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A. Get moving B. Follow your interest C. Explore other perspectives D. Reduce screen time E. For...
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Throughouthistoryandthroughacross-sectionofcultureswomenhavetransformedtheirappearancetoconformtoabeautyideal.AmericanandEuropeanwomenlivedinthe1800scinchedintheirwaistssotightlythatsomesufferedinternaldamage.TheNorthAmericanidealofbeautyhascontinuallyfocusedonwomen’sbodies:thetinywaistoftheVictorianperiodandthevoluptuouscurvesthatwerethemeasureofbeautybetweenthe1930sand1950s.1Howeverthisrelentlesspursuitofthinnessisnotjustanexampleofwomentryingtolooktheirbest;itisalsoastruggleforcontrolacceptanceandsuccess.2Oneofthenegativepsychologicalsideeffectsassociatedwitheatingdisordersisthepatient’sdistortionoftheirownbodyimagebodyimagebeingdefinedasthepictureapersonhasinhismindofhisownbodythatisthewayhisbodyappearstohim.Manywomenwhoarecaughtupintherelentlesspursuitofthinnessalsoexperiencesomedegreeofdisturbedbodyimage.34.Womenwithperfectlynormalbodiesseethemselvesasbeingheavy;sothatthedefinitionofnormalbecomesinaccurateandthisperceivednormalcyisrepresentedbyaverysmallpercentageofwomen.Itfollowsthatifbodyimageissocloselylinkedtoself-imageitisimportantforwomentolearntofeelcomfortablewiththebodytheyliveindespiteanyimperfections.5.Advertisingisamajorvehicleforpresentingimagesandformingattitudes.Themajorityofadsincorporateyoungbeautifulslendermodelstopresenttheirproductsandservices.Whileindividualadsmaynotbeseenasabigissueitisthecumulativeunconsciousimpactthathasaneffectonattitudestowardwomenandinwomen’sattitudestowardthemselves.Aswomenareconsistentlyexposedtothesefeminineformsthroughbothprintandtelevisionitbecomesdifficulttodistinguishwhatisnormalandevenmoredifficultnottocomparethemselvestothisform.A.Theexperiencesandpracticesofwomenwhosimplydietarenotradicallydifferentfromthosewhoarediagnosedwitheatingdisorders.Forsomewomenachievingtheperfectbodyformbecomesthemostimportantgoalinlife.B.Currentstandardsemphasizeatonedslenderlookonethatexudesfitnessyouthandhealth.AccordingtopsychologistEvaSzekelyHavingtobeattractiveatthistimemeansunequivocallyhavingtobethin.InNorthAmericatodaythinnessisapreconditionforbeingperceivedbyothersandoneselfashealthy.C.Theimagesthatarepresentedinadvertisingaredesignedtocreateanillusionafantasyidealthatwillkeepwomencontinuallyconsuming.Advertisersarewellawareoftheinsecuritiesthatmostwomenfeelabouttheirownbodies.D.Sowhyduringthisprocessofdevelopmentsomanywomenbecomedissatisfiedself-criticalandjudgmentalabouttheirownbodiesOneofthereasonsmayhavetodowiththemediaandvariousformsofadvertising.Adssellmorethanjustproducts;theypresentanideaofnormalcywhoweareandwhoweshouldbe.E.Whilewomencontinuetostruggleforequalityonaneconomicscaleandwithintheirrelationshipstheystillmaintaincontrolovertheirownbodies.Itisimportantthatwomenbegintoacceptthemselvesforwhotheyareregardlessoftheirbodytypeandtofeelcomfortablewiththebodytheylivein.F.Inattemptingtomouldtheirappearancetomeetthecurrentidealnumerouswomenareliterallystarvingthemselvestodeath.Theincidenceofeatingdisordershasdoubledduringthelasttwodecades.Thisincreaseisnolongerlimitedtowomenintheirteensandtwentiesbutisincreasinglydiagnosedinpatientsintheirthirtiesandforties.G.Feelingsaboutbodyarecloselyrelatedtoawoman’ssenseofself;thebodyisperceivedasacceptableorunacceptableprovidingafoundationforself-concept.Itisalarmingthenthatalmost80%ofwomenthinkthey’reoverweight.Bodyimagehasverylittletodowiththewayapersonactuallylooks;manywomenwhoappeartofittheidealbodytypeareactuallydissatisfiedwiththeirappearance.
Throughouthistoryandthroughacross-sectionofcultureswomenhavetransformedtheirappearancetoconformtoabeautyideal.AmericanandEuropeanwomenlivedinthe1800scinchedintheirwaistssotightlythatsomesufferedinternaldamage.TheNorthAmericanidealofbeautyhascontinuallyfocusedonwomen’sbodies:thetinywaistoftheVictorianperiodandthevoluptuouscurvesthatwerethemeasureofbeautybetweenthe1930sand1950s.1Howeverthisrelentlesspursuitofthinnessisnotjustanexampleofwomentryingtolooktheirbest;itisalsoastruggleforcontrolacceptanceandsuccess.2Oneofthenegativepsychologicalsideeffectsassociatedwitheatingdisordersisthepatient’sdistortionoftheirownbodyimagebodyimagebeingdefinedasthepictureapersonhasinhismindofhisownbodythatisthewayhisbodyappearstohim.Manywomenwhoarecaughtupintherelentlesspursuitofthinnessalsoexperiencesomedegreeofdisturbedbodyimage.34.Womenwithperfectlynormalbodiesseethemselvesasbeingheavy;sothatthedefinitionofnormalbecomesinaccurateandthisperceivednormalcyisrepresentedbyaverysmallpercentageofwomen.Itfollowsthatifbodyimageissocloselylinkedtoself-imageitisimportantforwomentolearntofeelcomfortablewiththebodytheyliveindespiteanyimperfections.5.Advertisingisamajorvehicleforpresentingimagesandformingattitudes.Themajorityofadsincorporateyoungbeautifulslendermodelstopresenttheirproductsandservices.Whileindividualadsmaynotbeseenasabigissueitisthecumulativeunconsciousimpactthathasaneffectonattitudestowardwomenandinwomen’sattitudestowardthemselves.Aswomenareconsistentlyexposedtothesefeminineformsthroughbothprintandtelevisionitbecomesdifficulttodistinguishwhatisnormalandevenmoredifficultnottocomparethemselvestothisform.A.Theexperiencesandpracticesofwomenwhosimplydietarenotradicallydifferentfromthosewhoarediagnosedwitheatingdisorders.Forsomewomenachievingtheperfectbodyformbecomesthemostimportantgoalinlife.B.Currentstandardsemphasizeatonedslenderlookonethatexudesfitnessyouthandhealth.AccordingtopsychologistEvaSzekelyHavingtobeattractiveatthistimemeansunequivocallyhavingtobethin.InNorthAmericatodaythinnessisapreconditionforbeingperceivedbyothersandoneselfashealthy.C.Theimagesthatarepresentedinadvertisingaredesignedtocreateanillusionafantasyidealthatwillkeepwomencontinuallyconsuming.Advertisersarewellawareoftheinsecuritiesthatmostwomenfeelabouttheirownbodies.D.Sowhyduringthisprocessofdevelopmentsomanywomenbecomedissatisfiedself-criticalandjudgmentalabouttheirownbodiesOneofthereasonsmayhavetodowiththemediaandvariousformsofadvertising.Adssellmorethanjustproducts;theypresentanideaofnormalcywhoweareandwhoweshouldbe.E.Whilewomencontinuetostruggleforequalityonaneconomicscaleandwithintheirrelationshipstheystillmaintaincontrolovertheirownbodies.Itisimportantthatwomenbegintoacceptthemselvesforwhotheyareregardlessoftheirbodytypeandtofeelcomfortablewiththebodytheylivein.F.Inattemptingtomouldtheirappearancetomeetthecurrentidealnumerouswomenareliterallystarvingthemselvestodeath.Theincidenceofeatingdisordershasdoubledduringthelasttwodecades.Thisincreaseisnolongerlimitedtowomenintheirteensandtwentiesbutisincreasinglydiagnosedinpatientsintheirthirtiesandforties.G.Feelingsaboutbodyarecloselyrelatedtoawoman’ssenseofself;thebodyisperceivedasacceptableorunacceptableprovidingafoundationforself-concept.Itisalarmingthenthatalmost80%ofwomenthinkthey’reoverweight.Bodyimagehasverylittletodowiththewayapersonactuallylooks;manywomenwhoappeartofittheidealbodytypeareactuallydissatisfiedwiththeirappearance.
