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Text4 Lastsummersometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeoplewereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumbertwelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparentslivingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyearsoldtheaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamilyincludedamotherwithtwoorthreechildrenbutinaboutone-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughlytenthousandsinglepersonsthenmadeuptheremainderofthepopulationofthecity’sshelter. Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationtoanother.Inallareashoweverfamiliesarethefastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulationandintheNortheasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.InMassachusettsthree-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilieswithchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts-AttleboroandNorthamptonforexample-theproportionreaches90percent.TwothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecentlyinBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold. Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeoplenationwideabout500000aredependentchildrenaccordingtoRobertHayescounseltotheNationalCoalitionforthehomeless.Includingtheirparentsatleast750000homelesspeopleinAmericaarefamilymembers. Whatistobemadethenofthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitalspersonswhowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970sManyofthemaretobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsandsheltersasmanyasone-thirdsomebelieveasmanyasone-halfmaybechronicallydisturbedandanumberofthesepeopleleftmentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYorkwherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithanaverageofsixtooperateonthebasisofsuchasuppositionmakesnosense.Theirparentswithanaverageageoftwenty-sevenarenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe1970seither. InAmericahowmanypeoplearehomelessparents
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 2
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 20
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 10
Text2 SomepeoplewouldsaythattheEnglishman’shomeisnolongerhiscastle;thatithasbecomehisworkshop.ThisispartlybecausetheaverageEnglishmaniskeenonworkingwithhishandsandpartlybecausehefeelsforonereasonoranotherthathemustdoforhimselfmanyhouseholdjobsforwhichsomeyearsagohewouldhavehiredprofessionalhelp.Themainreasonforthisisafinancialone:thehighcostoflaborhasmeantthatbuilders’anddecorators’costshavereachedalevelwhichmakesthemsohighthathouse-proudEnglishpeopleofmodestmeanshangback.Soiftheywishtokeeptheirhouseslookingbrightandsmarttheyhavetodealwithsomeoftherepairsanddecoratingthemselves.Asaresulttherehasgrownupinthepost-waryearswhatissometimesreferredtoasthe’Do-It-YourselfMovement’. The’Do-It-YourselfMovement’beganwithhomedecoratingbuthassincespreadintoamuchwiderfield.Nowadaysthereseemtobeveryfewthingsthatcannotbemadebythe’do-it-yourself’method.Anumberofmagazinesandhandbooksexisttoshowhopefulhandymenofallagesjusthoweasyitistobuildanythingfromacoffeetabletoafifteen-foot4.5meterssailingboat.Allyouneeditseemsisahammerandafewnails.Youfollowthesimpleinstructionsstep-by-stepandbeforeyouknowwhereyouarethefinishedarticlestandsbeforeyoucompleteinevery.detail. Unfortunatelyalasitisnotalwaysquiteassimpleasitsounds!Manya’do-it-yourselfer’hasfoundtohiscostthatonecannotlearnaskilledcraftsman’sjobovernight.Howquicklyonerealizeswhendoingitoneselfthatajobwhichtakestheskilledmananhourorsotocompletetakestheamateurfiveorsixatleast.Andthenthereisthequestionoftools.Thefirstthingtheamateurlearnsisthathemusthavetherighttoolsforthejob.Buitoolscostmoney.Thereisalsothewearandtearonthenerves.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatmanypeoplehavecometotheconclusionthattheexpenseofpayingprofessionalstodotheworkisinthelongrunmoreeconomicalthan’doingitoneself’. TheDo-It-YourselfMovementmaynothaveabrightfuture;allofthefollowingreasonsaretrueexcept
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 4
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 4
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 8
