherestoftheterm.Itisappropriatethatateacherreflectonjustwhatclimateandfirstimpressionshe/hewouldliketoestablish.Thisarticleofferssomeideasaboutthatimportantday.ReflectingonthefirstdayofclassMcKeachiesuggeststhat...meetingagroupofstrangerswhowillaffectyourwellbeingisatthesametimeexcitingandanxiety-producingforbothstudentsandteacher.46ResearchonthefirstdayofclassbyDr.Bushshowedtherewasarealdesireonthepartofbothstudentsandteachersforconnectednessbutneithergrouprealizedtheothersharedthatdesire.Iftheparticipantsonbothsidesdon’tunderstandhowtodeveloptheirrelationshipslearningwillbediminished减少变小.Ifyouhaveexperiencedsomeanxietyaboutthismeetingplanningsomespecificstepscannotonlyreducethatfeelingbutcangetstudentstoshareinthesenseofpurposeyouholdfortheclass.Somefacultyavoidthefirstdayanxietybyhandingoutasyllabusgivinganassignmentanddismissingtheclass.Thisonlypostponestheinevitable.Italsogivesstudentsasensethatclasstimeisnottooimportant.47Mostofallitlosestheopportunitytousetheheightenedexcitementandanticipationthatstudentsbringthatdaythechancetodirectthatexcitementtowardenthusiasmfortheclass.Whatcanyoudotoestablishapositivebeginning48Howcanyoumakesurestudents’attitudestowardyouthecourseandthesubjectmatterwillsupportaconstructivelearningclimateforthesemesterThefollowingideashavebeengatheredtostimulateyourthoughtsaboutthesequestions.Perhapsyouwillthinkofothersbutthefollowingarethingswhichcouldcontributetothisgoal.Theyarenotinaparticularorderbutcanbesampledtofityourownpreferences.Conveyingasenseofenthusiasmforthecontentisalsoveryimportant.SchollBuchwaldsuggeststhatprofessorsRarely...needtoimpressstudentswithourcommandofthematerial.49Whatisnotalwayscleartostudentsiswhetherweareinterestedinthesubjectandwhetherwewillbeabletohelpthembecomeascompetentasweare.Hesuggeststhatonewaytodemonstrateenthusiasmistotalkaboutyourselfandyourownexcitementaboutwhatyouteach.Whatintriguesyouandwhatcouldinterestthem50Anotherapproachistogiveashortlectureorleadadiscussiontostimulateinterestintheproblem-solvingthatthissubjectmattercouldenablestudentstodo.ConsidercoreideastypicalproblemsinthefieldCutting-edgediscoveriescommonlyheldmythsprovocativeinsights/interpretationsorotherstimulatinginsightsintothefield.DoyouhaveslidesorvideotapestoenhancetheseimagesofinquiryWhatinterestingrelatedresearchisgoingonhereatUNLHowmightthishaveimpactontheirlivesHowcanyourelatetheseideastotheirownexperiencesPerhapsaninterestingexperimentorproblemtosolvecanintroducethefield.
InaninterviewlastmonthFrankChurchchairmanoftheSenatecommitteethatisinvestigatingtheCIAissuedanobliquebutimpassionedwarningthatthetechnologyofeavesdroppinghadbecomesohighlydevelopedthatAmericansmightsoonbeleftwithnoplacetohide.Thatdaymayhavearrived.Newsweekhaslearnedthatthecountry’smostsecretintelligenceoperationtheNationalSecurityAgencyalreadypossessesthecomputerizedequipmenttomonitornearlyalloverseastelephonecallsandmostdomesticandinternationalprintedmessages.Theagency’sdevicesmonitorthousandsoftelephonecircuitscablelinesandthemicrowavetransmissonsthatcarryanincreasingshareofbothspokenandwrittencommunications.Computersareprogramedtowatchfortriggerwordsorphrasesindicatingthatamessagemightinterestintelligenceanalysiswhenthetriggerispulledentiremessagesaretape-recordedorprintedout.Thatkindofeavesdroppingishoweverrelativelysimplecomparedwiththebreakthroughsthatlieaheadinthefieldofsnoopery.Alreadyitistechnicallyfeasibletobuganelectrictypewriterbypickingupitsfeebleelectronicemissionsfromaremotelocationandthentranslatingthemintowords.Andsomescientistsbelievethatitmaybepossibleinthefutureforremoteelectronicequipmenttointerceptandreadhumanbrainwaves.Wheresuchcapabilitiesexistsotoodoesthepotentialforabuse.Itistheoldstoryoftechnologyrushingforwardwithsomenewwonderbeforethemanwhosupposedlycontrolthemachineshavefigureouthowtopreventthemachinesfromcontrollingthem.Itcanbeinferredthat______.