Certainactivistlawyershavegrabbedheadlinesrecentlyintheircampaigntograntlegalrightsfirsttochimpanzeesandthentootheranimals.1.Proponentsofanimalrightsbuildtheircasewiththesearguments:1certainanimalssharequalitiesofconsciousnessthathaveheretoforebeenseenasuniquelyhuman;2animalsare:brutalizedinresearch;3researchwithanimalshasbeenmadeobsoletebycomputersandothertechnologies.2.Lastlyandperhapsmostimportantlythereisnosubstituteforanimalresearchtounderstandbiologicalprocessesthataffectalivingorganism.Thinkofitthisway:Whyusecostlyanimalsifequallyusefulnon-animalresearchtoolswereavailable3.Witheverymedicalbreakthroughofthepastcenturythedirectresultofanimal-basedresearchsuchresearchisnotonlyethicalbutisourobligation.4.PhilosopherPeterSingerfirstmadetheargumentthatsomeanimalsoughttocountaspersonswhereasmentallydefectivehumansshouldnotandthatthelivesofhealthyanimalsoughttobeweighedequallywithhumanbeings.SingersaysparentsofanewbornwithDown’ssyndromewouldbejustifiedinendingherlifetomakeroomintheirlivesforababywithnormalintelligence.RecallthoughthatNaziGermanyusedthesamekindofpersonhoodcriteriontojustifykillingthephysicallyandmentallyhandicapped.5.Animalsarenotlittlepersons:Thenecessityofdistinguishingbetweenapersonandanimalstrikesattheheartofthedilemmafacedbyascientistwhoisveryfondofanimalsyetwhousestheminresearch.Ihavecometorealizetheobvious:Wedecidewhatanimalsaretobeinrelationtous.IadoremycatBusterbutIalsousedmembersofhisspeciesinmyresearchforyears.A.Theybelievethattheseanimalsdeservelegalprotectionincludinganendtotheiruseassubjectsofmedicalresearch.Asaresearchscientistwhofor40yearshasusedanimalsinsleepstudiesIamdeeplyconcerned.B.Wehaveagreatobligationtotheanimalsunderourcontrol:Wehaveamoralresponsibilitytocareforanimalsandshouldnottreatthemcruelly.Andwescientistsareobligatedtoperformcriticalexperimentsasskillfullyandhumanelyaspossible.C.Allhumanbeingsarepersons:Thisisobvioustomost—butnottosomeintheanimalrightsmovement.D.Whileperhapssuperficiallycredibletheseassertionsaresimplisticandinmyviewsimplywrong.Firstlimitedsimilaritiesofconsciousnessarenotsufficientgroundstomaketheimportantleapofgrantinglegalpersonhoodtoanimals.Secondlyscientistshaveeveryreasontotreatanimalshumanelybecausegoodsciencedependsonhealthyanimals.E.Ourfirstobligationistoourfellowhumans:AsabiologistIsaythatthemostpowerfulimperativefortheuseofanimalsinresearchisthatofsurvivalofprotectingkinandbyextensionotherpersonsfromconquerablediseaseanduntimelydeath.Viewedthiswayscientists’workseemsnodifferentfromamothereagle’sdismemberingpreytofeedherbabies.F.Grantingpersonhoodtoanimalspeciesdeemedtosharequalitieswithussuchascognitionautonomyandself-awarenessisnotabenigncampaigntoprotectanimals.Itisanefforttousethelegalsystemasatooltoenforceaflawedethicconcerningtherelationshipbetweenhumanityandtheanimalworld.G.WewouldbefoolishatbesttoignoretherealitiesofNatureandthepowerofnaturalimpulsesforsurvival.
Themainpurposeofaresumeistoconvinceanemployertograntyouaninterview.Therearetwokinds.Oneisthefamiliartombstonethatlistswhereyouwenttoschoolandwhereyou’veworkedinchronologicalorder.TheotheriswhatIcallthefunctionalresume—descriptivefuntoreaduniquetoyouandmuchmorelikelytolandyouaninterview.It’shandytohaveatombstoneforcertainoccasions.Butprospectiveemployersthrowawaymostofthoseunrequestedtombstonelistspreferringtointerviewthequickratherthanthedead.Whatfollowsaretipsonwritingafunctionalresumethatwillgetread—aresumethatmakesyoucomealiveandlookinterestingtoemployers.1.Putyourselffirst:Inordertowritearesumeotherswillreadwithenthusiasmyouhavetofeelimportantaboutyourself.2.Sellwhatyoucandonotwhoyouare:Practicetranslatingyourpersonalitytraitscharacteraccomplishmentsandachievementsintoskillareas.Thereareatleastfivethousandskillareasintheworldofwork.Tootyourownhorn!Manypeopleclutchwhenaskedtothinkabouttheirabilities.Somethinktheyhavenoneatall!Buteveryonedoesandoneofyoursmayjustbetheticketanemployerwouldbegladtopunch—ifonlyyoushowit.3.Bespecificbeconcreteandbebrief!Rememberthatbrevityisthebestpolicy.4.Turnbadnewsintogood:Everybodyhashaddisappointmentsinwork.Ifyouhavetomentionyourslookforthepositiveside.5.Neverapologize:Ifyou’reretumingtotheworkforceafterfifteenyearsasaparentsimplywriteashortparagraphsummaryofbackgroundinplaceofachronologyofexperience.Don’tapologizeforworkingatbeingamother;it’sthehardestjobofall.Ifyouhavenospecialtrainingorhighereducationjustdon’tmentioneducation.Thesecretistothinkabouttheselfbeforeyoustartwritingaboutyourself.Takefourorfivehoursoffnotnecessarilyconsecutiveandsimplywritedowneveryaccomplishmentinyourlifeonoroffthejobthatmadeyoufeeleffective.Don’tworryatfirstaboutwhatitallmeans.Studythelistandtrytospotpatterns.Asyoustudyyourlistyouwillcomeclosertothemeaning:identifyingyourmarketableskills.Onceyoudiscoverpatternsgivenamestoyourclusterofaccomplishmentsleadershipskillsbudgetmanagementskillschilddevelopmentskillsetc.Trytolistatleastthreeaccomplishmentsunderthesameskillsheading.Nowstartwritingyourresumeasifyoumattered.Itmaytakefourdraftsormoreandseveralweeksbeforeyou’rereadytoshowittoastrangerfriendsareusuallytookindforareaction.Whenyou’resatisfiedsendittoaprinter;aprintedresumeisfarsuperiortophotocopies.Itshowsanemployerthatyouregardjobhuntingasseriousworkworthdoingright.Isn’tthatthekindofpersonyou’dwantworkingforyouA.Awomanwholostherjobasateacher’saideduetoacutbackingovernmentfundingwrote:Principalofelementaryschoolcitedmeastheonlyteacher’saideshewouldrehireifgovernmentfundsbecameavailable.B.OneresumeIreceivedincludedthefollowing:Invitedbymysuperiortostraightenoutourorganization’saccountsreceivable.Setuporderlyrepaymentschedulereconciledaccountsweeklyandimprovedcashflow100percent.Rewardedwithraiseandpromotion.Noticehowthiswomanfocusesonresultsspecifieshowsheaccomplishedthemandmentionsherreward—allin34words.C.Forexampleifyouhaveaflairforsavingmanagingandinvestingmoneyyouhavemoneymanagementskills.D.AnacquaintancecomplainedofbeingbiasedwhenlosinganopportunityduetothestatementReadytolearnthoughnotsowelleducated.E.Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewrotethreeresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.F.Awomanoncetoldmeaboutacash-flowcrisisheremployerhadfaced.She’dagreedtoworkwithoutpayforthreemonthsuntilbusinessimproved.Herrewardwasherbackpayplusa20percentbonus.Iaskedwhythatmarvelousstorywasn’tinherresume.SheansweredItwasn’timportant.WhatshewasreallysayingofcoursewasI’mnotimportant./
Forasocietytoexistitmusthaveasystemofleadership.Somepeoplewillhavetohavepoweroverothers.AsMaxWeberpointedouthoweverpeoplecanperceivepoweraslegitimateorillegitimate.Weberusedthetermauthoritytorefertolegitimatepowerthatispowerthatpeopleacceptasright.Incontrastillegitimatepowercoercionispowerthatpeopledonotacceptasjust.1.CustomandauthorityThroughouttheworld’shistorythemostcommonformofauthorityhasbeentraditional.Traditionalauthoritywhichisbasedoncustomisthehallmarkofpreliterategroups.Inthesesocietiescustomdictatesbasicrelationships.2.TraditionalgenderdifferenceGenderrelationsinpreliterategroupsarealsobasedontraditionalauthority.Thedivisionsbetweenmenandwomenarebasedonthepastwithcustomdeterminingthatagulfshouldbemaintainedbetweenthem.Customalsodictatesthespecificsoftheirrelationships.3.ChangeoftraditionWhentraditionalsocietychangestraditionalauthorityisundermined.4.TraditioninmodernsocietyEveninindustrialandpostindustrialsocietieshowevertraditionalauthoritynevertotallydiesout.5.ChallengestotraditionThistraditionalauthorityunquestionedinmostplacesintheworldhasnotgonecompletelychallengedhowever.JustasforthewidowofSpainandPortugalmattersarenolongerasclear-cutastheyoncewereandsomeWesternsocietiesdebatetherightofparentstohittheirkids.Althoughtheimagesthatcometomindwhenwethinkofpowerarethoseofgovernment—kingsqueenscoupsdictatorshipsrunningforofficevoting—traditionalauthorityinthesenseofpowerrelationsisalsoaninevitablepartofeverydaylife.A.Inademocracyforexamplethepresident’sauthoritycomesfromtheofficeasspecifiedinthewrittenconstitutionnotfromhisorherreputationorpersonalcharacteristics.B.AgoodcaseinpointisSweden:ithasevenpassedlawsthatforbidspankingandSwedenauthoritiesarrestparentswholayahandontheirchildren.C.ForexampleinsmallvillagesinsouthernSpainandinalargepartofPortugalwidowsareexpectedtowearonlyblackuntiltheyremarry—whichgenerallymeansthattheywearblackfortherestoftheirlives.Theforceofatraditionissostrongthatifawidowweretoviolatethedresscodeshewouldcreateascandal.D.Parentalauthorityprovidesanexcellentexample.Parentsexerciseauthorityovertheirchildrenbecausetheyhavealwayshadsuchauthority.Fromgenerationspastweinherittheideathatparentsarenotonlyresponsibleforprovidingtheirchildrenwithfoodshelteranddisciplinebutalsothattheyhavetherighttochoosetheirchildren’sdoctorsandschoolsandteachthemreligionandmorality.E.Forexamplebecauseofbirthaparticularindividualbecomesthechiefkingorqueen.Asfarasmembersofthatsocietyareconcernedthisistherightwaytodeterminearulerbecausethatisthewayithasalwaysbeendone.F.Asasocietyindustrializesforexamplenewperspectivesonlifeopenupandnolongerdoestraditionalauthoritygounchallenged.ThusincontemporarysouthernSpainandpartsofPortugalyoucanseeoldwomendressedinblackfromheadtotoeandyouimmediatelyknowtheirmaritalstatus.Youngerwidowshoweverarelikelytobeindistinguishablefromotherwomen.
