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The discovery of life beyond Earth would transform not only our science but also our religions, our ...
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A?becostly??B?beharmful??C?savealife??D?stillopent
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Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.__________ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners. 44.Interestintopic.__________ 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.__________ [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations—inclassandonthejob—you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 45
46ThedeterminationofthesourcesofcopperoreusedinthemanufactureofcopperandbronzeartifactsofBronzeAgecivilizationswouldaddgreatlytoourknowledgeofculturalcontactsandtradeinthaterawhenpreliminaryindustrywasonthehorizon.Researchershaveanalyzedartifactsandoresfortheirconcentrationsofelementsbutforavarietyofreasonsthesestudieshavegenerallyfailedtoprovideevidenceofthesourcesofthecopperusedintheobjects.Elementalcompositioncanvarywithinthesamecopper-orelodeusuallybecauseofvaryingadmixturesofotherelementsespeciallyironleadzincandarsenic.Andhighconcentrationsofcobaltorzincnoticedinsomeartifactsappearinavarietyofcopper-oresources.Moreovertheprocessingoforesintroducedpoorlycontrolledchangesintheconcentrationsofminorandtraceelementsintheresultingmetal.Someelementsevaporateduringsmeltingandroasting;differenttemperaturesandprocessesproducedifferentdegreesofloss.47Finallyfluxwhichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheorecouldaddtothefinalproductquantitiesofelementsthataremixedtogetherwithcopper. Anelementalpropertythatisunchangedthroughthesechemicalprocessesistheisotopiccompositionofeachmetallicelementintheore.Isotopiccompositionthepercentagesofthedifferentisotopesofanelementinagivensampleoftheelementisthereforeparticularlysuitableasanindicatorofthesourcesoftheore.48Ofcourseforthispurposeitisnecessarytofindanelementwhoseelementalcompositionismoreorlessconstantthroughoutagivenorebodybutvariesfromonecopperorebodytoanotheroratleastfromonegeographicregiontoanother. Theidealchoicewhenisotopiccompositionisusedtoinvestigatethesourceofcopperorewouldseemtobecopperitself.Ithasbeenshownthatsmallbutmeasurablevariationsoccurnaturallyintheisotopiccompositionofcopper.Howeverthevariationsarelargeenoughonlyinrareores;betweensamplesofthecommonoremineralsofcopperisotopicvariationsgreaterthanthemeasurementerrorhavenotbeenfound.49AnalternativechoiceisleadwhichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.Theisotopiccompositionofleadoftenvariesfromonesourceofcommoncopperoretoanotherwithvariationsexceedingthemeasurementerror;andpreliminarystudiesindicatevirtuallyuniformistopiccompositionoftheleadfromasinglecopper-oresource.50WhilesomeoftheleadfoundinanartifactmayhavebeenintroducedfromfluxorwhenothermetalswereaddedtothecopperoreleadsoaddedinBronzeAgeprocessingwouldusuallyhavethesamecompositionastheleadfoundinthecopperore.LeadisotopestudiesmaythusproveusefulforinterpretingthearchaeologicalrecordoftheBronzeAge. Finallyfluxwhichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheorecouldaddtothefinalproductquantitiesofelementsthataremixedtogetherwithcopper.
