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Text3OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest——butmostvariable——consumermarkets.MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy——orrunfortheexits.ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers——whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical."ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapan"StandardgPoor’ssaidinaMar.18report.MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures."We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricing"saysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes.Theclockisticking.Wal-Martexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthsto"study"thedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand——whoknows——itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S. AsmentionedinthetextJapaneseconsumersaregenerally
Text2Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives——isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus——maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significandystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Accordingthetheoryofkinselectionhumanstendtoactaltruistically
胆总管探查术后所置的T形引流管拔除指征中下列哪项不正确
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutcrossbordermarriage.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters.41．_______________________.Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage.42．_______________________.Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless.43．_______________________.Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine.44．_______________________."Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose!45_______________________.ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart.ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 44
Text2Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives——isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus——maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significandystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Thewritementionedthecaseofthehunterwhoshareshisspoilswithotherstodemonstrate
Text4ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroadpricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNorwayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon.Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinterurbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricingbecomesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize.ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksre-electionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet.Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork.London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis.Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
SectionⅠUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10pointsTheuseofnuclearpowerhasalreadyspreadallovertheworld.1scientistsstillhavenotagreedwithwhatshouldbedonewiththelarge2ofwastematerialsthat3toincreaseeveryyear.Mostwastematerials4ofsimplybyplacingthemsomewhere.Butnuclearwastemustbe5withgreatcare.It6dangerousradiationanditwillcontinuetobe7forhundredsofthousnadsevenmillionsofyears.Howshouldweget8ofsuchwastematerialinsuchaway9itwillnotharmthe10Wherecanwe11distributeitOneideaistoputthisradioactivewasteinsideathickcontainerwhichis12droppedtothedeepbottomoftheocean.13somescientistsbelievethatthiswayof14nuclearwastecouldkillfishandotherlivingthingsintheoceansorinterfere15theirgrowth.Anotherwayto16nuclearwasteistosenditintospacetothesun17itwouldbeburned.Otherscientistssuggestthatthispollutingmaterialbe18thousandsofmetersundertheearth’ssurface.Suchundergroundareasmustbefree19possibleearthquakesandadvancesarebeingmade.Butitmaystillbemanyyears20thisproblemcouldbefinallysettled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
HIV病毒主要感染
Text4ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroadpricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNorwayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon.Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinterurbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricingbecomesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize.ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksre-electionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet.Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork.London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis.Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatintheworldtheschemeoftollingsystemsis
Text3OnMar.14whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirstforayintoJapantheBentonvilleArk.retailinggiantplacedabigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeigncompanieshavefailed.InthepastfiveyearsanumberoffamousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafterfailingtocatchoninJapanoneoftheworld’slargest——butmostvariable——consumermarkets.MayWal-MartmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbledOnegoodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothingchainSeiyuLtd.whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%byyearendandto66.7%by2007.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetoreviseitsstrategy——orrunfortheexits.ThequestioniswhetherWal-MartcanapplythelessonsithaslearnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.Thisafterallisanationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers——whohavebecomeevenmoresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.HowwillWal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyinamarketalreadyaffectedbyfallingpricesAnalystsareunderstandablyskeptical."ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart’sbusinessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapan"StandardgPoor’ssaidinaMar.18report.MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaisonretailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly’90s.ItalsohasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.whichwilltakea15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.PerhapsthebestthingthatcanbesaidofSeiyu’s400-oddstoresisthatthey’renotasdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Stillthere’sagapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures."We’veneverbeenknownforcheapeverydaypricing"saysaSeiyuspokesman.AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomowhichmaynotwanttoleanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes.Theclockisticking.Wal-Martexecutivessaytheyneedseveralmonthsto"study"thedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonitbutinthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseandforeignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceedsitwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurtherand——whoknows——itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailinginthesamewayithasintheU.S. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that
Text2Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives——isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus——maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significandystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Aspointedoutinthetextreciprocalaltruismtheoryandstrongreciprocitytheoryare
全胃肠营养液中必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的含量是
病毒性肝炎的基本病变属于
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutcrossbordermarriage.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters.41．_______________________.Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage.42．_______________________.Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless.43．_______________________.Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine.44．_______________________."Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose!45_______________________.ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart.ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 42
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsRadiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican.Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation.48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.
男性16岁着凉感冒后心悸气短乏力食欲不振查体心率快心律不齐心音低钝肝大心电图ST抬高X线片心影轻微扩大经治疗无好转出现阿-斯发作电复律转复可能的诊断
除下列哪种因子外其余凝血因子均存在于新鲜血浆中
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsRadiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican.Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation.48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsRadiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican.Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation.48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned.
Text4ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroadpricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNorwayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon.Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinterurbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricingbecomesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize.ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksre-electionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet.Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork.London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis.Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. AccordingtothetextthemayorofLondonKenLivingstoneseemstobeverysupportiveofthecongestionchargingschemebecauseof
1Describethepicture 2Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture 3Suggestcounter-measures.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt.AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." Itseemsthatthewriteisverycriticalof
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1YasuhisaShizokia51-yearoldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt.AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamagelimitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves.Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability.Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." ThebasicproblemofJapaneseeconomyaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
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