In1994theLasVegaspolicereportedthatamanhadmetanattractivewomanatalocalbarandthenblackedout.Whenheawokehewaslyinginahotelbathtubcoveredinice.Hecalledanambulanceandwasrushedtothehospitalwherethedoctorstoldhimthathehadundergonemassivesurgeryinwhichoneofhiskidneyshadbeenremovedmostlikelybyagangsellinghumanorgansontheblackmarket.1.Thisstoryisanurbanlegendanincredibletalepassedfromonepersontoanotherastruth.Generallyspeakinganurbanlegendisanymodemfictionalstorytoldastruththatreachesawideaudiencebybeingpassedfrompersontoperson.Urbanlegendsareoftenfalsebutnotalways.2.Folkloristshavecomeupwithanumberofdefinitionsforurbanlegend.Tomostitshouldbeastorywithcharactersandaplot.Othersalsocallwidelydispersedmisinformationorfactsurbanlegend.Forexamplethebeliefthatyouwillautomaticallypassallofyourcollegecoursesinasemesterifyourroommatekillshimselfisgenerallyconsideredtobeanurbanlegend.3.Thematicallythereisgreatvarietyinurbanlegendsbutseveralelementsshowupagainandagain.Typicallyurbanlegendsarecharacterizedbysomecombinationofhumorhorrorwarningembarrassmentmoralityorappealtoempathy.Theyoftenhavesomeunexpectedtwistthatiscrazybutjustplausibleenoughtobetakenastruth.4.Thestoryalsoincludesamorallessoninthatthebusinessmanendedupinthemessonlyafterflirtingwithamysteriouswomanatabar.5.Anotherisoftemporarytattooscoatedwithdrugsbeinggiventochildrensothattheywillbecomeaddictednewcustomersforevildealers.Despiteannouncementsthatthisisnottrueconcernedpeoplecontinuetospreadthewordcautioningothersaboutdrug-lacedtattoos.Soregardlessofthetruthurbanlegendswillcontinue.Itishumannaturetotellbizarrestoriesandtherewillalwaysbeanaudiencewaitingtobelievethem.Theurbanlegendispartofourmake-up.A.Whilethesefactsdon’talwayshavetheelementsofastorytheyarepassedfrompersontopersonandhavetheelementsofcautionhorrororhumorfoundinlegends.Urbanlegendsmaythereforebeafactorastory.ForexamplesomeonecouldtellyouthattherearegiantalligatorsinNewYork’ssewersandthentellarivetingstoryaboutagroupofkidswhostumbleduponsuchananimal.B.Wherehistoryisobsessedwithaccuratelywritingdownthedetailsofeventstraditionalfolkloreischaracterizedbytheoraltraditionthepassingofstoriesbywordofmouth.C.Thewarningandmorallessonofthisstoryareclear:Don’tgooffbyyourselfanddon’tengageinpremaritalintimacy!Ifyoudosomethinghorrificcouldhappen.D.Inthestoryoftheorganharvestersyoucanseehowtheseelementscometogether.Themostoutstandingfeatureisitssenseofhorror:Theimageofamanwakingupinabathtubwithonelesskidneyisaluridoneindeed.Buttherealhookisthecautionaryelement.MostpeopletraveltounfamiliarcitiesfromtimetotimeandLasVegasisoneofthemostpopulardestinationsintheworld.E.There’sagoodchanceyou’veheardthisstorybecauseithasbeenrelayedbywordofmouthe-mailandevenprintedfliers.ButthereisnoevidencethatiteveroccurredinLasVegasoranywhereelse.F.Afewturnouttobelargelytrueandalotwereinspiredbyanactualeventbutevolvedintosomethingdifferentintheirpassagefrompersontoperson.Moreoftenthannotitisn’tpossibletotraceanurbanlegendbacktoitsoriginalsource—theyseemtocomefromnowhere.G.Thisiswhat’scalledacautionarytale.Avariationofthecautionarytaleisthecontaminationstorywhichhasplayedoutrecentlyinreportsabouthumanbodyfluidsbeingfoundinrestaurantfood.Oneofthemostwidespreadcontaminationstoriesisthelong-standingrumorofratsandmiceshowingupinsodabottlesorotherprepackagedfood.
Curiouslyforapublicationcalledanewspapernoonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpartnewsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassificationtheabnormal.Itishumanfollymechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoftenmakethenews.1.Occasionallyareporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranchthatexposeslegislativeexecutiveandjudicialmisbehavior.2.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporterswhichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidentscivileventsandhuman-intereststories.Dependingonanewspaper’sneedsduringthedailynewscycleseasonedreporterseasilyshiftbetweenbeatandgeneral-assignmentwork.Newreportersoncewerecalledcubsbutthetermisnolongerused.3.Theyareourchroniclersofdailylifesortingsiftingandbringingasenseofordertoadisorderlyworld.4.Othereditors—sportsphotostatenationalfeaturesandobituaryforexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.5Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopythestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision—thecopydesk.Herecopyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookforholesinthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Ifnecessarycopyeditorsmaycheckfactsinthenewspaper’slibrarywhichmaintainsalargecollectionofreferencebooksmicrofilmandonlinecopiesofstoriesthathaveappearedinthepaper.A.Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssizeanewspapermayhavenumerouseditorsbeginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditorthepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.B.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersgleaninformationfrommanysourcessomepublicsuchaspolicerecordsandothersprivatesuchasagovernmentinformant.C.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthisworkcalledpaginationwithpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindowsWordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthatthoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproductionareeasilyadaptedforit.D.Howeverthebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstoriesenforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepersbecausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.E.Beforeweseewhathappenstotheelectronicpagesbuiltbythecopydeskitwillbehelpfultounderstandhowotherdivisionsofthenewspaperscontributetotheproductioncycle.F.Somereportersareassignedtobeatsoranareaofcoveragesuchasthecourtscityhalleducationbusinessmedicineandsoforth.G.Inthemoviesreportershaveexcitingfrenziedanddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoingnewspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.
A."Ijustdon’tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We’reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsolutelynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infactwe’llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It’shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn’t—it’sboringroutinepaperworkandthereisn’tmuchyoucandoaboutit." B."FinallyIcan’tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofalltheyknowit’snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequatemostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingontheforceacertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Secondtheyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreetsnottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed." C."I’vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheforceasyounginexperiencedmenandwesendthemoutonthestreeteitherincarsoronawalk.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhavewiththepublictheactioninvolvedincrimepreventionandtheapprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolikehelpingpeopleoutatfiresaccidentsandotheremergencies." D."Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.Howeverweknowthat’snotfair—toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourtbutgoodpaperworkdoesn’tnecessarilymeanyou’llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereportsbuttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetitionandtheyfiguredwhytheyshouldlaborwhentherewasnopayoff." E."Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperworkandbecausetheydislikeitthejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequately.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclearfactualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrecttherestofthereportissuspect.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor." F."SoIjustdon’tknowwhattodo.I’vebeengropinginthedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework." G.Alargemetropolitancitygovernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministratorsmanagersandexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivation—howwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecamethecentralfocusofthediscussion. Order: 4
