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The fact that blind people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies apart from their eyes ...
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Beingblindissomething_______mostpeoplecan'timaginE
, 不填
What
Who
Which
Beingblindissomething_________mostpeoplecan’timagi
who
what
that
whom
Doyouknowthereisaspecial特别的job?Theworkerisnotamanb
Mostpeoplecan’tspeakwithoutspecialtraining.
blind
deaf
disabled
sick
Whereisthatnoisecomingfrom?Notsure?Trylivingwithyo
Closeyoureyesforaminuteandimaginewhatlifewouldbeli
Whereisthatnoisecomingfrom?Notsure?Trylivingwithyo
Peoplewhocan’t____betweencoloursaresaidtobecolour-
recognize
separate
distinguish
identity
Whereisthatnoisecomingfrom?Notsure?Trylivingwithyo
Thisisastreetcrossing.Thereareredandgreenlightsate
Computershavemanyusestoday.Computerscansolvediffic
.第二部分阅读理解共20小题;每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D中选
Anewlawhelpspeoplewithdisabilities.Thelawsaysthatp
Recentlyanetworkvideocalledthemostbeautifulblindma
Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat______.
very few people have the sensitivity of the blind'
blind people can manage to see things, but not clearly
not everybody sees with his eyes
it is possible to narrow the photosensitive areas of the body
DogslikelivingwithpeoplE.AdogcanbeaverygoodfrienD.
Anewcomputerprogramisbeingpraisedasalife-changerfo
BlindphotographysoundsstrangE.Butastrikingexhibiti
Beingblindissomething_________mostpeoplecan’timagi
who
what
that
whom
BlindphotographysoundsstrangE.Butastrikingexhibiti
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Text1 KarimNasserMiranlivesonabenchintheCharlesdeGaulleAirportontheoutskirtsofParis.Hehasbeenlivingtherefor11years.Amazinglythislittleseatbyabasementshoppingmallbetweenapizzeriaandafastfoodstandhasbeentheonlyplacehehasbeenallowedtostayforallthattime. Hispossessionsarecrammedintoanairporttrolleyswhichisalwaysbesidehim.Hehasasportsbagwhichholdshisfewclothesashoppingbagwithhiswashingsoapandotherbathroomgoodsandbooksandhisdiarieswhichhekeepsincardboardboxes. Foryearsthe54-year-oldMiranhasbeentryingtoleaveCharlesdeGaulleAirportbutauthoritieswillnotlethimoutoftheairport.Thisstrangesetofcircumstanceshascontinuedfor11years. MiranwasborninIranbutisstateless]becausehehasnodocumentstoprovehiscitizenry.Theyhavebeenlost.Forthisreasonhecannotgetapassport.MiransaysthathismotherisDanishorScottish.HisfatherdiedwhenMiranwasjustover20yearsoldsoheleftIranforBritainsearchingforhismother.HecouldnotfindherandreturnedtoIran.HelosthiscitizenshipandtriedtoreturntoBritain.WhentheBritishaskedhimaboutrelativeswhocouldguaranteehimajobhecouldnottelltheimmigrationofficialstheirnamesashewasstillsearchingfor.them. HetriedtoenterGermanyRussiaandHollandwithoutsuccess.HemanagedtogetintoBelgiumwherehewas’givenrefugeestatus.FiveyearslaterheleftforFrancebuthesaysthedocumentwhichgavehimrefugeestatusandtherighttotravelwasstolenfromhim.HecouldnotleavetheCharlesdeGaulleAirport.This;vasin1988.Elevenyearslaterhewasstillsearchingforthem. Tostartwithfriendlyairportworkersgavehimfreemealsandlethimusetheshowerandtoiletsthere.TheyevengavehimaccesstoaphoneandcalledtheairportdoctorwhenMirandidnotfeelwell. MiranbecamesuchapermanentfixtureofTerminalOnethatalltheworkersstartedtocallhimMonsieurAlfred.EachdaytheygreetedhimeachdayMiranwroteinhisdiaryinordertokeeptraceofhisownworldandeachdayhefailedtoreleasehimselffromhisgiantglass-and-concreteprison. Butin1999Miranbecameconfidentthathemightbeabletoleavetheairportterminalandstartanewlife.Officialstoldhimtheyfinallylocatedakeydocumentissuedin1981butlostin1988whichcouldbehistickettofreedom. EvenafterelevenyearsintheairportterminalMiransaidhehadnotlosthope.Hedidacorrespondencecoursetohelptoeducatehimself.Everydaytheairportpostofficecarefullysetaside’allthemailaddressedtohimwithhiswrittenlessonstobedone.Everydayhesetallalarmclocktoringat7a.m.andafterhisteaandfoodhewouldbeginstudying.TheambitionhebuiltupwastoreturntoBrusselstodoadegree. WherewouldMiranprobablygoifhecouldleavetheairport