Text4 Lastsummersometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeoplewereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumbertwelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparentslivingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyearsoldtheaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamilyincludedamotherwithtwoorthreechildrenbutinaboutone-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughlytenthousandsinglepersonsthenmadeuptheremainderofthepopulationofthecity’sshelter. Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationtoanother.Inallareashoweverfamiliesarethefastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulationandintheNortheasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.InMassachusettsthree-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilieswithchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts-AttleboroandNorthamptonforexample-theproportionreaches90percent.TwothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecentlyinBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold. Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeoplenationwideabout500000aredependentchildrenaccordingtoRobertHayescounseltotheNationalCoalitionforthehomeless.Includingtheirparentsatleast750000homelesspeopleinAmericaarefamilymembers. Whatistobemadethenofthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitalspersonswhowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970sManyofthemaretobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsandsheltersasmanyasone-thirdsomebelieveasmanyasone-halfmaybechronicallydisturbedandanumberofthesepeopleleftmentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYorkwherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithanaverageofsixtooperateonthebasisofsuchasuppositionmakesnosense.Theirparentswithanaverageageoftwenty-sevenarenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe1970seither. Accordingtothepassagetheauthorwantstotellusabout
In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos-relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganisedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. 41___.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfibrestheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. 42___.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos. 43____. Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. 44____Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment. 45___Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. A.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner. B.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos. C.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused. D.Thebuildingmanagementpreferredtousemachinetoolsbecausemachinetoolsweremuchmoreefficient. E.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair. F.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacelessasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationneednottobeused. G.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments. 44
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 6
Text3 AfterwatchingmymotherdealwithourfamilyoffiveIcan’tunderstandwhyheranswertothequestion"Whatdoyoudo’isalways"OhI’mjustahousewife.’JUSTahousewifeAnyonewhospendsmostofhertimeinmealpreparationandclean-upwashinganddryingclotheskeepingthehousecleanleadingascouttroopplayingtaxidrivertouskidswhenit’stimeforschoolmusiclessonsorthedentistdoingvolunteerworkforherfavoritecharityandmakingsurethatallourfamilyneedsaremetisnotJUSTahousewifeShe’stherealWonderWoman. Whyisitthatsomanymotherslikeminethinkofthemselvesassecond-classorsomethingsimilarWherehasthisnotioncomefromHavewemalesmadethemfeelthiswayHasoursocietymade"goingtowork"outsidethehomeseemmoreimportantthanwhatahousewifemustfaceeachday Iwouldbeverycurioustoseewhatwouldhappenifahousewifewentonstrike.Disheswouldpileup.Foodinthehousewouldrunout.Nomealswouldappearonthetable.Therewouldbenocleanclotheswhenneeded.Highbootswouldberequiredjusttomakeitthroughthehousescatteredwithgarbage.Walkingandbusridingwouldincrease.Thosescouttroopswouldhavetobreakup.Charitieswouldsuffer. Idoubtifthemanofthehousewouldbeabletotakeover.OhhemightstartoutwiththeattitudethathecandojustasgoodajobbuthowlongwouldthatlastNotlongoncehehadtocomehomeeachnightafterworktomorehouseholdduties.Therewouldbenomorecominghometoapreparedmeal;he’dhavetofixithimself.Thekidswouldallbescreamingforsomethingtoeatcleanclothesandmorebusfaremoney.Oncehequietedthekidshe’dhavetocleanthehousegoshoppingmakesurethatkidsgotabathandfixlunchesforthenextday.Oncethekidsweredownforthenighthemight’beabletocrawlintoanunmadebedandtrytoreadthemorningnewspaper. NoIdon’tthinkmanymalesaregoingtovolunteerforthejob.IknowIdon’twantit.Sothanksmom!I’lldowhatIcantocreateanationalholidayforhousewives.ItcouldbeappropriatelycalledWonderWomanDay. IfahousewifewentonstrikewhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 2
Ifallformsofmercykillingarewrongtheyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.Activeeuthanasia-killingremainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout Justastherecanbeculpableomissionssotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Supposethatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarlysupposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.IshethennecessarilywrongifheusesenoughpainkillerstokillDoesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanactionratherthananomissioncondemnhim Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatnooneshoulddemandafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.47Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutyistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodoandkillingistheonlywaytodoit. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatient’sphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasiaitisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.49Anotherworryisthatalegalframeworkforeuthanasiapermittingadoctortocomplywithadyingman’srequestinaprescribedsetofcircumstancesmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Thatdependsonthesociety.Hollandarguablyisreadyforit.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatitwasDutchdoctorswhomostheroicallyresistedpressuretojoinintheSecondWorldWarNazimedicalatrocitiesthathavegiveneuthanasiaitsworstname.50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.Germanybycontrastwillnotbeabletolegalizeanyformofeuthanasiaforalongtimetocome.Oppositionistoofiercebecauseoftheshadowofthepast.Countrieswithanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantraditionhavelesstofearfromsettingsomelimitedrulesforvoluntaryeuthanasia.Byrefusingtodiscussittheyusherinsomethingworse. 50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 14
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Text3 AfterwatchingmymotherdealwithourfamilyoffiveIcan’tunderstandwhyheranswertothequestion"Whatdoyoudo’isalways"OhI’mjustahousewife.’JUSTahousewifeAnyonewhospendsmostofhertimeinmealpreparationandclean-upwashinganddryingclotheskeepingthehousecleanleadingascouttroopplayingtaxidrivertouskidswhenit’stimeforschoolmusiclessonsorthedentistdoingvolunteerworkforherfavoritecharityandmakingsurethatallourfamilyneedsaremetisnotJUSTahousewifeShe’stherealWonderWoman. Whyisitthatsomanymotherslikeminethinkofthemselvesassecond-classorsomethingsimilarWherehasthisnotioncomefromHavewemalesmadethemfeelthiswayHasoursocietymade"goingtowork"outsidethehomeseemmoreimportantthanwhatahousewifemustfaceeachday Iwouldbeverycurioustoseewhatwouldhappenifahousewifewentonstrike.Disheswouldpileup.Foodinthehousewouldrunout.Nomealswouldappearonthetable.Therewouldbenocleanclotheswhenneeded.Highbootswouldberequiredjusttomakeitthroughthehousescatteredwithgarbage.Walkingandbusridingwouldincrease.Thosescouttroopswouldhavetobreakup.Charitieswouldsuffer. Idoubtifthemanofthehousewouldbeabletotakeover.OhhemightstartoutwiththeattitudethathecandojustasgoodajobbuthowlongwouldthatlastNotlongoncehehadtocomehomeeachnightafterworktomorehouseholdduties.Therewouldbenomorecominghometoapreparedmeal;he’dhavetofixithimself.Thekidswouldallbescreamingforsomethingtoeatcleanclothesandmorebusfaremoney.Oncehequietedthekidshe’dhavetocleanthehousegoshoppingmakesurethatkidsgotabathandfixlunchesforthenextday.Oncethekidsweredownforthenighthemight’beabletocrawlintoanunmadebedandtrytoreadthemorningnewspaper. NoIdon’tthinkmanymalesaregoingtovolunteerforthejob.IknowIdon’twantit.Sothanksmom!I’lldowhatIcantocreateanationalholidayforhousewives.ItcouldbeappropriatelycalledWonderWomanDay. Theauthor'sattitudetowardhousewives'workis
Text2 SomepeoplewouldsaythattheEnglishman’shomeisnolongerhiscastle;thatithasbecomehisworkshop.ThisispartlybecausetheaverageEnglishmaniskeenonworkingwithhishandsandpartlybecausehefeelsforonereasonoranotherthathemustdoforhimselfmanyhouseholdjobsforwhichsomeyearsagohewouldhavehiredprofessionalhelp.Themainreasonforthisisafinancialone:thehighcostoflaborhasmeantthatbuilders’anddecorators’costshavereachedalevelwhichmakesthemsohighthathouse-proudEnglishpeopleofmodestmeanshangback.Soiftheywishtokeeptheirhouseslookingbrightandsmarttheyhavetodealwithsomeoftherepairsanddecoratingthemselves.Asaresulttherehasgrownupinthepost-waryearswhatissometimesreferredtoasthe’Do-It-YourselfMovement’. The’Do-It-YourselfMovement’beganwithhomedecoratingbuthassincespreadintoamuchwiderfield.Nowadaysthereseemtobeveryfewthingsthatcannotbemadebythe’do-it-yourself’method.Anumberofmagazinesandhandbooksexisttoshowhopefulhandymenofallagesjusthoweasyitistobuildanythingfromacoffeetabletoafifteen-foot4.5meterssailingboat.Allyouneeditseemsisahammerandafewnails.Youfollowthesimpleinstructionsstep-by-stepandbeforeyouknowwhereyouarethefinishedarticlestandsbeforeyoucompleteinevery.detail. Unfortunatelyalasitisnotalwaysquiteassimpleasitsounds!Manya’do-it-yourselfer’hasfoundtohiscostthatonecannotlearnaskilledcraftsman’sjobovernight.Howquicklyonerealizeswhendoingitoneselfthatajobwhichtakestheskilledmananhourorsotocompletetakestheamateurfiveorsixatleast.Andthenthereisthequestionoftools.Thefirstthingtheamateurlearnsisthathemusthavetherighttoolsforthejob.Buitoolscostmoney.Thereisalsothewearandtearonthenerves.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatmanypeoplehavecometotheconclusionthattheexpenseofpayingprofessionalstodotheworkisinthelongrunmoreeconomicalthan’doingitoneself’. Inparagraphonethephrasehangbackstandsfor.
