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Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.Icouldtellyouhorrorstories’saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[1051an/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesign-hastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns--theFoodGuidePyramid--andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedtopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheftproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproductsmeatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphaftofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstandableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.Anyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheiragesexandactivitylevelandgetacustom-designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfreeforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups--fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertoseetheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowiththeeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork.Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid--abigsuccessintheworldofpublic-healthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Thephrasecavedinlines3-4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]WhatelsemightbewrongMoneyGermany’sspendingperpupilisabitbelowtheOECDaverage.ButsoisBritain’sandBritishpupilstothesurpriseofmanytherefiguredinthetopteninallthetests.TheorganisationofschoolingthenThatwouldbehardmjudge.Educationistheresponsibilityofthecountry’s16distinctLanderstatesandthevarioussystemstheyuserangefromthehighlyselectivetothefullycomprehensive. [B]Thereismoreofaclueperhapstobefoundintheteachingforceitself.Germany’sschool-teachersarerelativelywellpaidbuttheyaretoofew:Germanyhasoneofthehighestpupil-teacherratiosamongOECDcountriesandinmanysubjectsanacuteshortageofteachers.Norarenewonesflockingin:two-fifthsofallteachersareover50.Oneinthreeadmitstofeeling"burntout”;nearlythree-quarterstakeearlyretirementonhealthgrounds.Inevitablythequalityofteachingsuffers. [C]"Shocking""scandalous"and"catastrophic"politiciansparentsandeducatorshavewailedinunison.AndbeneaththeaveragefigureslieothersevenmoreshockingforGermany’sdeeplydemocraticburghers:evidenceofawidegap---oneofthewidestfoundbytheOECD’sresearchers--betweenGermany’shighest-performingstudentsanditslowest.Nearlyaquarterofits15-year-oldscouldnotreadandunderstandasimpletext.NotthatGermanycantakemuchcomfortfromtheachievementofitspupilsattheotherendofthescale.Only28%ofits15~year-oldsreachedthestudy’stoptwolevelsofreadingabilitycomparedwithhalfinFinlandwhichwasrankedfirstoverallandoverathirdinadozenothercountries. [D]Otherexplanationsabound.OneistheGermanzealforrotelearningratherthanforteachingchildrentothinkforthemselves.Anotheristheinadequatesupportgiventoweakerstudentsandtherequirementthatanypupilwhogetspoormarksinjusttwosubjectshastorepeatthewholeyear.Mostoftheother15-year-oldpupilsinvolvedintheOECDstudywereallinthesamegradehavinggoneupwiththeircontemporariesasagroup;theGerman15-year-oldsspannedfourgradesbecausesomanyhadhadtorepeatayearormore. [E]HowcanthisbeWhateverelseGermanyisfamousforitsthoroughness.Itstechnicaleducationwasoneofthewondersofthe19thcenturyandlongafter.WhathasgonewrongAlmostasalarmingasthefiguresnoonecantell.BlamingthelargenumberofstudentsofforeigndescentwhoaccountforoneintenpupilsinGermanschoolsisnotanadequateexcuse:German-speakingAustria—yeseasy-goingAustria-cametenthinthereadingtestsalthoughithasasimilarproportionofpupilsofforeigndescent. [F]SomepeopleblameGermany’scompressedschooldaywhichstartsat8amandusuallyendsat1.30pmor2pm.Manyparentswouldlikealaterstartandalongerday.SomeLanderaretryingoutall-dayschoolingbutsofaronlyonasmallscale.Thebigneedrunsanotherargumentisformorefleekindergartenplacestohelpinparticularchildrenfromnon-German-speakingimmigrantfamilies.Atthetopofthescaleithaslongbeenarguedthatmorepupilsshouldbeencouragedtogoontohighereducation.Atpresentonly28%dosocomparedwithanOECDaverageof45%—andonly16%emergetypicallysomesixyearslaterwithadegree.SincethereportwaspublishedlastweekGermanshavebeenrackingtheirbrainsoverallthesequestionsandmore.Nooneyethastheanswers.ButmanyGermansarealreadyconvincedthatnothingshortofa"culturalrevolution"throughouttheeducationsystemisnowrequired. [G]Theshameofit[finanewstudyofschoolpupils’performancebytheOECDGermanytheworld’sthird-biggesteconomicpowerthe"landofpoetsandthinkers"wasrankedamiserable21stoutof31countriesforthereadingabilitiesofits15-year-olds20thinmathematicsand20thinscience.Acountrylongproud--andseeminglywithreason--ofitsrecordineducationhasbeenshownupasaDummkopf.Itsgovernmentandcitizensalikeareinatizzyofalarmandself-doubt. Order: 41