Theatmosphereisamixtureofseveralgases.ThereareabouttenchemicalelementswhichremainpermanentlyingaseousformintheatmosphereUnderallnaturalconditions.Ofthesepermanentgasesoxygenmakesupabout21percentandnitrogenabout78percent.41_____________________________________________.Theamountofwatervaporanditsvariationsinamountanddistributionisofextraordinaryimportanceinweatherchanges.Atmosphericgasesholdinsuspensiongreatquantitiesofdustpollensmokeandotherimpuritieswhicharealwayspresentinconsiderablebutvariableamounts. Theatmospherehasnodefiniteupperlimitsbutgraduallythinsuntilitbecomesimperceptible难以察觉的.Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthattheairabovethefirstfewmilesgraduallygrewthinnerandcolderataconstantrate.42_____________________________________________.Recentstudiesoftheupperatmospherecurrentlybeingconductedbyearthsatellitesandmissileprobing探查haveshowntheseassumptionstobeincorrect.Theatmospherehasthreewell-definedstrata层. Thelayeroftheairnexttotheearthwhichextendsupwardforabouttenmilesisknownasthetroposphere对流层.Onthewholeitmakesupabout75percentofalltheweightoftheatmosphere.43_____________________________________________.Asteadydecreaseoftemperaturewithincreasing~elevationisamoststrikingcharacteristic.Theupperlayersarecolderbecauseoftheirgreaterdistancefromtheearth’ssurfaceandrapidradiationofheatintospace.Thetemperatureswithinthetropospheredecreaseabout3.5degreespert000feetincreaseinaltitude.’Withinthetropospherewindsandaircurrentsdistributeheatandmoisture.Strongwindscalledjetstreamsarelocatedattheupperlevelsofthetroposphere.Thesejetstreamsarebothcomplexandwidespreadinoccurrence.Theynormallyshowawaveshapedpatternandmovefromwesttoeastatvelocitiesof150mphbutvelocitiesashighas400mphhavebeennoted.Theinfluencesofchanginglocationsandstrengthsofjetstreamsuponweatherconditionsandpatternsarenodoubtconsiderable.Currentintensiveresearchmayeventuallyrevealtheirtruesignificance. 44_____________________________________________.Thestratosphereisseparatedfromthetropospherebyazoneofuniformtemperaturescalledthetropopause.Withinthelowerportionofthestratosphereisalayerofozone臭氧gaseswhichfiltersoutmostoftheultravioletraysfromthesun.Theozonelayervarieswithairpressure.Ifthiszonewerenottherethefullblastofthesun’sultravioletlightwouldburnourskinsblindoureyesandeventuallyresultinourdestruction.Withinthestratospherethetemperatureandatmosphericcompositionarerelativelyuniform. Thelayerupwardofabout50milesisthemostfascinatingbuttheleastknownofthethreestrata.45_____________________________________________.Thenorthernlightsauroraborealisoriginateswithinthishighlychargedportionoftheatmosphereaseffectuponweatherconditionsifanyisasyetunknown. A.Itisthewarmestpartoftheatmospherebecausemostofthesolarradiationisabsorbedbytheearth’ssurfacewhichwarmstheairimmediatelysurroundingit. B.Itishardtodefinethethreelayeroftheatmosphere. C.Severalothergasessuchasargoncarbondioxidehydrogenneonkryptonandxenoncomprisetheremainingonepercentofthevolumeofdryair D.Nowadaystheatmosphereispollutedbymankind. E.Itiscalledtheionospherebecauseitconsistsofelectricallychargedparticlescalledionsthrownfromthesun. F.Itwasalsoassumedthatupperairhadlittleinfluenceonweatherchanges. G.Abovethetropospheretoaheightofabout50milesisazonecalledthestratosphere. 41