Text2 SomepeoplewouldsaythattheEnglishman’shomeisnolongerhiscastle;thatithasbecomehisworkshop.ThisispartlybecausetheaverageEnglishmaniskeenonworkingwithhishandsandpartlybecausehefeelsforonereasonoranotherthathemustdoforhimselfmanyhouseholdjobsforwhichsomeyearsagohewouldhavehiredprofessionalhelp.Themainreasonforthisisafinancialone:thehighcostoflaborhasmeantthatbuilders’anddecorators’costshavereachedalevelwhichmakesthemsohighthathouse-proudEnglishpeopleofmodestmeanshangback.Soiftheywishtokeeptheirhouseslookingbrightandsmarttheyhavetodealwithsomeoftherepairsanddecoratingthemselves.Asaresulttherehasgrownupinthepost-waryearswhatissometimesreferredtoasthe’Do-It-YourselfMovement’. The’Do-It-YourselfMovement’beganwithhomedecoratingbuthassincespreadintoamuchwiderfield.Nowadaysthereseemtobeveryfewthingsthatcannotbemadebythe’do-it-yourself’method.Anumberofmagazinesandhandbooksexisttoshowhopefulhandymenofallagesjusthoweasyitistobuildanythingfromacoffeetabletoafifteen-foot4.5meterssailingboat.Allyouneeditseemsisahammerandafewnails.Youfollowthesimpleinstructionsstep-by-stepandbeforeyouknowwhereyouarethefinishedarticlestandsbeforeyoucompleteinevery.detail. Unfortunatelyalasitisnotalwaysquiteassimpleasitsounds!Manya’do-it-yourselfer’hasfoundtohiscostthatonecannotlearnaskilledcraftsman’sjobovernight.Howquicklyonerealizeswhendoingitoneselfthatajobwhichtakestheskilledmananhourorsotocompletetakestheamateurfiveorsixatleast.Andthenthereisthequestionoftools.Thefirstthingtheamateurlearnsisthathemusthavetherighttoolsforthejob.Buitoolscostmoney.Thereisalsothewearandtearonthenerves.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatmanypeoplehavecometotheconclusionthattheexpenseofpayingprofessionalstodotheworkisinthelongrunmoreeconomicalthan’doingitoneself’. ItcanbeseenfromthepassagethattheEnglishman's.homehasbecomehisworkshopNOTbecause
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 6
In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos-relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganisedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. 41___.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfibrestheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. 42___.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos. 43____. Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. 44____Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment. 45___Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. A.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner. B.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos. C.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused. D.Thebuildingmanagementpreferredtousemachinetoolsbecausemachinetoolsweremuchmoreefficient. E.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair. F.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacelessasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationneednottobeused. G.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments. 42
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 12
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:ShouldWomenGoouttoWorkorStayatHome Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 16
Ifallformsofmercykillingarewrongtheyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.Activeeuthanasia-killingremainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout Justastherecanbeculpableomissionssotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Supposethatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarlysupposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.IshethennecessarilywrongifheusesenoughpainkillerstokillDoesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanactionratherthananomissioncondemnhim Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatnooneshoulddemandafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.47Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutyistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodoandkillingistheonlywaytodoit. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatient’sphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasiaitisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.49Anotherworryisthatalegalframeworkforeuthanasiapermittingadoctortocomplywithadyingman’srequestinaprescribedsetofcircumstancesmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Thatdependsonthesociety.Hollandarguablyisreadyforit.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatitwasDutchdoctorswhomostheroicallyresistedpressuretojoinintheSecondWorldWarNazimedicalatrocitiesthathavegiveneuthanasiaitsworstname.50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.Germanybycontrastwillnotbeabletolegalizeanyformofeuthanasiaforalongtimetocome.Oppositionistoofiercebecauseoftheshadowofthepast.Countrieswithanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantraditionhavelesstofearfromsettingsomelimitedrulesforvoluntaryeuthanasia.Byrefusingtodiscussittheyusherinsomethingworse. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquiredtheuseof1. The2oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve3signals4eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmaniapparently6forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscavetoshow11directionhehadgoneor12preyhehopedtocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 18
Text1 Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinuetooccurlargelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixinglegalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon.Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislationeconomicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeenmetbylaw-suitspersonalandindustrialdenialandlongdelaysnotonlyinacceptingresponsibilitybutmoreimportantlyindoingsomethingaboutit. Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecidesitcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry’sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind’sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibilityIfevertherewillbetimeforenvironmentalhealthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblemsthattimeisnow. Wearebeingaskedinfactthepublicisdemandingthatwetakepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yestheecologiststheenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistsservetocommunicatestimulatethinkingandpromotebehavioralchange.HoweveritisthoseofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelopimproveandenforceenvironmentalstandardsIsubmitwhomustleadthecharge. Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimitscountylinesstateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtothetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthepresent.Firstwemustcontinuetopressforimprovementsmthequalityoflifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Secondwemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Thirdwemustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethreegoalsinthisdecademaybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegradationandnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeabletospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanonbandages. Whichofthefollowingaccordingtotheauthorshouldplaytheleadingroleinthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems