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisahadidea.WhenoilburnsItdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeoplebumsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegasesthatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithitTheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Accordingtothepassageoilresultsinairpollutionbecause
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandBAllresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effective managementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining.[ G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 45
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisahadidea.WhenoilburnsItdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeoplebumsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegasesthatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithitTheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasadisadvantageofburyingpollution
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesign-hastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns--theFoodGuidePyramid--andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedtopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheftproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproductsmeatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphaftofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstandableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.Anyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheiragesexandactivitylevelandgetacustom-designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfreeforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups--fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertoseetheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowiththeeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork.Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid--abigsuccessintheworldofpublic-healthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Thebiggestproblemwiththenewpyramidseemstobethat
[A]WhatelsemightbewrongMoneyGermany’sspendingperpupilisabitbelowtheOECDaverage.ButsoisBritain’sandBritishpupilstothesurpriseofmanytherefiguredinthetopteninallthetests.TheorganisationofschoolingthenThatwouldbehardmjudge.Educationistheresponsibilityofthecountry’s16distinctLanderstatesandthevarioussystemstheyuserangefromthehighlyselectivetothefullycomprehensive. [B]Thereismoreofaclueperhapstobefoundintheteachingforceitself.Germany’sschool-teachersarerelativelywellpaidbuttheyaretoofew:Germanyhasoneofthehighestpupil-teacherratiosamongOECDcountriesandinmanysubjectsanacuteshortageofteachers.Norarenewonesflockingin:two-fifthsofallteachersareover50.Oneinthreeadmitstofeeling"burntout”;nearlythree-quarterstakeearlyretirementonhealthgrounds.Inevitablythequalityofteachingsuffers. [C]"Shocking""scandalous"and"catastrophic"politiciansparentsandeducatorshavewailedinunison.AndbeneaththeaveragefigureslieothersevenmoreshockingforGermany’sdeeplydemocraticburghers:evidenceofawidegap---oneofthewidestfoundbytheOECD’sresearchers--betweenGermany’shighest-performingstudentsanditslowest.Nearlyaquarterofits15-year-oldscouldnotreadandunderstandasimpletext.NotthatGermanycantakemuchcomfortfromtheachievementofitspupilsattheotherendofthescale.Only28%ofits15~year-oldsreachedthestudy’stoptwolevelsofreadingabilitycomparedwithhalfinFinlandwhichwasrankedfirstoverallandoverathirdinadozenothercountries. [D]Otherexplanationsabound.OneistheGermanzealforrotelearningratherthanforteachingchildrentothinkforthemselves.Anotheristheinadequatesupportgiventoweakerstudentsandtherequirementthatanypupilwhogetspoormarksinjusttwosubjectshastorepeatthewholeyear.Mostoftheother15-year-oldpupilsinvolvedintheOECDstudywereallinthesamegradehavinggoneupwiththeircontemporariesasagroup;theGerman15-year-oldsspannedfourgradesbecausesomanyhadhadtorepeatayearormore. [E]HowcanthisbeWhateverelseGermanyisfamousforitsthoroughness.Itstechnicaleducationwasoneofthewondersofthe19thcenturyandlongafter.WhathasgonewrongAlmostasalarmingasthefiguresnoonecantell.BlamingthelargenumberofstudentsofforeigndescentwhoaccountforoneintenpupilsinGermanschoolsisnotanadequateexcuse:German-speakingAustria—yeseasy-goingAustria-cametenthinthereadingtestsalthoughithasasimilarproportionofpupilsofforeigndescent. [F]SomepeopleblameGermany’scompressedschooldaywhichstartsat8amandusuallyendsat1.30pmor2pm.Manyparentswouldlikealaterstartandalongerday.SomeLanderaretryingoutall-dayschoolingbutsofaronlyonasmallscale.Thebigneedrunsanotherargumentisformorefleekindergartenplacestohelpinparticularchildrenfromnon-German-speakingimmigrantfamilies.Atthetopofthescaleithaslongbeenarguedthatmorepupilsshouldbeencouragedtogoontohighereducation.Atpresentonly28%dosocomparedwithanOECDaverageof45%—andonly16%emergetypicallysomesixyearslaterwithadegree.SincethereportwaspublishedlastweekGermanshavebeenrackingtheirbrainsoverallthesequestionsandmore.Nooneyethastheanswers.ButmanyGermansarealreadyconvincedthatnothingshortofa"culturalrevolution"throughouttheeducationsystemisnowrequired. [G]Theshameofit[finanewstudyofschoolpupils’performancebytheOECDGermanytheworld’sthird-biggesteconomicpowerthe"landofpoetsandthinkers"wasrankedamiserable21stoutof31countriesforthereadingabilitiesofits15-year-olds20thinmathematicsand20thinscience.Acountrylongproud--andseeminglywithreason--ofitsrecordineducationhasbeenshownupasaDummkopf.Itsgovernmentandcitizensalikeareinatizzyofalarmandself-doubt. Order: 43