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 9
Acommonprobleminhumanrelationsisthelackofassertivenessinotherwordstheinabilitytoexpressyourselfandclaimyourrightswithoutviolatingthefightsofothers.Donotconfuseassertivenesswithaggressiveness.41__________.Learningtocommunicateassertivelyinvolveslearningtobehonestopenanddirect.Youcanlearntospeakupmakerequestsaskforfavorsandacceptcomplimentsandalsotoexpressnegativethoughtscomplaintsresentmentcriticismdisagreementrejectintimidationrefuserequestsanddemandtobeleftalone.42__________.Inmostcultureshigherstatushastraditionallybeengiventothemasculinegender.Overthecenturieswomeninmanysocietieslearnedtoremainnon-assertivetostayoutofthepubliceyetokeeptheirvoicesdowntobediscreetandindirectnottopushandintheendnoteventodaretodesire.Thevastmajorityofopportunitiesforpublicinfluence—theabilitytoforgeusefulrelationshipsotherthanfriendshipspeakupinpubliccreateorganizationsuseforceandholdimportantpositionsingovernmentbusinessacademiaandinthemedicalandlegalfield—werelongrecognizedasmen’sprivilegeandright.43__________.Backinthe1960smodemfeministsnotedthatmostAmericanwomenandalsoafairnumberofmenwereunabletospeakupforthemselvesintheworkplaceorinpersonalrelationships;theyneededhelpinlearningtobeassertive.Tofillthisgapincommunicationskillscertaincollegesmentalhealthcentersandprivateconsultantsbegantoholdassertivenesstrainingworkshops.Theseearlyprogramswereoftenpartofemployer-sponsoredprofessionaldevelopmenttrainingthataimedamongotherthingstomakeemployeesmoreeffectiveincommunicatingwithcustomerswithrepresentativesofotherfirmsandwitheachother.WhatdoesassertivenesstraininginculcateTheideaatitscoreistostopbeingorsoundingwishy-washy.Donotapologizeneedlesslymakeexcusesgivelongexplanationsorgenerallybeataroundthebush.Veryoftentheseweakcommunicativestrategiescausethelistenertoreceiveamixedunclearorsometimes.justplainwrongmessage.Assertivenesstrainersteachyoutoidentifywhatisreallyimportantforyou.Thenyoumustworkoutinadvanceifpossiblethepointyouneedtomakeandhowbesttomakeit.Deliverthemessagedearlyanddirectlybutwithoutmemorizingsentencesneveragoodtactic.44__________.Rememberalsothatyouaxeentitledtoyourfeelings.Yourtruefeelingsneednojustification.Howeveratthesametimebeagoodlistenerlistenmoreoftenthanyouspeak.Alsopayattentiontoyourlistenerwhenyouarespeaking.Bepositive.Noticeandappreciatetheeffortsofothers.Givecreditwherecreditisdue.Youarebeinglegitimatelyassertivewhenyoustandupforyourrightsinsuchawaythattherightsofothersarenotviolated.Beyondjustdemandingyourfightsyoumustlearnthatyoucantalkaboutyourselfyourfeelingsopinionsandinterestswithoutbeingself-conscious.Youcanacceptcomplimentswithoutembarrassment.Youcanaskforclarification.45__________.AfterallhowdoeslettingbaddecisionsgounchallengedcontributetomakinganythingbetterA.Somepeoplethinkthatassertivenesstrainingturnsniceaccommodatingpeopleintocomplainersorcalculatingmanipulators.Notso:it’syourrighttoprotectyourselfwhensomethingseemsunfair.Onlyyouknowyourtruediscomfortlevelandemotionalneeds.Nooneshouldbeallowedtogetawaywithpresumingtothinkorfeelforyou.B.Beingaggressiveisactinginaself-centeredinconsideratearrogantlydemandingandhostilemanner;thisisoftencounterproductivesincemanypeoplereactbyshuttingtheirmindstoyourideas.C.Youcandisagreewithsomeoneopenlyandsaynotorequestswithoutfeelingguilty.Youcanaskwhyandquestionauthoritynotinordertorebelbuttoassumeresponsibilityforyourshareincontrollingasituation.D.ThissituationbegantochangesignificantlyintheWestabouttwohundredyearsago.Overthepast40yearstheUSCongresshasmadenumerouslawsforbiddingdiscriminationbasedongender.E.Thefewerwordsyouusethegreaterwillbetheimpactofwhatyousay.Powerfulpeoplecommunicatesuccinctlyandinmeasuredtonesnotstridently.Raisingyourvoicemakesyousounddefensiveandangrynotstrong.F.Underlyingassertivenesstrainingobviouslyisthebeliefthatweareallcreatedequalandshouldtreateachotherasequals.Ifyouweretaughtasachildtoassumethatyourperceptionsopinionsfeelingsandwantswerelessimportantthanthoseofothersyoucaneithergoonbehavingaccordingtothoseassumptionsorbecomeanassertiveadult.G.Manypeoplehavedifficultysayingnotorequestsordemands.Assertivenesstrainingprovidesanantidotetofearshynesspassivityand—ironicallyevenangersothereisawiderangeofsituationsinwhichthistrainingcanbehelpful.
AfewcommonmisconceptionsBeautyisonlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermomthanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobstheyarealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted.Un-AmericanyousayunfairandextremelyunbelievableOnceagainthescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieceswhileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersapieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelookingcharacterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillhepromoted.Almostinvariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehigherthepersonisrated.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusinesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains:intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingiteasierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomen’whomaybelessattractive.GoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenParagraph5meansthat______.
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies
Acommonprobleminhumanrelationsisthelackofassertivenessinotherwordstheinabilitytoexpressyourselfandclaimyourrightswithoutviolatingthefightsofothers.Donotconfuseassertivenesswithaggressiveness.41__________.Learningtocommunicateassertivelyinvolveslearningtobehonestopenanddirect.Youcanlearntospeakupmakerequestsaskforfavorsandacceptcomplimentsandalsotoexpressnegativethoughtscomplaintsresentmentcriticismdisagreementrejectintimidationrefuserequestsanddemandtobeleftalone.42__________.Inmostcultureshigherstatushastraditionallybeengiventothemasculinegender.Overthecenturieswomeninmanysocietieslearnedtoremainnon-assertivetostayoutofthepubliceyetokeeptheirvoicesdowntobediscreetandindirectnottopushandintheendnoteventodaretodesire.Thevastmajorityofopportunitiesforpublicinfluence—theabilitytoforgeusefulrelationshipsotherthanfriendshipspeakupinpubliccreateorganizationsuseforceandholdimportantpositionsingovernmentbusinessacademiaandinthemedicalandlegalfield—werelongrecognizedasmen’sprivilegeandright.43__________.Backinthe1960smodemfeministsnotedthatmostAmericanwomenandalsoafairnumberofmenwereunabletospeakupforthemselvesintheworkplaceorinpersonalrelationships;theyneededhelpinlearningtobeassertive.Tofillthisgapincommunicationskillscertaincollegesmentalhealthcentersandprivateconsultantsbegantoholdassertivenesstrainingworkshops.Theseearlyprogramswereoftenpartofemployer-sponsoredprofessionaldevelopmenttrainingthataimedamongotherthingstomakeemployeesmoreeffectiveincommunicatingwithcustomerswithrepresentativesofotherfirmsandwitheachother.WhatdoesassertivenesstraininginculcateTheideaatitscoreistostopbeingorsoundingwishy-washy.Donotapologizeneedlesslymakeexcusesgivelongexplanationsorgenerallybeataroundthebush.Veryoftentheseweakcommunicativestrategiescausethelistenertoreceiveamixedunclearorsometimes.justplainwrongmessage.Assertivenesstrainersteachyoutoidentifywhatisreallyimportantforyou.Thenyoumustworkoutinadvanceifpossiblethepointyouneedtomakeandhowbesttomakeit.Deliverthemessagedearlyanddirectlybutwithoutmemorizingsentencesneveragoodtactic.44__________.Rememberalsothatyouaxeentitledtoyourfeelings.Yourtruefeelingsneednojustification.Howeveratthesametimebeagoodlistenerlistenmoreoftenthanyouspeak.Alsopayattentiontoyourlistenerwhenyouarespeaking.Bepositive.Noticeandappreciatetheeffortsofothers.Givecreditwherecreditisdue.Youarebeinglegitimatelyassertivewhenyoustandupforyourrightsinsuchawaythattherightsofothersarenotviolated.Beyondjustdemandingyourfightsyoumustlearnthatyoucantalkaboutyourselfyourfeelingsopinionsandinterestswithoutbeingself-conscious.Youcanacceptcomplimentswithoutembarrassment.Youcanaskforclarification.45__________.AfterallhowdoeslettingbaddecisionsgounchallengedcontributetomakinganythingbetterA.Somepeoplethinkthatassertivenesstrainingturnsniceaccommodatingpeopleintocomplainersorcalculatingmanipulators.Notso:it’syourrighttoprotectyourselfwhensomethingseemsunfair.Onlyyouknowyourtruediscomfortlevelandemotionalneeds.Nooneshouldbeallowedtogetawaywithpresumingtothinkorfeelforyou.B.Beingaggressiveisactinginaself-centeredinconsideratearrogantlydemandingandhostilemanner;thisisoftencounterproductivesincemanypeoplereactbyshuttingtheirmindstoyourideas.C.Youcandisagreewithsomeoneopenlyandsaynotorequestswithoutfeelingguilty.Youcanaskwhyandquestionauthoritynotinordertorebelbuttoassumeresponsibilityforyourshareincontrollingasituation.D.ThissituationbegantochangesignificantlyintheWestabouttwohundredyearsago.Overthepast40yearstheUSCongresshasmadenumerouslawsforbiddingdiscriminationbasedongender.E.Thefewerwordsyouusethegreaterwillbetheimpactofwhatyousay.Powerfulpeoplecommunicatesuccinctlyandinmeasuredtonesnotstridently.Raisingyourvoicemakesyousounddefensiveandangrynotstrong.F.Underlyingassertivenesstrainingobviouslyisthebeliefthatweareallcreatedequalandshouldtreateachotherasequals.Ifyouweretaughtasachildtoassumethatyourperceptionsopinionsfeelingsandwantswerelessimportantthanthoseofothersyoucaneithergoonbehavingaccordingtothoseassumptionsorbecomeanassertiveadult.G.Manypeoplehavedifficultysayingnotorequestsordemands.Assertivenesstrainingprovidesanantidotetofearshynesspassivityand—ironicallyevenangersothereisawiderangeofsituationsinwhichthistrainingcanbehelpful.