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheonemostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprisedat-the-moneyoptions:fightstopurchasesharesatanexercisepriceequaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdate.MycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceofluckygrantsdefinedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards.Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming.Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedinneweconomyfirms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries.Accordingtothepassagemorestock-optionsweregrantedtoexecutivesbecause
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.__________ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners. 44.Interestintopic.__________ 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.__________ [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations—inclassandonthejob—you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 41
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheonemostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprisedat-the-moneyoptions:fightstopurchasesharesatanexercisepriceequaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdate.MycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceofluckygrantsdefinedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards.Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming.Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedinneweconomyfirms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries.Theresultoftheauthor’sstudyshowsthat
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.__________ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners. 44.Interestintopic.__________ 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.__________ [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations—inclassandonthejob—you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 43
NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartobeusedagainstGermany.HoweverbythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforusethewarwithGermanyhadendedandasaresultthedecisionwasmadetousetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasakihavesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresentday.Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwoheavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberofpeoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclearweaponswouldbeunnecessarysinceAmericanIntelligencewasawarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleinJapanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslostandwantedtonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.ItwasalsoarguedthatsinceJapanhasfewnaturalresourcesablockadebytheAmericannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeksandtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.IfademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewarabombcouldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadeserrinfrontofJapaneseobserversoroveranareaoflowpopulationinsideJapansuchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofactionmightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsideswhilethepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequatelydemonstrated.AlloftheseargumentswererejectedhoweverandthegeneralconsensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwouldbetousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinsideJapan.Infacttwoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecisionwasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyandJapanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocidei.e.killingasmanypeopleaspossibleincludingcivilians.LateroneventheUSandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcitiesDresdenandTokyoforexampleinordertokillinjureandintimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.CertainlythegeneralpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthedeathsoflargenumbersofpeoplesothedeathsofanotherfewthousandJapanesewhoweretheenemyinanycasewouldnotseemparticularlyunacceptable—abitofjustifiablerevengefortheAllies’ownlossesperhaps.Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someoftheleadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelopnuclearweaponsandthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumberofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.Asaresultalotofnor-malintelligentpeoplewantedtoseenuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructivethisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeevenmoreeffectivethantheyhadimagined.Accordingtothepassagenuclearweaponswereinitiallydesignedto
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartobeusedagainstGermany.HoweverbythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforusethewarwithGermanyhadendedandasaresultthedecisionwasmadetousetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasakihavesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresentday.Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwoheavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberofpeoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclearweaponswouldbeunnecessarysinceAmericanIntelligencewasawarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleinJapanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslostandwantedtonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.ItwasalsoarguedthatsinceJapanhasfewnaturalresourcesablockadebytheAmericannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeksandtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.IfademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewarabombcouldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadeserrinfrontofJapaneseobserversoroveranareaoflowpopulationinsideJapansuchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofactionmightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsideswhilethepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequatelydemonstrated.AlloftheseargumentswererejectedhoweverandthegeneralconsensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwouldbetousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinsideJapan.Infacttwoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecisionwasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyandJapanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocidei.e.killingasmanypeopleaspossibleincludingcivilians.LateroneventheUSandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcitiesDresdenandTokyoforexampleinordertokillinjureandintimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.CertainlythegeneralpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthedeathsoflargenumbersofpeoplesothedeathsofanotherfewthousandJapanesewhoweretheenemyinanycasewouldnotseemparticularlyunacceptable—abitofjustifiablerevengefortheAllies’ownlossesperhaps.Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someoftheleadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelopnuclearweaponsandthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumberofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.Asaresultalotofnor-malintelligentpeoplewantedtoseenuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructivethisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeevenmoreeffectivethantheyhadimagined.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwesternpeopleatthetime
Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithitsaysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR.OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions.Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeofwhatifconcentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults.Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting.Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay.Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate.Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.ThelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefutureMeehlsays.Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresultstelluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealisticandthatfortheimmediatefuturepreventionisnotonthetablesaysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate.There’saculturalbiasinfavorofpreventionhesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds.Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally./Globalwarmingissomething
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./ITdirectorsfeelcomfortablebecause
Directions:Jordanisoneofyourbusinesspartners.RecentlyhewaspromotedtobetheGeneralManagerofECCCompany.Writealetterto1congratulatehimonhispromotionand2expressyourwishtocooperatewithhim.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforself-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt.Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserableentourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit.Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity—andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup.DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality—whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment—tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredFromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness.Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities.Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:I’mkindofahermit.Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively.Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem.Psychologistsseemtobelievethatifadultswanttoremaketheiridentitytheyneedto
NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartobeusedagainstGermany.HoweverbythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforusethewarwithGermanyhadendedandasaresultthedecisionwasmadetousetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasakihavesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresentday.Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwoheavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberofpeoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclearweaponswouldbeunnecessarysinceAmericanIntelligencewasawarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleinJapanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslostandwantedtonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.ItwasalsoarguedthatsinceJapanhasfewnaturalresourcesablockadebytheAmericannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeksandtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.IfademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewarabombcouldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadeserrinfrontofJapaneseobserversoroveranareaoflowpopulationinsideJapansuchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofactionmightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsideswhilethepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequatelydemonstrated.AlloftheseargumentswererejectedhoweverandthegeneralconsensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwouldbetousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinsideJapan.Infacttwoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecisionwasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyandJapanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocidei.e.killingasmanypeopleaspossibleincludingcivilians.LateroneventheUSandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcitiesDresdenandTokyoforexampleinordertokillinjureandintimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.CertainlythegeneralpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthedeathsoflargenumbersofpeoplesothedeathsofanotherfewthousandJapanesewhoweretheenemyinanycasewouldnotseemparticularlyunacceptable—abitofjustifiablerevengefortheAllies’ownlossesperhaps.Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someoftheleadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelopnuclearweaponsandthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumberofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.Asaresultalotofnor-malintelligentpeoplewantedtoseenuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructivethisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeevenmoreeffectivethantheyhadimagined.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisissueofusingnuclearweaponsagainstJapanseemstobe
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
46ThedeterminationofthesourcesofcopperoreusedinthemanufactureofcopperandbronzeartifactsofBronzeAgecivilizationswouldaddgreatlytoourknowledgeofculturalcontactsandtradeinthaterawhenpreliminaryindustrywasonthehorizon.Researchershaveanalyzedartifactsandoresfortheirconcentrationsofelementsbutforavarietyofreasonsthesestudieshavegenerallyfailedtoprovideevidenceofthesourcesofthecopperusedintheobjects.Elementalcompositioncanvarywithinthesamecopper-orelodeusuallybecauseofvaryingadmixturesofotherelementsespeciallyironleadzincandarsenic.Andhighconcentrationsofcobaltorzincnoticedinsomeartifactsappearinavarietyofcopper-oresources.Moreovertheprocessingoforesintroducedpoorlycontrolledchangesintheconcentrationsofminorandtraceelementsintheresultingmetal.Someelementsevaporateduringsmeltingandroasting;differenttemperaturesandprocessesproducedifferentdegreesofloss.47Finallyfluxwhichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheorecouldaddtothefinalproductquantitiesofelementsthataremixedtogetherwithcopper. Anelementalpropertythatisunchangedthroughthesechemicalprocessesistheisotopiccompositionofeachmetallicelementintheore.Isotopiccompositionthepercentagesofthedifferentisotopesofanelementinagivensampleoftheelementisthereforeparticularlysuitableasanindicatorofthesourcesoftheore.48Ofcourseforthispurposeitisnecessarytofindanelementwhoseelementalcompositionismoreorlessconstantthroughoutagivenorebodybutvariesfromonecopperorebodytoanotheroratleastfromonegeographicregiontoanother. Theidealchoicewhenisotopiccompositionisusedtoinvestigatethesourceofcopperorewouldseemtobecopperitself.Ithasbeenshownthatsmallbutmeasurablevariationsoccurnaturallyintheisotopiccompositionofcopper.Howeverthevariationsarelargeenoughonlyinrareores;betweensamplesofthecommonoremineralsofcopperisotopicvariationsgreaterthanthemeasurementerrorhavenotbeenfound.49AnalternativechoiceisleadwhichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.Theisotopiccompositionofleadoftenvariesfromonesourceofcommoncopperoretoanotherwithvariationsexceedingthemeasurementerror;andpreliminarystudiesindicatevirtuallyuniformistopiccompositionoftheleadfromasinglecopper-oresource.50WhilesomeoftheleadfoundinanartifactmayhavebeenintroducedfromfluxorwhenothermetalswereaddedtothecopperoreleadsoaddedinBronzeAgeprocessingwouldusuallyhavethesamecompositionastheleadfoundinthecopperore.LeadisotopestudiesmaythusproveusefulforinterpretingthearchaeologicalrecordoftheBronzeAge. AnalternativechoiceisleadwhichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./ThephrasecapitalisingonLine2Para.1canbesubstitutedby
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded.Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhim.It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculinehesaid.StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier.Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking—soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulartwriteseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticedasenseofinnercalmontheaviators’faces.Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgoodsaidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa.OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguyhejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous.Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpainshesaid.BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody.YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid.Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitaryhesaid.InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature./AccordingtoSteffenspracticingyoga
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforself-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt.Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserableentourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit.Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity—andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup.DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality—whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment—tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredFromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness.Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities.Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:I’mkindofahermit.Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively.Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem.TheauthormentionedHoudiniinthetextto
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheonemostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprisedat-the-moneyoptions:fightstopurchasesharesatanexercisepriceequaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdate.MycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceofluckygrantsdefinedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards.Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming.Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedinneweconomyfirms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries.Itcaninferredfromthepassagethat
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded.Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhim.It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculinehesaid.StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier.Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking—soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulartwriteseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticedasenseofinnercalmontheaviators’faces.Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgoodsaidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa.OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguyhejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous.Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpainshesaid.BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody.YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid.Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitaryhesaid.InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature./Wecaninferfromthepassagethatyoga
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
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