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions: Youheardthatoneofyourfriendshasbeenacceptedbyaforeignuniversity.Writealetterofcongratulationsincluding1yourcongratulations;2someadvice;3remindinghimtokeepintouchwithyou.YoushouldwriteaboutI00words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat 1 eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards 2 arethrowingthebooksatkids. 3 elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework 4 What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas 5 mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit 6 helpingtoomuchorevenexamining 7 toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem 8 doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery 9 assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa 10 ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren 11 thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir 12 .But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe 13 "shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould 14 homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids 15 .Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin 16 fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe" 17 morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild 18 hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck 19 otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout 20 assignments. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandBAllresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effective managementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining.[ G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 41
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHoustonWehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresuitsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe-1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasacceleratedcomplicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobsCorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifferencetothebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartralnandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompany;likemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.AccordingtoWilsonChevronintendstotransferitsemployeeschieflyto
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46EvanashiscarswereracingtovictoryallovertheworldthemanatthehelmoftheracingteampreferredtostayinModenaandwatchtheracesontelevisionathome.ThisintimateaccountofFerrari’searlydaysandhisemergenceasthespiritbehindtheteamfillsthegapneatly. Ferrari.nowownedbyFiathaslongbeensynonymouswithFormulaOneracing.47OvertheyearsMcLarenBenettonandWilliamsmaybetweenthemhavewonmoreracesbutitistheglamouraswellasthesingularsuccessofFerrarithatdrawsthecrowds.AsayoungmanFerrarihadneitherthemoneynorthekillerinstincttobecomeoneofthegreatracingdrivers."Ifyouwantspectacularresultsyouhavetoknowhowtotreatyourcarbadly.ThefactisIdon’tdrivejusttogetfromAtoB.Ienjoyfeelingthecar’sreactionsbecomingpartofit.Icouldn’tinflictsufferingonit."WhatFerrarilikedwastobe"anagitatorofmen". ThefirstFerrariteamracedAlfaRomeosthoughthepartnershipdidnotlast.48In1947Ferrarirelaunchedonhisownmakingthefirstofthecarsthatwouldwearthebadgeoftheblackprancinghorseonayellowbackground.Bytheearly1950sinthehandsofsuchdriversasAlbertoAscariandJuanFangioFerrariswereleadingtheworldchampionships.MeanwhileLuigiChinettiagreatsalesmanpersuadedFerrarithatroadversionsofthecarswouldsellwelltorichAmericans.InItalyroadFerrarisbecamethefilmstar’smust-havecarinCinecitta.49RobertoRossellinievengottodriveoneinthefamousMilleMigliabeforehiswifeIngridBergmanpersuadedhimtoabandontheracehalfwaythroughinRome. 50TheaccountsofearlyracessuchastheMilleMigliafromBresciatoRomeandbackandTazioNuvolari’swininaFerrari-runAlfaRomeoatNurburgringinGermanyin1935areamongthehighlightsofRichardWilliams’sbook.AstheItaliancrossedthewinninglineHitler’ssportsministergroundhisteethandcrumpledhispreparedspeechlaudingaMercedesvictory.MrWilliamsisatalentedwriter;helovesItalyandmotorracingandhispassionforbothshinesthrough. 49RobertoRossellinievengottodriveoneinthefamousMilleMigliabeforehiswifeIngridBergmanpersuadedhimtoabandontheracehalfwaythroughinRome.