InaninterviewlastmonthFrankChurchchairmanoftheSenatecommitteethatisinvestigatingtheCIAissuedanobliquebutimpassionedwarningthatthetechnologyofeavesdroppinghadbecomesohighlydevelopedthatAmericansmightsoonbeleftwithnoplacetohide.Thatdaymayhavearrived.Newsweekhaslearnedthatthecountry’smostsecretintelligenceoperationtheNationalSecurityAgencyalreadypossessesthecomputerizedequipmenttomonitornearlyalloverseastelephonecallsandmostdomesticandinternationalprintedmessages.Theagency’sdevicesmonitorthousandsoftelephonecircuitscablelinesandthemicrowavetransmissonsthatcarryanincreasingshareofbothspokenandwrittencommunications.Computersareprogramedtowatchfortriggerwordsorphrasesindicatingthatamessagemightinterestintelligenceanalysiswhenthetriggerispulledentiremessagesaretape-recordedorprintedout.Thatkindofeavesdroppingishoweverrelativelysimplecomparedwiththebreakthroughsthatlieaheadinthefieldofsnoopery.Alreadyitistechnicallyfeasibletobuganelectrictypewriterbypickingupitsfeebleelectronicemissionsfromaremotelocationandthentranslatingthemintowords.Andsomescientistsbelievethatitmaybepossibleinthefutureforremoteelectronicequipmenttointerceptandreadhumanbrainwaves.Wheresuchcapabilitiesexistsotoodoesthepotentialforabuse.Itistheoldstoryoftechnologyrushingforwardwithsomenewwonderbeforethemanwhosupposedlycontrolthemachineshavefigureouthowtopreventthemachinesfromcontrollingthem.ThewarninggivenbyFrankChurchis______.
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.ComparedwithAmericanfirmsGermanyones______.
AfewcommonmisconceptionsBeautyisonlyskin-deep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30yearssocialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomattermomthanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggestforexamplethatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparentssoughtoutasfriendsandpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobstheyarealsomorelikelytobehiredpaidwellandpromoted.Un-AmericanyousayunfairandextremelyunbelievableOnceagainthescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieceswhileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudentsperhapsorteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersapieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractivepersonsomeanaveragelookingcharacterandsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributesanythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillhepromoted.Almostinvariablythebetterlookingthepersoninthepicturethehigherthepersonisrated.InthephraseborrowedfromSappothatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperceptionwhatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusinesshowevergoodlookscutbothwaysforwomenanddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessorwhoisanauthorityonthesubjectexplains:intermsoftheircareerstheimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendousmakingiteasierforexampleforthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernotethoughthereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomen’whomaybelessattractive.Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat______.
Fearsof"madcow"diseasespread1theglobelastweek2SouthAfricaNewZealandandSingaporejoiningmostofBritain’sEuropeanUnionpartnersin3importsofBritishbeef.InLondonsteakrestaurantswereemptyfollwingtheMarch20announcementbyscientiststhattheyhadfounda4linkbetweenmadcowdiseasefromBritishbeefanditshuman5Creutzfeldt-JakobdiseaseCJD. Effortstoreassureconsumersandgovernmentsproved6.FranceGermanyItalyFinlandandGreecewereamongcountrieswhichannouncedbans7Britishbeefshipments. AcommitteeofEUveterinaryexpertsmeetinginBrussels8newprotectivemeasuresbutsaidtransmissionofthediseasefromcattletohumanswasunprovenanddidnot9ageneralbanonBritishbeefexports.Britain’sownmainconsumergroupadvisedpeopleto10beefiftheywantedtobeabsolutelysureofnot11CJDwhichdestroysthebrainandisalways12. "CoulditbeworsethanAIDS" ThestarkheadlineinFriday’sDailymailnewspaperencapsulatedthefearanduncertainty13Britain.CJD14humansinthesamewaythatBSEmakescowsmad—byeatingawaynervecellsinthebrain15itlookslikeaspongySwisscheese. Thediseaseisincurable.Victimsshow16ofdementiaandmemorylossandusuallydie17sixmonths. Littleisknown18sureaboutthegroupofdiseasesknowncollectivelyasspongiformencephalopathieswhichexplains19someeminentscientistsarenotpreparedto20ahumanepidemicofAIDS-likeproportions. 7
Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermoretheadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasonshowever.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudiesoneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheuniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburgercarrotsbreadbakingpowdercannedpeachesandpotatoeswiththebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhiteminfifthplaceonbothlistsread1lb.MaxwellHouseCoffeeononelistandNestleInstantCoffeeontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneinagroupoffiftywomenandtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribeasfarastheycouldthekindofwomenpersonalityandcharacterwhowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhandonlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewifewhohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlistaslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.Whichofthefollowingwasconfirmedbythemotivationstudies
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