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明代教育家王守仁认为，读书求学的目的在于 ( )
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认为教育的目的在于发展人的一切天赋力量和能力的教育家是
夸美纽斯
康德
卢梭
裴斯泰洛齐
明代教育家王守仁认为读书求学的目的在于
去除人欲
获取天理
博通百家
求得功名
认为儿童教育内容包括歌诗习礼和读书提出随人分限所及的儿童教育思想是
张焕纶
张百熙
王守仁
朱熹
瑞士教育家______认为教育的目的在于按照自然的法则全面地和谐地发展儿童的一切天赋力量
在我国古代教育史上对儿童教育进行集中论述的著名教育家是
颜之推
朱熹
孔子
王守仁
认为儿童教育内容包括歌诗习礼和读书提出随人分限所及的儿童教育思想是
张百熙
王守仁
张焕纶
朱熹
在道德修养方法上认为无须外求只须明内在良知的古代教育家有
孟轲、王守仁
孟轲、朱熹
荀况、王守仁
荀况、朱熹
以下几位教育家中教育思想具有自然主义倾向的是______
颜之推
朱熹
王守仁
韩愈
王守仁继承了儒家关于的教育目的论
提出正其谊不谋其利明其道不计其功的教育家是______
董仲舒
韩愈
朱熹
王守仁
强调读书穷理提出居敬持志主张的教育家是
朱熹
陆九渊
王守仁
程颢
王守仁是明代伟大的
思想家
军事家
教育家
哲学家
王守仁是宋明的集大成者是明朝中期有影响的教育家
哲学
文学
历史
主观唯心主义
大抵童子之情乐嬉游而惮拘检如草木之始萌芽舒畅之则条达催挠之则衰萎这句话朴素地道出了幼儿教育应遵循的原
康有为
王守仁
蔡元培
陈鹤琴
提倡以三纲五常为道德教育内容核心将教化作为实现仁政德治手段的教育家是
孔子
孟子
王守仁
董仲舒
我国明代哲学家王守仁认为心外无物月亮太阳以及世界上的万物都存在于人心之中都是心之意念的产物这是的思想
客观唯心主义
主观唯心主义
机械唯物主义
庸俗唯物主义
瑞士教育家______认为教育目的在于按照自然的法则全面的和谐地发展儿童的一切天赋力量
在我国历史上重视儿童教育提出心即理致良知的教育家是
荀子
董仲舒
王守仁
孟子
王守仁教育思想最可贵处在于论
孔子教育
五经
孟子思想
童蒙教育
最先提出学思结合不耻下问身体力行温故知新等教育思想的古代教育家是
韩愈
孔子
朱熹
王守仁
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Agrowingnumberofwomenarerisingtothetop--andbeginningtochangethecultureoftheworkplace. Thisshouldbeaseasonofcelebration.Afterallbymanymeasuresthere’sneverbeenabettertimetobeawoman.InplaceslikeScandinaviaandBritainathirdormoreofallcorporatemanagersarenowwomen.ThenumberoffemaleexecutivedirectorsofFISE100companiesnearlydoubledfrom2000to2004.LatinAmericahasseena50percentjumpinthenumberofwomenpoliticiansinthelastdecade.Japanvoted26newfemaleparliamentariansintoofficethisyear.Ofcoursethejewelintheequal-opportunitycrownwasthisfall’selectionofAngelaMerkel--oncenicknamed"theGirl"byHelmutKohl--toGermany’shighestoffice. Butasalwaysstatisticstellamultifacetedstory.Sureit’snolongerananomalytohaveafemaleCEO--buttherearestillonly17femaleexecutivedirectorsinthelargestFTSE100companies.IntheEUParliamentonly23outof162membersarefemale.InBritainstudiesshowthatwomenhaveneverbeenmoredissatisfiedwiththeworkplace.Nowonder:theEUpaygapbetweenmenandwomenshrankonlyonepointinthelastcoupleofyearsto17.5percent. SowheredoesallthisleaveusWithsomebigchallengesthatrequiremorefemaleleadershiptosolve.Atsomemajorcompanies--includingShellandBritishTelecom--womenarecombatingtheold-boys’clubatmospherebystartingtheirownnetworkslinkingtopfemaleleaderswithup-and-comerstheycanmentor.Laborflexibilityisalsoontheagenda;inpartsofEuropetopfemalelegislatorshavefoughttogiveemployeeswithchildrenorelderlyparentstherighttoaskforadjustablehours.Perhapsmostimportantthereisanincreasinglyvibrantdebatearoundwork-lifebalance.Studyafterstudyshowsthatitisaworkingwoman’ssecondfull-timejob--ascaregiver--thatmakesitmostdifficultforhertostayonthecareerladder.Whileextrabenefitsandlongermaternityleavecanhelptheyaren’tacompletesolution. Clearlysomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequired.Andthat’swherewomencomein.IncountrieslikeCameroonBoliviaandMalaysiagreaternumbersofwomeninpublicofficehaveresultedinlessspendingonthemilitaryandmoreonhealtheducationandinfrastructure.Norway’swoman-heavyParliamentrecentlypassedalawmandatingthat40percentofdirectorsoncorporateboardsbewomen.AndinGermanythearchetypaloutsider--awomanwhogrewuponthewrongsideoftheIronCurtain--willlikelytakethehelminacountrywithvirtuallynootherwomenintoppositionsofpower.Nolonger"theGirl"butpoisedtobecomethechancellorMerkelisasymbolofhowfarwomenhavecome--andtheworkthatremainstobedone. Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow Fromparagraph1weknowthatLondon’scongestionchargescheme
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
CouldHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDSbeweakeningTheresultsofastudyconductedinBelgiumattheInstituteofTropicalMedicineinAntwerpseemtosuggestthatinonecorneroftheworlditmightbe.ThereportpublishedinthelatestissueofAIDSaspecialistjournalconcludesthatHIV’sabilitytoreplicateknowntechnicallyasitsvirulencemayhavedecreasedsincethestartofthepandemic.KevinAdentheleadauthorofthepaperstressesthatthestudyisbasedonasmallsetofsamplesanddoesnotprovethatHIV’svirulenceisattenuatingaroundtheworld.Howeveritdoesoffernewinsightsintotheevolutionofthedisease. Dr.Arienlookedat24bloodsamplescollectedfromuntreatedpatientsattendinganHIV/AIDSclinicinAntwerp.Adozenofthesesamplesweretakenbetween1986and1989;theother12werecollectedbetween2002and2003.Firstheanalyzedthesamplestofindtheirviralloadthenumberofvirusparticlespercubiccentimeterandthesubtypeofvirusinvolved.InEuropeandNorthAmericathepredominantsubtypeisB;insub-SaharanAfricawheretheepidemicisatitsworstthepredominantsubtypeisC.MostofDr.Arien’ssampleswereofsubtypeB.Havingdonethisanalysishepairedthesamplesoffforaseriesofreplicative"duels".Eachsamplefromtheearlierserieswasmatchedwiththemostsimilaronefromthelaterseriesandtheywereplacedinidenticalcellculturestoseewhichwouldmultiplythemost.Theresultwasthat75%ofthevirusesfrom2002-03werelessvirulentthanapparentlysimilarcounterpartsfrom1986-89--astatisticallysignificantobservation. Dr.Arien’scautionissensibleatleastuntilsomeonereplicatestheworkelsewhere.Buthisconclusionisnotnecessarilysurprising.Suchviralattenuationasitisknownisonewaythatvaccinesareproduced. Whatcausesattenuationinwildvirusesthoughisamatterofspeculation.DrArienbelievesthatinthiscasetheattenuationcouldbetheresultofwhathecalls"serialgeneticbottlenecks"duringtransmissionfromhosttohost.Theseacttoreducethegeneticdiversityandthusthereplicativefitnessofthevirus.GeneticdiversityisknowntobeanimportantcomponentofHIV’svirulence.Butwhatmightcausethebottlenecksisstillunclear. AsecondreasonforcautionbesidesthesmallsizeofthestudyisasGeoffreyGarnettaprofessorofmicroparasiteepidemiologyatImperialCollegeLondonpointsoutthattheabilityofavirustoinfectcellsinatest-tubeisnotthesameasitsabilitytocausediseaseanddeathinahumanhost.NeverthelessDrAden’sresultisintriguingandsurelyworthfollowingupinalargerpieceofresearch. BysayingDr.Arien’scautionissensibleLine1Paragraph3theauthorimpliesthat
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow. Thenewdetectiontechnologyhasanidentificationrateof
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
CouldHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDSbeweakeningTheresultsofastudyconductedinBelgiumattheInstituteofTropicalMedicineinAntwerpseemtosuggestthatinonecorneroftheworlditmightbe.ThereportpublishedinthelatestissueofAIDSaspecialistjournalconcludesthatHIV’sabilitytoreplicateknowntechnicallyasitsvirulencemayhavedecreasedsincethestartofthepandemic.KevinAdentheleadauthorofthepaperstressesthatthestudyisbasedonasmallsetofsamplesanddoesnotprovethatHIV’svirulenceisattenuatingaroundtheworld.Howeveritdoesoffernewinsightsintotheevolutionofthedisease. Dr.Arienlookedat24bloodsamplescollectedfromuntreatedpatientsattendinganHIV/AIDSclinicinAntwerp.Adozenofthesesamplesweretakenbetween1986and1989;theother12werecollectedbetween2002and2003.Firstheanalyzedthesamplestofindtheirviralloadthenumberofvirusparticlespercubiccentimeterandthesubtypeofvirusinvolved.InEuropeandNorthAmericathepredominantsubtypeisB;insub-SaharanAfricawheretheepidemicisatitsworstthepredominantsubtypeisC.MostofDr.Arien’ssampleswereofsubtypeB.Havingdonethisanalysishepairedthesamplesoffforaseriesofreplicative"duels".Eachsamplefromtheearlierserieswasmatchedwiththemostsimilaronefromthelaterseriesandtheywereplacedinidenticalcellculturestoseewhichwouldmultiplythemost.Theresultwasthat75%ofthevirusesfrom2002-03werelessvirulentthanapparentlysimilarcounterpartsfrom1986-89--astatisticallysignificantobservation. Dr.Arien’scautionissensibleatleastuntilsomeonereplicatestheworkelsewhere.Buthisconclusionisnotnecessarilysurprising.Suchviralattenuationasitisknownisonewaythatvaccinesareproduced. Whatcausesattenuationinwildvirusesthoughisamatterofspeculation.DrArienbelievesthatinthiscasetheattenuationcouldbetheresultofwhathecalls"serialgeneticbottlenecks"duringtransmissionfromhosttohost.Theseacttoreducethegeneticdiversityandthusthereplicativefitnessofthevirus.GeneticdiversityisknowntobeanimportantcomponentofHIV’svirulence.Butwhatmightcausethebottlenecksisstillunclear. AsecondreasonforcautionbesidesthesmallsizeofthestudyisasGeoffreyGarnettaprofessorofmicroparasiteepidemiologyatImperialCollegeLondonpointsoutthattheabilityofavirustoinfectcellsinatest-tubeisnotthesameasitsabilitytocausediseaseanddeathinahumanhost.NeverthelessDrAden’sresultisintriguingandsurelyworthfollowingupinalargerpieceofresearch. Wecanlearnfrompara.2that
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Agrowingnumberofwomenarerisingtothetop--andbeginningtochangethecultureoftheworkplace. Thisshouldbeaseasonofcelebration.Afterallbymanymeasuresthere’sneverbeenabettertimetobeawoman.InplaceslikeScandinaviaandBritainathirdormoreofallcorporatemanagersarenowwomen.ThenumberoffemaleexecutivedirectorsofFISE100companiesnearlydoubledfrom2000to2004.LatinAmericahasseena50percentjumpinthenumberofwomenpoliticiansinthelastdecade.Japanvoted26newfemaleparliamentariansintoofficethisyear.Ofcoursethejewelintheequal-opportunitycrownwasthisfall’selectionofAngelaMerkel--oncenicknamed"theGirl"byHelmutKohl--toGermany’shighestoffice. Butasalwaysstatisticstellamultifacetedstory.Sureit’snolongerananomalytohaveafemaleCEO--buttherearestillonly17femaleexecutivedirectorsinthelargestFTSE100companies.IntheEUParliamentonly23outof162membersarefemale.InBritainstudiesshowthatwomenhaveneverbeenmoredissatisfiedwiththeworkplace.Nowonder:theEUpaygapbetweenmenandwomenshrankonlyonepointinthelastcoupleofyearsto17.5percent. SowheredoesallthisleaveusWithsomebigchallengesthatrequiremorefemaleleadershiptosolve.Atsomemajorcompanies--includingShellandBritishTelecom--womenarecombatingtheold-boys’clubatmospherebystartingtheirownnetworkslinkingtopfemaleleaderswithup-and-comerstheycanmentor.Laborflexibilityisalsoontheagenda;inpartsofEuropetopfemalelegislatorshavefoughttogiveemployeeswithchildrenorelderlyparentstherighttoaskforadjustablehours.Perhapsmostimportantthereisanincreasinglyvibrantdebatearoundwork-lifebalance.Studyafterstudyshowsthatitisaworkingwoman’ssecondfull-timejob--ascaregiver--thatmakesitmostdifficultforhertostayonthecareerladder.Whileextrabenefitsandlongermaternityleavecanhelptheyaren’tacompletesolution. Clearlysomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequired.Andthat’swherewomencomein.IncountrieslikeCameroonBoliviaandMalaysiagreaternumbersofwomeninpublicofficehaveresultedinlessspendingonthemilitaryandmoreonhealtheducationandinfrastructure.Norway’swoman-heavyParliamentrecentlypassedalawmandatingthat40percentofdirectorsoncorporateboardsbewomen.AndinGermanythearchetypaloutsider--awomanwhogrewuponthewrongsideoftheIronCurtain--willlikelytakethehelminacountrywithvirtuallynootherwomenintoppositionsofpower.Nolonger"theGirl"butpoisedtobecomethechancellorMerkelisasymbolofhowfarwomenhavecome--andtheworkthatremainstobedone. Bysayingsomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequiredtheauthormeansthat
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