Text1 Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinuetooccurlargelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixinglegalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon.Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislationeconomicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeenmetbylaw-suitspersonalandindustrialdenialandlongdelaysnotonlyinacceptingresponsibilitybutmoreimportantlyindoingsomethingaboutit. Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecidesitcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry’sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind’sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibilityIfevertherewillbetimeforenvironmentalhealthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblemsthattimeisnow. Wearebeingaskedinfactthepublicisdemandingthatwetakepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yestheecologiststheenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistsservetocommunicatestimulatethinkingandpromotebehavioralchange.HoweveritisthoseofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelopimproveandenforceenvironmentalstandardsIsubmitwhomustleadthecharge. Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimitscountylinesstateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtothetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthepresent.Firstwemustcontinuetopressforimprovementsmthequalityoflifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Secondwemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Thirdwemustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethreegoalsinthisdecademaybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegradationandnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeabletospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanonbandages. Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheindustrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchieflybecause
Text4 Lastsummersometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeoplewereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumbertwelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparentslivingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyearsoldtheaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamilyincludedamotherwithtwoorthreechildrenbutinaboutone-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughlytenthousandsinglepersonsthenmadeuptheremainderofthepopulationofthecity’sshelter. Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationtoanother.Inallareashoweverfamiliesarethefastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulationandintheNortheasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.InMassachusettsthree-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilieswithchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts-AttleboroandNorthamptonforexample-theproportionreaches90percent.TwothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecentlyinBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold. Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeoplenationwideabout500000aredependentchildrenaccordingtoRobertHayescounseltotheNationalCoalitionforthehomeless.Includingtheirparentsatleast750000homelesspeopleinAmericaarefamilymembers. Whatistobemadethenofthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitalspersonswhowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970sManyofthemaretobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsandsheltersasmanyasone-thirdsomebelieveasmanyasone-halfmaybechronicallydisturbedandanumberofthesepeopleleftmentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYorkwherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithanaverageofsixtooperateonthebasisofsuchasuppositionmakesnosense.Theirparentswithanaverageageoftwenty-sevenarenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe1970seither. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Ifallformsofmercykillingarewrongtheyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.Activeeuthanasia-killingremainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout Justastherecanbeculpableomissionssotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Supposethatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarlysupposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.IshethennecessarilywrongifheusesenoughpainkillerstokillDoesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanactionratherthananomissioncondemnhim Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatnooneshoulddemandafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.47Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutyistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodoandkillingistheonlywaytodoit. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatient’sphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasiaitisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.49Anotherworryisthatalegalframeworkforeuthanasiapermittingadoctortocomplywithadyingman’srequestinaprescribedsetofcircumstancesmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Thatdependsonthesociety.Hollandarguablyisreadyforit.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatitwasDutchdoctorswhomostheroicallyresistedpressuretojoinintheSecondWorldWarNazimedicalatrocitiesthathavegiveneuthanasiaitsworstname.50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.Germanybycontrastwillnotbeabletolegalizeanyformofeuthanasiaforalongtimetocome.Oppositionistoofiercebecauseoftheshadowofthepast.Countrieswithanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantraditionhavelesstofearfromsettingsomelimitedrulesforvoluntaryeuthanasia.Byrefusingtodiscussittheyusherinsomethingworse. 46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.
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