Themainpurposeofaresumeistoconvinceanemployertograntyouaninterview.Therearetwokinds.Oneisthefamiliartombstonethatlistswhereyouwenttoschoolandwhereyou’veworkedinchronologicalorder.TheotheriswhatIcallthefunctionalresume—descriptivefuntoreaduniquetoyouandmuchmorelikelytolandyouaninterview.It’shandytohaveatombstoneforcertainoccasions.Butprospectiveemployersthrowawaymostofthoseunrequestedtombstonelistspreferringtointerviewthequickratherthanthedead.Whatfollowsaretipsonwritingafunctionalresumethatwillgetread—aresumethatmakesyoucomealiveandlookinterestingtoemployers.1.Putyourselffirst:Inordertowritearesumeotherswillreadwithenthusiasmyouhavetofeelimportantaboutyourself.2.Sellwhatyoucandonotwhoyouare:Practicetranslatingyourpersonalitytraitscharacteraccomplishmentsandachievementsintoskillareas.Thereareatleastfivethousandskillareasintheworldofwork.Tootyourownhorn!Manypeopleclutchwhenaskedtothinkabouttheirabilities.Somethinktheyhavenoneatall!Buteveryonedoesandoneofyoursmayjustbetheticketanemployerwouldbegladtopunch—ifonlyyoushowit.3.Bespecificbeconcreteandbebrief!Rememberthatbrevityisthebestpolicy.4.Turnbadnewsintogood:Everybodyhashaddisappointmentsinwork.Ifyouhavetomentionyourslookforthepositiveside.5.Neverapologize:Ifyou’reretumingtotheworkforceafterfifteenyearsasaparentsimplywriteashortparagraphsummaryofbackgroundinplaceofachronologyofexperience.Don’tapologizeforworkingatbeingamother;it’sthehardestjobofall.Ifyouhavenospecialtrainingorhighereducationjustdon’tmentioneducation.Thesecretistothinkabouttheselfbeforeyoustartwritingaboutyourself.Takefourorfivehoursoffnotnecessarilyconsecutiveandsimplywritedowneveryaccomplishmentinyourlifeonoroffthejobthatmadeyoufeeleffective.Don’tworryatfirstaboutwhatitallmeans.Studythelistandtrytospotpatterns.Asyoustudyyourlistyouwillcomeclosertothemeaning:identifyingyourmarketableskills.Onceyoudiscoverpatternsgivenamestoyourclusterofaccomplishmentsleadershipskillsbudgetmanagementskillschilddevelopmentskillsetc.Trytolistatleastthreeaccomplishmentsunderthesameskillsheading.Nowstartwritingyourresumeasifyoumattered.Itmaytakefourdraftsormoreandseveralweeksbeforeyou’rereadytoshowittoastrangerfriendsareusuallytookindforareaction.Whenyou’resatisfiedsendittoaprinter;aprintedresumeisfarsuperiortophotocopies.Itshowsanemployerthatyouregardjobhuntingasseriousworkworthdoingright.Isn’tthatthekindofpersonyou’dwantworkingforyouA.Awomanwholostherjobasateacher’saideduetoacutbackingovernmentfundingwrote:Principalofelementaryschoolcitedmeastheonlyteacher’saideshewouldrehireifgovernmentfundsbecameavailable.B.OneresumeIreceivedincludedthefollowing:Invitedbymysuperiortostraightenoutourorganization’saccountsreceivable.Setuporderlyrepaymentschedulereconciledaccountsweeklyandimprovedcashflow100percent.Rewardedwithraiseandpromotion.Noticehowthiswomanfocusesonresultsspecifieshowsheaccomplishedthemandmentionsherreward—allin34words.C.Forexampleifyouhaveaflairforsavingmanagingandinvestingmoneyyouhavemoneymanagementskills.D.AnacquaintancecomplainedofbeingbiasedwhenlosinganopportunityduetothestatementReadytolearnthoughnotsowelleducated.E.Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewrotethreeresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.F.Awomanoncetoldmeaboutacash-flowcrisisheremployerhadfaced.She’dagreedtoworkwithoutpayforthreemonthsuntilbusinessimproved.Herrewardwasherbackpayplusa20percentbonus.Iaskedwhythatmarvelousstorywasn’tinherresume.SheansweredItwasn’timportant.WhatshewasreallysayingofcoursewasI’mnotimportant./
Curiouslyforapublicationcalledanewspapernoonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpartnewsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassificationtheabnormal.Itishumanfollymechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoftenmakethenews.1.Occasionallyareporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranchthatexposeslegislativeexecutiveandjudicialmisbehavior.2.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporterswhichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidentscivileventsandhuman-intereststories.Dependingonanewspaper’sneedsduringthedailynewscycleseasonedreporterseasilyshiftbetweenbeatandgeneral-assignmentwork.Newreportersoncewerecalledcubsbutthetermisnolongerused.3.Theyareourchroniclersofdailylifesortingsiftingandbringingasenseofordertoadisorderlyworld.4.Othereditors—sportsphotostatenationalfeaturesandobituaryforexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.5Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopythestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision—thecopydesk.Herecopyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookforholesinthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Ifnecessarycopyeditorsmaycheckfactsinthenewspaper’slibrarywhichmaintainsalargecollectionofreferencebooksmicrofilmandonlinecopiesofstoriesthathaveappearedinthepaper.A.Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssizeanewspapermayhavenumerouseditorsbeginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditorthepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.B.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersgleaninformationfrommanysourcessomepublicsuchaspolicerecordsandothersprivatesuchasagovernmentinformant.C.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthisworkcalledpaginationwithpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindowsWordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthatthoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproductionareeasilyadaptedforit.D.Howeverthebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstoriesenforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepersbecausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.E.Beforeweseewhathappenstotheelectronicpagesbuiltbythecopydeskitwillbehelpfultounderstandhowotherdivisionsofthenewspaperscontributetotheproductioncycle.F.Somereportersareassignedtobeatsoranareaofcoveragesuchasthecourtscityhalleducationbusinessmedicineandsoforth.G.Inthemoviesreportershaveexcitingfrenziedanddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoingnewspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.
A.AnalyzingyourowntasteB.BeingcautiouswhenexperimentingC.FindingamodeltofollowD.GettingthefinallookabsolutelyrightE.LearningtoberealisticF.MakingregularconsciouschoicesWhenwemeetpeopleforthefirsttimeweoftenmakedecisionsaboutthembasedentirelyonhowtheylook.Andofcourseit’ssomethingthatworksbothwaysforwetooarebeingjudgedonourappearance.Whenwelookgoodwefeelgoodwhichinturnleadstoamoreconfidentandself-assuredmanner.Peoplethenpickuponthisconfidenceandrespondpositivelytowardsus.Undoubtedlyit’swhat’sinsidethat’simportantbutsometimeswecansendoutthewrongsignalssimplybywearinginappropriateclothingornotspendingenoughtimethinkingabouthowothersseeus.1.Forexamplepeopleoftenmakethemistakeoftryingtolooklikesomeoneelsethey’veseeninamagazinebutthisisusuallyadisasterasweallhaveourowncharacteristics.Standinfrontofafull-lengthmirrorandbehonestwithyourselfaboutwhatyousee.Thereisnoneedtodwellonyourfaults—weallhavegoodpointsandbadpoints—butthinkinsteadaboutthebestwaytoemphasizethegoodones.2.Whenselectingyourclotheseachdaythinkaboutwhomyou’relikelytomeetwhereyou’regoingtobespendingmostofyourtimeandwhattasksyouarelikelytoperform.Clearlysomeoutfitswillbemoreappropriatetodifferentsortsofactivityandthiswilldictateyourchoicetoanextent.Howeverthere’snoneedtoabandonyourindividualtastecompletely.Afterallifyoudresstopleasesomebodyelse’sideaofwhatlooksgoodyoumayendupfeelinguncomfortableandnotquiteyourself.3.Buttoknowyourownmindyouhavetogettoknowyourself.WhatdoyoutrulyfeelgoodinThereareprobablyafewfavoriteitemsthatyouwearalot—mostpeoplewear20percentoftheirwardrobe80percentofthetime.Lookattheseclothesandaskyourselfwhattheyhaveincommon.AretheyneatandtidylooseandflowingThenlookatthethingshanginginyourwardrobethatyoudon’twearandaskyourselfwhy.Gothroughafewmagazinesandcataloguesandmarkthethingsthatcatchyoureye.Isthereacommontheme4.Somecolorsbringyournaturalcoloringtolifeandotherscangiveusawashed-outappearance.Tryoutnewcolorsbyallmeansbutrememberthatdressinginbrightcolorswhenyoureallylikesubtleneutraltonesorviceversawillmakeyoufeelself-consciousanduncomfortable.Youknowdeepdownwhereyourowntasteboundarieslie.Andalthoughit’sgoodtochallengethosesometimeswithnewcombinationsorshadestakecarenottogotoofarallatonce.5.Soyou’vechosenanoutfitthatmatchesyourstyleyourpersonalityyourshapeandyourcoloring.ButdoesitfitIfsomethingistootightortoolooseyouwon’tachievethedesiredeffectandnomatterwhatotherqualitiesithasitwon’timproveyourappearanceoryourconfidence.Sometimeswebuythingswithoutthinking.Somepeoplewhodislikeshoppinggrabthefirstthingtheyseeorprefertousemail-orderortheInternet.Inallcasesifitdoesn’tfitperfectlydon’tbuyitbecausethefinerdetailsarejustasimportantastheoverallstyle.Reappraisingyourimageisn’tselfishbecauseeveryonewhocomesintocontactwithyouwillbenefit.You’lllookbetterandyou’llfeelabetterpersonallround.AndifindoubtyouonlyneedtoreadProfessorAlbertMehrabian’sbookSilentMessagestoremindyourselfhowimportantoutwardappearancesare.Hisresearchshowedthattheimpactwemakeoneachotherdepend55percentonhowwelookandbehave38percentonhowwespeakandonly7percentonwhatweactuallysay.Sowhateverstageyouareatinyourlifewhateverroleyouplayisn’tittimeyoumadethemostofyourself
C.P.Snowoncesaid:Asenseofthefutureisbehindallgoodpolicies.Unlesswehaveitwecangivenothingeitherwiseordecenttotheworld.Thinkingcarefullyaboutanoutcomeisanintelligentfirststepinmanyprocessesespeciallywhenthestakesarehighpossiblyevendangerous.DoyouhaveanyexperienceingettingoutofhazardoussituationsInthemostexceptionalcircumstancesafewgoodrulesofthumbmaysaveyou.Herearefivethingstokeepinmind.1.StaycalmIfacatastrophethreatensyourlifepanicwillonlymakemattersworse.Nothingbutcalmnesscanhelpyouadequatelytakestockofthesituationandtakeappropriatemeasures.2.RemainconfidentDesperationcanparalyzeyouorsapyourenergywhileconfidenceisthekeytosavingyourself.3.HelpeachotherYoushouldorganizeformutualassistanceincaseofanearthquakefloodfireetc.Peopleworkingtogethercanalwayscopemoresuccessfullywithanyadversesituation.Solidaritymeansstrength;solidaritymeansvictory.4.BeobedienttosuperiorsThebeststrategywhenfacingacatastropheistoobeycommandsandkeeporder.Moreoftenthannotleadersareexpertsorsomeonefamiliarwiththesituationorwithrichexperience.Beingtooindividualisticandgoingyourownwaywillusuallymakethesituationworseforyouandothers.Sothebestthingtodoistolisten;toauthoritiesandremainorderly.5.CommunicateWhenindangeritisbesttoseekhelpimmediatelysothosewithmoreresourcescancometoyouraid.Ifyouareatriskusewhatevermeansavailableassoonaspossibletocontactothersforhelpandtakeeffortstomaintaincommunicationonceitisestablished.Whileeverycatastropheisdifferentinitsownwayallcanbemetandhopefullyovercomewiththeabove-mentionedpiecesofadvice.Bycarefullyconsideringwhatneedstobedoneevenundertheworstofsituationsonecanfindsolutionsorendureuntilaidedbyothers.A.Apersontrappedinruinsinanearthquakedidn’tlosehope.Thevictimovercamehispainanddespairandkeptbangingoutsignalsonthefallenwallaroundhimforhelp.Becauseofhiseffortsarescueteamwasabletofindhimandsavehislife.B.Forexampleifnumerouspeopleareinvolvedinadangeroussituationsomeoutoffearorinclinationmaynotfollowdirectionorheedsoundadvice.Asaresultofthedisorderrescueeffortsarehinderedorworsemorecasualtiesareincurred.C.NinefishermenfromPeruwerehitbyaseverestormbuttheydidn’tpaniceventhoughtheirboatwasdamagedsobadlythattheycouldn’tsailhome.Theymaintainedfaiththattheywouldsurelytobesavedandtheirbeliefgavethemstrength.Whenthereishopethereisaway!Theysurvivedatseafor40daysbeforetheywerefinallyrescued.Theirstoryisagoodsampleforfuturepeoplelostatsea.Itisbesttoremembertheproverb:Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.D.Historyshowsthatwhenpeopleareindangermutualassistancepromotesconfidenceandreassuringothersnotonlyhelpsthembutcancalmyouaswell.Helpingothersisbeneficialespeciallyinthedirestcircumstances.DuringtheSept.11attacksinAmericapeoplepulledtogetherandsupportedeachother.Thisnotonlyreducedcasualtiesbutalsoleftadeepimpressiononpeoplearoundworld.Rememberhelpingothersishelpingyourself!E.TheApollo13spacemissionsufferedcatastrophicmechanicalproblemsenroutetotheMoon.ItsmalfunctionwascausedbyanexplosionandruptureofoxygentankNo.2intheservicemodule.TheNASAMissionControlCenterimmediatelyissuedtwoorders.Thesecondorderwasconcerningnavigation.ButcanyouguesswhatthefirstorderwasUnbelievablytheastronautsweretoldtotaketwotranquillizerpillseach!Asaresultcalmnesshelpedtheastronautsovercomeaseriesofdifficultiesandreturntoearth.Calmnesscanworkmiraclesintimesofemergency.F.Thebestwaytopreventacatastrophefromhappeningisplanningahead.Youshouldoftencheckyourcircuitsstoveselectricalappliancesandgaspipelines.Beforesleepinginahotelyoushouldbeawareofthenearestexitincaseofanemergency.Preparationavertsperil./
C.P.Snowoncesaid:Asenseofthefutureisbehindallgoodpolicies.Unlesswehaveitwecangivenothingeitherwiseordecenttotheworld.Thinkingcarefullyaboutanoutcomeisanintelligentfirststepinmanyprocessesespeciallywhenthestakesarehighpossiblyevendangerous.DoyouhaveanyexperienceingettingoutofhazardoussituationsInthemostexceptionalcircumstancesafewgoodrulesofthumbmaysaveyou.Herearefivethingstokeepinmind.1.StaycalmIfacatastrophethreatensyourlifepanicwillonlymakemattersworse.Nothingbutcalmnesscanhelpyouadequatelytakestockofthesituationandtakeappropriatemeasures.2.RemainconfidentDesperationcanparalyzeyouorsapyourenergywhileconfidenceisthekeytosavingyourself.3.HelpeachotherYoushouldorganizeformutualassistanceincaseofanearthquakefloodfireetc.Peopleworkingtogethercanalwayscopemoresuccessfullywithanyadversesituation.Solidaritymeansstrength;solidaritymeansvictory.4.BeobedienttosuperiorsThebeststrategywhenfacingacatastropheistoobeycommandsandkeeporder.Moreoftenthannotleadersareexpertsorsomeonefamiliarwiththesituationorwithrichexperience.Beingtooindividualisticandgoingyourownwaywillusuallymakethesituationworseforyouandothers.Sothebestthingtodoistolisten;toauthoritiesandremainorderly.5.CommunicateWhenindangeritisbesttoseekhelpimmediatelysothosewithmoreresourcescancometoyouraid.Ifyouareatriskusewhatevermeansavailableassoonaspossibletocontactothersforhelpandtakeeffortstomaintaincommunicationonceitisestablished.Whileeverycatastropheisdifferentinitsownwayallcanbemetandhopefullyovercomewiththeabove-mentionedpiecesofadvice.Bycarefullyconsideringwhatneedstobedoneevenundertheworstofsituationsonecanfindsolutionsorendureuntilaidedbyothers.A.Apersontrappedinruinsinanearthquakedidn’tlosehope.Thevictimovercamehispainanddespairandkeptbangingoutsignalsonthefallenwallaroundhimforhelp.Becauseofhiseffortsarescueteamwasabletofindhimandsavehislife.B.Forexampleifnumerouspeopleareinvolvedinadangeroussituationsomeoutoffearorinclinationmaynotfollowdirectionorheedsoundadvice.Asaresultofthedisorderrescueeffortsarehinderedorworsemorecasualtiesareincurred.C.NinefishermenfromPeruwerehitbyaseverestormbuttheydidn’tpaniceventhoughtheirboatwasdamagedsobadlythattheycouldn’tsailhome.Theymaintainedfaiththattheywouldsurelytobesavedandtheirbeliefgavethemstrength.Whenthereishopethereisaway!Theysurvivedatseafor40daysbeforetheywerefinallyrescued.Theirstoryisagoodsampleforfuturepeoplelostatsea.Itisbesttoremembertheproverb:Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.D.Historyshowsthatwhenpeopleareindangermutualassistancepromotesconfidenceandreassuringothersnotonlyhelpsthembutcancalmyouaswell.Helpingothersisbeneficialespeciallyinthedirestcircumstances.DuringtheSept.11attacksinAmericapeoplepulledtogetherandsupportedeachother.Thisnotonlyreducedcasualtiesbutalsoleftadeepimpressiononpeoplearoundworld.Rememberhelpingothersishelpingyourself!E.TheApollo13spacemissionsufferedcatastrophicmechanicalproblemsenroutetotheMoon.ItsmalfunctionwascausedbyanexplosionandruptureofoxygentankNo.2intheservicemodule.TheNASAMissionControlCenterimmediatelyissuedtwoorders.Thesecondorderwasconcerningnavigation.ButcanyouguesswhatthefirstorderwasUnbelievablytheastronautsweretoldtotaketwotranquillizerpillseach!Asaresultcalmnesshelpedtheastronautsovercomeaseriesofdifficultiesandreturntoearth.Calmnesscanworkmiraclesintimesofemergency.F.Thebestwaytopreventacatastrophefromhappeningisplanningahead.Youshouldoftencheckyourcircuitsstoveselectricalappliancesandgaspipelines.Beforesleepinginahotelyoushouldbeawareofthenearestexitincaseofanemergency.Preparationavertsperil./
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportantinanyinteractionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.1.Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole.2.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly.3.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculture-specific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions.4.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach.5.Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.A.Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers.B.Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces.C.AmericansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstservedTheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans.D.Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.E.Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest.F.ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.G.Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
A.AnalyzingyourowntasteB.BeingcautiouswhenexperimentingC.FindingamodeltofollowD.GettingthefinallookabsolutelyrightE.LearningtoberealisticF.MakingregularconsciouschoicesWhenwemeetpeopleforthefirsttimeweoftenmakedecisionsaboutthembasedentirelyonhowtheylook.Andofcourseit’ssomethingthatworksbothwaysforwetooarebeingjudgedonourappearance.Whenwelookgoodwefeelgoodwhichinturnleadstoamoreconfidentandself-assuredmanner.Peoplethenpickuponthisconfidenceandrespondpositivelytowardsus.Undoubtedlyit’swhat’sinsidethat’simportantbutsometimeswecansendoutthewrongsignalssimplybywearinginappropriateclothingornotspendingenoughtimethinkingabouthowothersseeus.1.Forexamplepeopleoftenmakethemistakeoftryingtolooklikesomeoneelsethey’veseeninamagazinebutthisisusuallyadisasterasweallhaveourowncharacteristics.Standinfrontofafull-lengthmirrorandbehonestwithyourselfaboutwhatyousee.Thereisnoneedtodwellonyourfaults—weallhavegoodpointsandbadpoints—butthinkinsteadaboutthebestwaytoemphasizethegoodones.2.Whenselectingyourclotheseachdaythinkaboutwhomyou’relikelytomeetwhereyou’regoingtobespendingmostofyourtimeandwhattasksyouarelikelytoperform.Clearlysomeoutfitswillbemoreappropriatetodifferentsortsofactivityandthiswilldictateyourchoicetoanextent.Howeverthere’snoneedtoabandonyourindividualtastecompletely.Afterallifyoudresstopleasesomebodyelse’sideaofwhatlooksgoodyoumayendupfeelinguncomfortableandnotquiteyourself.3.Buttoknowyourownmindyouhavetogettoknowyourself.WhatdoyoutrulyfeelgoodinThereareprobablyafewfavoriteitemsthatyouwearalot—mostpeoplewear20percentoftheirwardrobe80percentofthetime.Lookattheseclothesandaskyourselfwhattheyhaveincommon.AretheyneatandtidylooseandflowingThenlookatthethingshanginginyourwardrobethatyoudon’twearandaskyourselfwhy.Gothroughafewmagazinesandcataloguesandmarkthethingsthatcatchyoureye.Isthereacommontheme4.Somecolorsbringyournaturalcoloringtolifeandotherscangiveusawashed-outappearance.Tryoutnewcolorsbyallmeansbutrememberthatdressinginbrightcolorswhenyoureallylikesubtleneutraltonesorviceversawillmakeyoufeelself-consciousanduncomfortable.Youknowdeepdownwhereyourowntasteboundarieslie.Andalthoughit’sgoodtochallengethosesometimeswithnewcombinationsorshadestakecarenottogotoofarallatonce.5.Soyou’vechosenanoutfitthatmatchesyourstyleyourpersonalityyourshapeandyourcoloring.ButdoesitfitIfsomethingistootightortoolooseyouwon’tachievethedesiredeffectandnomatterwhatotherqualitiesithasitwon’timproveyourappearanceoryourconfidence.Sometimeswebuythingswithoutthinking.Somepeoplewhodislikeshoppinggrabthefirstthingtheyseeorprefertousemail-orderortheInternet.Inallcasesifitdoesn’tfitperfectlydon’tbuyitbecausethefinerdetailsarejustasimportantastheoverallstyle.Reappraisingyourimageisn’tselfishbecauseeveryonewhocomesintocontactwithyouwillbenefit.You’lllookbetterandyou’llfeelabetterpersonallround.AndifindoubtyouonlyneedtoreadProfessorAlbertMehrabian’sbookSilentMessagestoremindyourselfhowimportantoutwardappearancesare.Hisresearchshowedthattheimpactwemakeoneachotherdepend55percentonhowwelookandbehave38percentonhowwespeakandonly7percentonwhatweactuallysay.Sowhateverstageyouareatinyourlifewhateverroleyouplayisn’tittimeyoumadethemostofyourself
