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Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive Thegovernmentinfaceofthedangerousstateofaffairshasmadegreateffortsto
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T hetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 41
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. TheauthormentionsHardy’snovelUndertheGreenwoodTreetojustifyhiscommentson
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandhiscompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agood"old-fashioned"spankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood. Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchild-caretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfineindeed. Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessin.theirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfail.tomakeasuccessoflife. Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"StabilityandGrowthPact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownasthe"Eurogroup."Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco-Germansteamroller"asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. ItcanbesafelyconcludedfromthetextthatsmallermembersoftheEuroareawouldbecomemore
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T hetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 45
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid. Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised. Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblyto"abandon"pupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy. Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot. Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours. Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive Oneimportantreasonwhyteachersareleavingtheirprofessionisthattheyare
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.In formationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience.
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandhiscompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agood"old-fashioned"spankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood. Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchild-caretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfineindeed. Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessin.theirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfail.tomakeasuccessoflife. Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalof
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. Aspointedoutinthepassagetheexpositionofthestructureandtextureofaflowerisagoodexampleof
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandhiscompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agood"old-fashioned"spankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood. Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchild-caretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfineindeed. Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessin.theirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfail.tomakeasuccessoflife. WhatdoestheauthorwantstoillustratewithJohnnyroamingthestreets
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T hetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 43
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"StabilityandGrowthPact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownasthe"Eurogroup."Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco-Germansteamroller"asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. AccordingtothetextwhatannoystheEuroareaisthatFranceandGermanyrefuseto
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.In formationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism:thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity--20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"StabilityandGrowthPact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownasthe"Eurogroup."Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco-Germansteamroller"asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. TheEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketismentionedtoshow
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