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandBAllresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effective managementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining.[ G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 43
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisahadidea.WhenoilburnsItdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeoplebumsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegasesthatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithitTheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisideaofburyingpollutionseemstobe
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.Icouldtellyouhorrorstories’saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[1051an/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.Inthelastparagraphtheexpression..patientsareontheirownmostprobablymeans
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
StephenColbert’sperformanceattheWhiteHouseCorrespondentsDinnerninedaysagohasalreadycreatedadebateoverpoliticsthepressandhumor.Nowacommercialrivalryhasbrokenoutoveritsrebroadcast. OnWednesdayC-SpanthenonprofitnetworkthatfirstshowedMr.Colbert’sspeechwroteletterstothevideositesYouTube.comandifilm.comdemandingthattheclipsofthespeechbetakenofftheirWebsites.TheactionwasafirstforC-Spanwhoseprime-timescheduletendstofeatureeventslikeCongressionalhearingsonautofuel-economystandards. "Wehavehadotherhot—Ihatetousethatword—videosthatgeneratedalotofbuzz"saidRobKennedyexecutivevicepresidentofC-Spanwhichwasfoundedin1979."Butthisisthefirsttimeithasoccurredsincetheadventofthevideoclippingsites." AftertheclipsofMr.Colbert’sperformancewereorderedtakendownatYouTube—where41clipsofthespeechhadbeenviewedatotalof2.7milliontimesinlessthan48hoursaccordingtothesite—therewererumblingsonleft-wingsitesthatsomeonewastryingtosilenceamanwhodaredtospeaktruthtopower. Butasbecameclearlaterintheweek.thiswasabusinessdecisionnotapoliticalone.NotonlyistheentireeventavailabletobestreamedatC-Span’sWebsite.c-spanorgbutthenetworkissellingDVD’softheeventfor$24.95includingspeechesandacomedyroutinebyPresidentBushwithaPresidentBushimitator. AndC-SpangavepermissiontoGoogleVideostocarrytheColbertspeechbeginningFriday.ThearrangementwhichcamewiththestipulationthatGoogleVideosprovidetheentireeventandaclipofMr.Bush’sentireroutineaswellisaone-timedeal.PeterChaneseniorproductmanagerofGoogleVideosaid"C-Spanhassomeveryveryuniquecontent"addingthat"onlineisreallygreatdistributionoutlet". ButJulieSupanseniordirectorformarketingatYouTubesaidofficialstherewerestungbyC-Span’sbehaviorbecauseshesaidthesitehadhelpedfuelmomentumfortheColbertclip. "Thiswasanexcitingmomentfortheminaviralrandomway"shesaid."Totakeitdownfromonesiteanduplodingonanotheritisperplexing. ThewordstipulationLine2.ParA．6implies
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
[A]WhatelsemightbewrongMoneyGermany’sspendingperpupilisabitbelowtheOECDaverage.ButsoisBritain’sandBritishpupilstothesurpriseofmanytherefiguredinthetopteninallthetests.TheorganisationofschoolingthenThatwouldbehardmjudge.Educationistheresponsibilityofthecountry’s16distinctLanderstatesandthevarioussystemstheyuserangefromthehighlyselectivetothefullycomprehensive. [B]Thereismoreofaclueperhapstobefoundintheteachingforceitself.Germany’sschool-teachersarerelativelywellpaidbuttheyaretoofew:Germanyhasoneofthehighestpupil-teacherratiosamongOECDcountriesandinmanysubjectsanacuteshortageofteachers.Norarenewonesflockingin:two-fifthsofallteachersareover50.Oneinthreeadmitstofeeling"burntout”;nearlythree-quarterstakeearlyretirementonhealthgrounds.Inevitablythequalityofteachingsuffers. [C]"Shocking""scandalous"and"catastrophic"politiciansparentsandeducatorshavewailedinunison.AndbeneaththeaveragefigureslieothersevenmoreshockingforGermany’sdeeplydemocraticburghers:evidenceofawidegap---oneofthewidestfoundbytheOECD’sresearchers--betweenGermany’shighest-performingstudentsanditslowest.Nearlyaquarterofits15-year-oldscouldnotreadandunderstandasimpletext.NotthatGermanycantakemuchcomfortfromtheachievementofitspupilsattheotherendofthescale.Only28%ofits15~year-oldsreachedthestudy’stoptwolevelsofreadingabilitycomparedwithhalfinFinlandwhichwasrankedfirstoverallandoverathirdinadozenothercountries. [D]Otherexplanationsabound.OneistheGermanzealforrotelearningratherthanforteachingchildrentothinkforthemselves.Anotheristheinadequatesupportgiventoweakerstudentsandtherequirementthatanypupilwhogetspoormarksinjusttwosubjectshastorepeatthewholeyear.Mostoftheother15-year-oldpupilsinvolvedintheOECDstudywereallinthesamegradehavinggoneupwiththeircontemporariesasagroup;theGerman15-year-oldsspannedfourgradesbecausesomanyhadhadtorepeatayearormore. [E]HowcanthisbeWhateverelseGermanyisfamousforitsthoroughness.Itstechnicaleducationwasoneofthewondersofthe19thcenturyandlongafter.WhathasgonewrongAlmostasalarmingasthefiguresnoonecantell.BlamingthelargenumberofstudentsofforeigndescentwhoaccountforoneintenpupilsinGermanschoolsisnotanadequateexcuse:German-speakingAustria—yeseasy-goingAustria-cametenthinthereadingtestsalthoughithasasimilarproportionofpupilsofforeigndescent. [F]SomepeopleblameGermany’scompressedschooldaywhichstartsat8amandusuallyendsat1.30pmor2pm.Manyparentswouldlikealaterstartandalongerday.SomeLanderaretryingoutall-dayschoolingbutsofaronlyonasmallscale.Thebigneedrunsanotherargumentisformorefleekindergartenplacestohelpinparticularchildrenfromnon-German-speakingimmigrantfamilies.Atthetopofthescaleithaslongbeenarguedthatmorepupilsshouldbeencouragedtogoontohighereducation.Atpresentonly28%dosocomparedwithanOECDaverageof45%—andonly16%emergetypicallysomesixyearslaterwithadegree.SincethereportwaspublishedlastweekGermanshavebeenrackingtheirbrainsoverallthesequestionsandmore.Nooneyethastheanswers.ButmanyGermansarealreadyconvincedthatnothingshortofa"culturalrevolution"throughouttheeducationsystemisnowrequired. [G]Theshameofit[finanewstudyofschoolpupils’performancebytheOECDGermanytheworld’sthird-biggesteconomicpowerthe"landofpoetsandthinkers"wasrankedamiserable21stoutof31countriesforthereadingabilitiesofits15-year-olds20thinmathematicsand20thinscience.Acountrylongproud--andseeminglywithreason--ofitsrecordineducationhasbeenshownupasaDummkopf.Itsgovernmentandcitizensalikeareinatizzyofalarmandself-doubt. Order: 45
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46EvanashiscarswereracingtovictoryallovertheworldthemanatthehelmoftheracingteampreferredtostayinModenaandwatchtheracesontelevisionathome.ThisintimateaccountofFerrari’searlydaysandhisemergenceasthespiritbehindtheteamfillsthegapneatly. Ferrari.nowownedbyFiathaslongbeensynonymouswithFormulaOneracing.47OvertheyearsMcLarenBenettonandWilliamsmaybetweenthemhavewonmoreracesbutitistheglamouraswellasthesingularsuccessofFerrarithatdrawsthecrowds.AsayoungmanFerrarihadneitherthemoneynorthekillerinstincttobecomeoneofthegreatracingdrivers."Ifyouwantspectacularresultsyouhavetoknowhowtotreatyourcarbadly.ThefactisIdon’tdrivejusttogetfromAtoB.Ienjoyfeelingthecar’sreactionsbecomingpartofit.Icouldn’tinflictsufferingonit."WhatFerrarilikedwastobe"anagitatorofmen". ThefirstFerrariteamracedAlfaRomeosthoughthepartnershipdidnotlast.48In1947Ferrarirelaunchedonhisownmakingthefirstofthecarsthatwouldwearthebadgeoftheblackprancinghorseonayellowbackground.Bytheearly1950sinthehandsofsuchdriversasAlbertoAscariandJuanFangioFerrariswereleadingtheworldchampionships.MeanwhileLuigiChinettiagreatsalesmanpersuadedFerrarithatroadversionsofthecarswouldsellwelltorichAmericans.InItalyroadFerrarisbecamethefilmstar’smust-havecarinCinecitta.49RobertoRossellinievengottodriveoneinthefamousMilleMigliabeforehiswifeIngridBergmanpersuadedhimtoabandontheracehalfwaythroughinRome. 50TheaccountsofearlyracessuchastheMilleMigliafromBresciatoRomeandbackandTazioNuvolari’swininaFerrari-runAlfaRomeoatNurburgringinGermanyin1935areamongthehighlightsofRichardWilliams’sbook.AstheItaliancrossedthewinninglineHitler’ssportsministergroundhisteethandcrumpledhispreparedspeechlaudingaMercedesvictory.MrWilliamsisatalentedwriter;helovesItalyandmotorracingandhispassionforbothshinesthrough. 47OvertheyearsMcLarenBenettonandWilliamsmaybetweenthemhavewonmoreracesbutitistheglamouraswellasthesingularsuccessofFerrarithatdrawsthecrowds
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHoustonWehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresuitsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe-1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasacceleratedcomplicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobsCorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifferencetothebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartralnandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompany;likemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHoustonWehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresuitsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe-1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasacceleratedcomplicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobsCorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifferencetothebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartralnandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompany;likemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.MayorRayNaginisquotedinthe3rdparagraphto
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