A.PhysicalchangesB.Lowself-esteemC.EmergingindependenceandsearchforidentityD.EmotionalturbulenceE.InterestintheoppositesexF.PeerpressureandconformityThetransitiontoadulthoodisdifficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescence—typicallybetweentheagesof9and13—andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadultcharacteristics.Manyyoungstersfindthesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfullyunderstandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescanbeputtorestbysimplykeepinganopenlineofcommunicationandpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.Themainissuesthatariseduringadolescenceare:1.Achild’sself-worthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewithanoverwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthemthatthey’renotasgoodasotherpeoplethattheyarefailureslosersuglyorunintelligent.2.Someformofbodilydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens.Ifdissatisfactionisgreatitmaycausethemtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercasesteensmayacttheopposite—loudandangry—inanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessandinferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychangescanbeadolescentsmayfinditequallydistressingtonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.Latematurationcancausefeelingsofinferiorityandawkwardness.3.Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemorefrighteningpleasuresbecomemoreexcitingirritationsbecomemoredistressingandfrustrationsbecomemoreintolerable.Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescence.Youngstershavingadifficultadolescencemaybecomeseriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructivebehavior.Oftenthefirstcluethatateenagerneedsprofessionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftinattitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsofpersonalitychangeindicatingthatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincluderepeatedschoolabsencesslumpinggradesuseofalcoholorillegalsubstanceshostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.4.Thereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.Thispressuretowardconformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;itmayleadthemtodothingsthattheyknowarewrong.5.Adolescencemarksaperiodofincreasingindependencethatoftenleadstoconflictbetweenteenagersandparents.Thistensionisanormalpartofgrowingup—andforparentsanormalpartoftheletting-goprocess.Anothernormalpartofadolescenceisconfusionovervaluesandbeliefs.Thistimeofquestioningisimportantasyoungpeopleexaminethevaluestheyhavebeentaughtandbegintoembracetheirownbeliefs.Thoughtheymayadoptthesamebeliefsastheirparentsdiscoveringthemontheirownenablestheyoungpersontodevelopasenseofintegrity.Althoughadolescencewillpresentchallengesforyoungpeopleandtheirparentsawarenessandcommunicationcanhelppavethewayforasmoothtransitionintothisexcitingphaseoflife.
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportantinanyinteractionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.1.Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole.2.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly.3.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculture-specific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions.4.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach.5.Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.A.Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers.B.Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces.C.AmericansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstservedTheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans.D.Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.E.Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest.F.ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.G.Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Curiouslyforapublicationcalledanewspapernoonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpartnewsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassificationtheabnormal.Itishumanfollymechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoftenmakethenews.1.Occasionallyareporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranchthatexposeslegislativeexecutiveandjudicialmisbehavior.2.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporterswhichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidentscivileventsandhuman-intereststories.Dependingonanewspaper’sneedsduringthedailynewscycleseasonedreporterseasilyshiftbetweenbeatandgeneral-assignmentwork.Newreportersoncewerecalledcubsbutthetermisnolongerused.3.Theyareourchroniclersofdailylifesortingsiftingandbringingasenseofordertoadisorderlyworld.4.Othereditors—sportsphotostatenationalfeaturesandobituaryforexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.5Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopythestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision—thecopydesk.Herecopyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookforholesinthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Ifnecessarycopyeditorsmaycheckfactsinthenewspaper’slibrarywhichmaintainsalargecollectionofreferencebooksmicrofilmandonlinecopiesofstoriesthathaveappearedinthepaper.A.Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssizeanewspapermayhavenumerouseditorsbeginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditorthepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.B.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersgleaninformationfrommanysourcessomepublicsuchaspolicerecordsandothersprivatesuchasagovernmentinformant.C.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthisworkcalledpaginationwithpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindowsWordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthatthoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproductionareeasilyadaptedforit.D.Howeverthebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstoriesenforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepersbecausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.E.Beforeweseewhathappenstotheelectronicpagesbuiltbythecopydeskitwillbehelpfultounderstandhowotherdivisionsofthenewspaperscontributetotheproductioncycle.F.Somereportersareassignedtobeatsoranareaofcoveragesuchasthecourtscityhalleducationbusinessmedicineandsoforth.G.Inthemoviesreportershaveexcitingfrenziedanddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoingnewspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.
A.AnalyzingyourowntasteB.BeingcautiouswhenexperimentingC.FindingamodeltofollowD.GettingthefinallookabsolutelyrightE.LearningtoberealisticF.MakingregularconsciouschoicesWhenwemeetpeopleforthefirsttimeweoftenmakedecisionsaboutthembasedentirelyonhowtheylook.Andofcourseit’ssomethingthatworksbothwaysforwetooarebeingjudgedonourappearance.Whenwelookgoodwefeelgoodwhichinturnleadstoamoreconfidentandself-assuredmanner.Peoplethenpickuponthisconfidenceandrespondpositivelytowardsus.Undoubtedlyit’swhat’sinsidethat’simportantbutsometimeswecansendoutthewrongsignalssimplybywearinginappropriateclothingornotspendingenoughtimethinkingabouthowothersseeus.1.Forexamplepeopleoftenmakethemistakeoftryingtolooklikesomeoneelsethey’veseeninamagazinebutthisisusuallyadisasterasweallhaveourowncharacteristics.Standinfrontofafull-lengthmirrorandbehonestwithyourselfaboutwhatyousee.Thereisnoneedtodwellonyourfaults—weallhavegoodpointsandbadpoints—butthinkinsteadaboutthebestwaytoemphasizethegoodones.2.Whenselectingyourclotheseachdaythinkaboutwhomyou’relikelytomeetwhereyou’regoingtobespendingmostofyourtimeandwhattasksyouarelikelytoperform.Clearlysomeoutfitswillbemoreappropriatetodifferentsortsofactivityandthiswilldictateyourchoicetoanextent.Howeverthere’snoneedtoabandonyourindividualtastecompletely.Afterallifyoudresstopleasesomebodyelse’sideaofwhatlooksgoodyoumayendupfeelinguncomfortableandnotquiteyourself.3.Buttoknowyourownmindyouhavetogettoknowyourself.WhatdoyoutrulyfeelgoodinThereareprobablyafewfavoriteitemsthatyouwearalot—mostpeoplewear20percentoftheirwardrobe80percentofthetime.Lookattheseclothesandaskyourselfwhattheyhaveincommon.AretheyneatandtidylooseandflowingThenlookatthethingshanginginyourwardrobethatyoudon’twearandaskyourselfwhy.Gothroughafewmagazinesandcataloguesandmarkthethingsthatcatchyoureye.Isthereacommontheme4.Somecolorsbringyournaturalcoloringtolifeandotherscangiveusawashed-outappearance.Tryoutnewcolorsbyallmeansbutrememberthatdressinginbrightcolorswhenyoureallylikesubtleneutraltonesorviceversawillmakeyoufeelself-consciousanduncomfortable.Youknowdeepdownwhereyourowntasteboundarieslie.Andalthoughit’sgoodtochallengethosesometimeswithnewcombinationsorshadestakecarenottogotoofarallatonce.5.Soyou’vechosenanoutfitthatmatchesyourstyleyourpersonalityyourshapeandyourcoloring.ButdoesitfitIfsomethingistootightortoolooseyouwon’tachievethedesiredeffectandnomatterwhatotherqualitiesithasitwon’timproveyourappearanceoryourconfidence.Sometimeswebuythingswithoutthinking.Somepeoplewhodislikeshoppinggrabthefirstthingtheyseeorprefertousemail-orderortheInternet.Inallcasesifitdoesn’tfitperfectlydon’tbuyitbecausethefinerdetailsarejustasimportantastheoverallstyle.Reappraisingyourimageisn’tselfishbecauseeveryonewhocomesintocontactwithyouwillbenefit.You’lllookbetterandyou’llfeelabetterpersonallround.AndifindoubtyouonlyneedtoreadProfessorAlbertMehrabian’sbookSilentMessagestoremindyourselfhowimportantoutwardappearancesare.Hisresearchshowedthattheimpactwemakeoneachotherdepend55percentonhowwelookandbehave38percentonhowwespeakandonly7percentonwhatweactuallysay.Sowhateverstageyouareatinyourlifewhateverroleyouplayisn’tittimeyoumadethemostofyourself
Certainactivistlawyershavegrabbedheadlinesrecentlyintheircampaigntograntlegalrightsfirsttochimpanzeesandthentootheranimals.1.Proponentsofanimalrightsbuildtheircasewiththesearguments:1certainanimalssharequalitiesofconsciousnessthathaveheretoforebeenseenasuniquelyhuman;2animalsare:brutalizedinresearch;3researchwithanimalshasbeenmadeobsoletebycomputersandothertechnologies.2.Lastlyandperhapsmostimportantlythereisnosubstituteforanimalresearchtounderstandbiologicalprocessesthataffectalivingorganism.Thinkofitthisway:Whyusecostlyanimalsifequallyusefulnon-animalresearchtoolswereavailable3.Witheverymedicalbreakthroughofthepastcenturythedirectresultofanimal-basedresearchsuchresearchisnotonlyethicalbutisourobligation.4.PhilosopherPeterSingerfirstmadetheargumentthatsomeanimalsoughttocountaspersonswhereasmentallydefectivehumansshouldnotandthatthelivesofhealthyanimalsoughttobeweighedequallywithhumanbeings.SingersaysparentsofanewbornwithDown’ssyndromewouldbejustifiedinendingherlifetomakeroomintheirlivesforababywithnormalintelligence.RecallthoughthatNaziGermanyusedthesamekindofpersonhoodcriteriontojustifykillingthephysicallyandmentallyhandicapped.5.Animalsarenotlittlepersons:Thenecessityofdistinguishingbetweenapersonandanimalstrikesattheheartofthedilemmafacedbyascientistwhoisveryfondofanimalsyetwhousestheminresearch.Ihavecometorealizetheobvious:Wedecidewhatanimalsaretobeinrelationtous.IadoremycatBusterbutIalsousedmembersofhisspeciesinmyresearchforyears.A.Theybelievethattheseanimalsdeservelegalprotectionincludinganendtotheiruseassubjectsofmedicalresearch.Asaresearchscientistwhofor40yearshasusedanimalsinsleepstudiesIamdeeplyconcerned.B.Wehaveagreatobligationtotheanimalsunderourcontrol:Wehaveamoralresponsibilitytocareforanimalsandshouldnottreatthemcruelly.Andwescientistsareobligatedtoperformcriticalexperimentsasskillfullyandhumanelyaspossible.C.Allhumanbeingsarepersons:Thisisobvioustomost—butnottosomeintheanimalrightsmovement.D.Whileperhapssuperficiallycredibletheseassertionsaresimplisticandinmyviewsimplywrong.Firstlimitedsimilaritiesofconsciousnessarenotsufficientgroundstomaketheimportantleapofgrantinglegalpersonhoodtoanimals.Secondlyscientistshaveeveryreasontotreatanimalshumanelybecausegoodsciencedependsonhealthyanimals.E.Ourfirstobligationistoourfellowhumans:AsabiologistIsaythatthemostpowerfulimperativefortheuseofanimalsinresearchisthatofsurvivalofprotectingkinandbyextensionotherpersonsfromconquerablediseaseanduntimelydeath.Viewedthiswayscientists’workseemsnodifferentfromamothereagle’sdismemberingpreytofeedherbabies.F.Grantingpersonhoodtoanimalspeciesdeemedtosharequalitieswithussuchascognitionautonomyandself-awarenessisnotabenigncampaigntoprotectanimals.Itisanefforttousethelegalsystemasatooltoenforceaflawedethicconcerningtherelationshipbetweenhumanityandtheanimalworld.G.WewouldbefoolishatbesttoignoretherealitiesofNatureandthepowerofnaturalimpulsesforsurvival.
Themainpurposeofaresumeistoconvinceanemployertograntyouaninterview.Therearetwokinds.Oneisthefamiliartombstonethatlistswhereyouwenttoschoolandwhereyou’veworkedinchronologicalorder.TheotheriswhatIcallthefunctionalresume—descriptivefuntoreaduniquetoyouandmuchmorelikelytolandyouaninterview.It’shandytohaveatombstoneforcertainoccasions.Butprospectiveemployersthrowawaymostofthoseunrequestedtombstonelistspreferringtointerviewthequickratherthanthedead.Whatfollowsaretipsonwritingafunctionalresumethatwillgetread—aresumethatmakesyoucomealiveandlookinterestingtoemployers.1.Putyourselffirst:Inordertowritearesumeotherswillreadwithenthusiasmyouhavetofeelimportantaboutyourself.2.Sellwhatyoucandonotwhoyouare:Practicetranslatingyourpersonalitytraitscharacteraccomplishmentsandachievementsintoskillareas.Thereareatleastfivethousandskillareasintheworldofwork.Tootyourownhorn!Manypeopleclutchwhenaskedtothinkabouttheirabilities.Somethinktheyhavenoneatall!Buteveryonedoesandoneofyoursmayjustbetheticketanemployerwouldbegladtopunch—ifonlyyoushowit.3.Bespecificbeconcreteandbebrief!Rememberthatbrevityisthebestpolicy.4.Turnbadnewsintogood:Everybodyhashaddisappointmentsinwork.Ifyouhavetomentionyourslookforthepositiveside.5.Neverapologize:Ifyou’reretumingtotheworkforceafterfifteenyearsasaparentsimplywriteashortparagraphsummaryofbackgroundinplaceofachronologyofexperience.Don’tapologizeforworkingatbeingamother;it’sthehardestjobofall.Ifyouhavenospecialtrainingorhighereducationjustdon’tmentioneducation.Thesecretistothinkabouttheselfbeforeyoustartwritingaboutyourself.Takefourorfivehoursoffnotnecessarilyconsecutiveandsimplywritedowneveryaccomplishmentinyourlifeonoroffthejobthatmadeyoufeeleffective.Don’tworryatfirstaboutwhatitallmeans.Studythelistandtrytospotpatterns.Asyoustudyyourlistyouwillcomeclosertothemeaning:identifyingyourmarketableskills.Onceyoudiscoverpatternsgivenamestoyourclusterofaccomplishmentsleadershipskillsbudgetmanagementskillschilddevelopmentskillsetc.Trytolistatleastthreeaccomplishmentsunderthesameskillsheading.Nowstartwritingyourresumeasifyoumattered.Itmaytakefourdraftsormoreandseveralweeksbeforeyou’rereadytoshowittoastrangerfriendsareusuallytookindforareaction.Whenyou’resatisfiedsendittoaprinter;aprintedresumeisfarsuperiortophotocopies.Itshowsanemployerthatyouregardjobhuntingasseriousworkworthdoingright.Isn’tthatthekindofpersonyou’dwantworkingforyouA.Awomanwholostherjobasateacher’saideduetoacutbackingovernmentfundingwrote:Principalofelementaryschoolcitedmeastheonlyteacher’saideshewouldrehireifgovernmentfundsbecameavailable.B.OneresumeIreceivedincludedthefollowing:Invitedbymysuperiortostraightenoutourorganization’saccountsreceivable.Setuporderlyrepaymentschedulereconciledaccountsweeklyandimprovedcashflow100percent.Rewardedwithraiseandpromotion.Noticehowthiswomanfocusesonresultsspecifieshowsheaccomplishedthemandmentionsherreward—allin34words.C.Forexampleifyouhaveaflairforsavingmanagingandinvestingmoneyyouhavemoneymanagementskills.D.AnacquaintancecomplainedofbeingbiasedwhenlosinganopportunityduetothestatementReadytolearnthoughnotsowelleducated.E.Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewrotethreeresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.F.Awomanoncetoldmeaboutacash-flowcrisisheremployerhadfaced.She’dagreedtoworkwithoutpayforthreemonthsuntilbusinessimproved.Herrewardwasherbackpayplusa20percentbonus.Iaskedwhythatmarvelousstorywasn’tinherresume.SheansweredItwasn’timportant.WhatshewasreallysayingofcoursewasI’mnotimportant./
Forasocietytoexistitmusthaveasystemofleadership.Somepeoplewillhavetohavepoweroverothers.AsMaxWeberpointedouthoweverpeoplecanperceivepoweraslegitimateorillegitimate.Weberusedthetermauthoritytorefertolegitimatepowerthatispowerthatpeopleacceptasright.Incontrastillegitimatepowercoercionispowerthatpeopledonotacceptasjust.1.CustomandauthorityThroughouttheworld’shistorythemostcommonformofauthorityhasbeentraditional.Traditionalauthoritywhichisbasedoncustomisthehallmarkofpreliterategroups.Inthesesocietiescustomdictatesbasicrelationships.2.TraditionalgenderdifferenceGenderrelationsinpreliterategroupsarealsobasedontraditionalauthority.Thedivisionsbetweenmenandwomenarebasedonthepastwithcustomdeterminingthatagulfshouldbemaintainedbetweenthem.Customalsodictatesthespecificsoftheirrelationships.3.ChangeoftraditionWhentraditionalsocietychangestraditionalauthorityisundermined.4.TraditioninmodernsocietyEveninindustrialandpostindustrialsocietieshowevertraditionalauthoritynevertotallydiesout.5.ChallengestotraditionThistraditionalauthorityunquestionedinmostplacesintheworldhasnotgonecompletelychallengedhowever.JustasforthewidowofSpainandPortugalmattersarenolongerasclear-cutastheyoncewereandsomeWesternsocietiesdebatetherightofparentstohittheirkids.Althoughtheimagesthatcometomindwhenwethinkofpowerarethoseofgovernment—kingsqueenscoupsdictatorshipsrunningforofficevoting—traditionalauthorityinthesenseofpowerrelationsisalsoaninevitablepartofeverydaylife.A.Inademocracyforexamplethepresident’sauthoritycomesfromtheofficeasspecifiedinthewrittenconstitutionnotfromhisorherreputationorpersonalcharacteristics.B.AgoodcaseinpointisSweden:ithasevenpassedlawsthatforbidspankingandSwedenauthoritiesarrestparentswholayahandontheirchildren.C.ForexampleinsmallvillagesinsouthernSpainandinalargepartofPortugalwidowsareexpectedtowearonlyblackuntiltheyremarry—whichgenerallymeansthattheywearblackfortherestoftheirlives.Theforceofatraditionissostrongthatifawidowweretoviolatethedresscodeshewouldcreateascandal.D.Parentalauthorityprovidesanexcellentexample.Parentsexerciseauthorityovertheirchildrenbecausetheyhavealwayshadsuchauthority.Fromgenerationspastweinherittheideathatparentsarenotonlyresponsibleforprovidingtheirchildrenwithfoodshelteranddisciplinebutalsothattheyhavetherighttochoosetheirchildren’sdoctorsandschoolsandteachthemreligionandmorality.E.Forexamplebecauseofbirthaparticularindividualbecomesthechiefkingorqueen.Asfarasmembersofthatsocietyareconcernedthisistherightwaytodeterminearulerbecausethatisthewayithasalwaysbeendone.F.Asasocietyindustrializesforexamplenewperspectivesonlifeopenupandnolongerdoestraditionalauthoritygounchallenged.ThusincontemporarysouthernSpainandpartsofPortugalyoucanseeoldwomendressedinblackfromheadtotoeandyouimmediatelyknowtheirmaritalstatus.Youngerwidowshoweverarelikelytobeindistinguishablefromotherwomen.
A."Ijustdon’tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We’reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsolutelynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infactwe’llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It’shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn’t—it’sboringroutinepaperworkandthereisn’tmuchyoucandoaboutit." B."FinallyIcan’tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofalltheyknowit’snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequatemostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingontheforceacertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Secondtheyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreetsnottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed." C."I’vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheforceasyounginexperiencedmenandwesendthemoutonthestreeteitherincarsoronawalk.Theyseemtolikethecontacttheyhavewiththepublictheactioninvolvedincrimepreventionandtheapprehensionofcriminals.Theyalsolikehelpingpeopleoutatfiresaccidentsandotheremergencies." D."Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.Howeverweknowthat’snotfair—toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourtbutgoodpaperworkdoesn’tnecessarilymeanyou’llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereportsbuttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetitionandtheyfiguredwhytheyshouldlaborwhentherewasnopayoff." E."Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperworkandbecausetheydislikeitthejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequately.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclearfactualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrecttherestofthereportissuspect.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor." F."SoIjustdon’tknowwhattodo.I’vebeengropinginthedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework." G.Alargemetropolitancitygovernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministratorsmanagersandexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivation—howwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofapolicecaptainbecamethecentralfocusofthediscussion. Order: 2
A.Communicationmakesbothpartiesknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakesanagreement.B.Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge.C.Reasonabledebateplaysapositiveroleinknowledgeadvances.D.Abasiccommonknowledgemakescontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething.E.Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument.F.Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument.G.Communicationiscloselyassociatedwithargument.DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.1.Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded.2.Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity.3.AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel.4.Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth.5.InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect.
A.Communicationmakesbothpartiesknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakesanagreement.B.Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge.C.Reasonabledebateplaysapositiveroleinknowledgeadvances.D.Abasiccommonknowledgemakescontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething.E.Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument.F.Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument.G.Communicationiscloselyassociatedwithargument.DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.1.Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded.2.Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity.3.AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel.4.Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth.5.InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect.
A.Communicationmakesbothpartiesknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakesanagreement.B.Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge.C.Reasonabledebateplaysapositiveroleinknowledgeadvances.D.Abasiccommonknowledgemakescontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething.E.Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument.F.Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument.G.Communicationiscloselyassociatedwithargument.DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.1.Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded.2.Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity.3.AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel.4.Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth.5.InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect.
A.Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathersinrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfatherstendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetentlessinclinedtowardgenderstereotypingmoreempathicandpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonlythesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes. B.Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm;regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswereeventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficialwhereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant. C.Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers’amountofinvolvementwithouttakingintoaccountitscontentandqualityisconsequentialforchildrenmothersorfathersthemselvesTheassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvementnotinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere. D.Commonlyresearchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandlovingtheboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Laterhoweverresearchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby: E.Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvementthatiswiththeamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildrenengagementtheextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildrenaccessibilityandtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren’scareandwelfareresponsibility. F.Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.IndeedLambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagementi.e.directinteractionwiththechildavailabilityorresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Ratheritappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.It.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote: G.ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildrentheauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren’spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmthacceptance. H.Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:1genderroledevelopmentand2fatherinvolvement.Studiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons. Order: 1
A.Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathersinrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfatherstendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetentlessinclinedtowardgenderstereotypingmoreempathicandpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonlythesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes. B.Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm;regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswereeventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficialwhereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant. C.Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers’amountofinvolvementwithouttakingintoaccountitscontentandqualityisconsequentialforchildrenmothersorfathersthemselvesTheassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvementnotinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere. D.Commonlyresearchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandlovingtheboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Laterhoweverresearchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby: E.Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvementthatiswiththeamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildrenengagementtheextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildrenaccessibilityandtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren’scareandwelfareresponsibility. F.Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.IndeedLambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagementi.e.directinteractionwiththechildavailabilityorresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Ratheritappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.It.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote: G.ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildrentheauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren’spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmthacceptance. H.Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:1genderroledevelopmentand2fatherinvolvement.Studiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons. Order: 3
A.PhysicalchangesB.Lowself-esteemC.EmergingindependenceandsearchforidentityD.EmotionalturbulenceE.InterestintheoppositesexF.PeerpressureandconformityThetransitiontoadulthoodisdifficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescence—typicallybetweentheagesof9and13—andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadultcharacteristics.Manyyoungstersfindthesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfullyunderstandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescanbeputtorestbysimplykeepinganopenlineofcommunicationandpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.Themainissuesthatariseduringadolescenceare:1.Achild’sself-worthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewithanoverwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthemthatthey’renotasgoodasotherpeoplethattheyarefailureslosersuglyorunintelligent.2.Someformofbodilydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens.Ifdissatisfactionisgreatitmaycausethemtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercasesteensmayacttheopposite—loudandangry—inanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessandinferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychangescanbeadolescentsmayfinditequallydistressingtonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.Latematurationcancausefeelingsofinferiorityandawkwardness.3.Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemorefrighteningpleasuresbecomemoreexcitingirritationsbecomemoredistressingandfrustrationsbecomemoreintolerable.Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescence.Youngstershavingadifficultadolescencemaybecomeseriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructivebehavior.Oftenthefirstcluethatateenagerneedsprofessionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftinattitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsofpersonalitychangeindicatingthatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincluderepeatedschoolabsencesslumpinggradesuseofalcoholorillegalsubstanceshostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.4.Thereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.Thispressuretowardconformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;itmayleadthemtodothingsthattheyknowarewrong.5.Adolescencemarksaperiodofincreasingindependencethatoftenleadstoconflictbetweenteenagersandparents.Thistensionisanormalpartofgrowingup—andforparentsanormalpartoftheletting-goprocess.Anothernormalpartofadolescenceisconfusionovervaluesandbeliefs.Thistimeofquestioningisimportantasyoungpeopleexaminethevaluestheyhavebeentaughtandbegintoembracetheirownbeliefs.Thoughtheymayadoptthesamebeliefsastheirparentsdiscoveringthemontheirownenablestheyoungpersontodevelopasenseofintegrity.Althoughadolescencewillpresentchallengesforyoungpeopleandtheirparentsawarenessandcommunicationcanhelppavethewayforasmoothtransitionintothisexcitingphaseoflife.
A.Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathersinrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfatherstendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetentlessinclinedtowardgenderstereotypingmoreempathicandpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonlythesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes. B.Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm;regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswereeventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficialwhereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant. C.Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers’amountofinvolvementwithouttakingintoaccountitscontentandqualityisconsequentialforchildrenmothersorfathersthemselvesTheassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvementnotinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere. D.Commonlyresearchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandlovingtheboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Laterhoweverresearchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby: E.Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvementthatiswiththeamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildrenengagementtheextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildrenaccessibilityandtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren’scareandwelfareresponsibility. F.Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.IndeedLambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagementi.e.directinteractionwiththechildavailabilityorresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Ratheritappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.It.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote: G.ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildrentheauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren’spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmthacceptance. H.Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:1genderroledevelopmentand2fatherinvolvement.Studiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons. Order: 5
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