Text2 Asthemerchantclassexpandedintheeighteenth-centuryNorthAmericancoloniesthesilversmithandthecoppersmithbusinessesrosetoserveit.OnlyafewsilversmithswereavailableinNewYorkorBostoninthelateseventeenthcenturybutintheeighteenth-centurytheycouldbefoundinallmajorcolonialcities.Noothercolonialartisansrivaledthesilversmiths’prestige.Theyhandledthemostexpensivematerialandposseddirectconnectionstoprosperouscolonialmerchants.Theirproductsprimarilysilverplatesandbowlsreflectedtheirexaltedstatusandtestifiedtotheircustomers’prominence. Silverstoodasoneofthesurestwaystostorewealthatatimebeforeneighborhoodbanksexisted.Unlikethesilvercoinsfromwhichtheyweremadesilverarticleswerereadilyidentifiable.Oftenformedtoindividualspecificationstheyalwayscarriedthesilversmith’sdistinctivemarkingsandconsequentlycouldbetracedandretrieved. Customersgenerallysecuredthesilverforthesilverobjectstheyordered.Theysavedcoinstookthemtosmithsanddiscussedthetypeofpiecestheydesired.Silversmithscompliedwiththeserequestsbymeltingthemoneyinasmallfurnaceaddingabitofcoppertoformastrongeralloyandcastingthealloyinrectangularblocks.Theyhammeredtheseingotstotheappropriatethicknessbyhandshapedthemandpresseddesignsintothemforadornment.Engravingwasalsodonebyhand.Inadditiontoplatesandbowlssomecustomerssoughtmoreintricateproductssuchassilverteapots.Theseweremadebyshapingorcastingpansseparatelyandthensolderingthemtogether. Colonialcoppersmithingalsocameofageintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandprosperedinnortherncities.12opper’sabilitytoconductheatefficientlyandtoresistcorrosion’contributedtoitsattractiveness.ButbecauseitwasexpensiveincolonialAmericacoppersmithswereneververynumerous.Virtuallyallcopperworkedbysmithswasimportedassheetsorobtainedbyrecyclingoldcoppergoods.Copperwasusedforpracticalitemsbutitwasnotadmiredforitsbeauty.Coppersmithsemployedittofashionpotsandkettlesforthehome.Theyshapeditinmuchthesamemannerassilverormelteditinafoundrywithleadortin.Theyalsomixeditwithzinctomakebrassformaritimeandscientificinstruments. IncolonialAmericawheredidsilversmithsusuallyobtainthematerialtomakesilverarticles
Text3 HistorianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicethattookplaceineighteenthcenturyEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationsofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotives7Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries Ananswertotheflintofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfarclownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenthcentury. Englishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenthcenturyEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries. Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendriekfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionsstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The"middlingsort"boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition. FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMcKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector. Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenthcenturyEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld. AccordingtothepassageaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionhasbeenusedto
Theatmosphereisamixtureofseveralgases.ThereareabouttenchemicalelementswhichremainpermanentlyingaseousformintheatmosphereUnderallnaturalconditions.Ofthesepermanentgasesoxygenmakesupabout21percentandnitrogenabout78percent.41_____________________________________________.Theamountofwatervaporanditsvariationsinamountanddistributionisofextraordinaryimportanceinweatherchanges.Atmosphericgasesholdinsuspensiongreatquantitiesofdustpollensmokeandotherimpuritieswhicharealwayspresentinconsiderablebutvariableamounts. Theatmospherehasnodefiniteupperlimitsbutgraduallythinsuntilitbecomesimperceptible难以察觉的.Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthattheairabovethefirstfewmilesgraduallygrewthinnerandcolderataconstantrate.42_____________________________________________.Recentstudiesoftheupperatmospherecurrentlybeingconductedbyearthsatellitesandmissileprobing探查haveshowntheseassumptionstobeincorrect.Theatmospherehasthreewell-definedstrata层. Thelayeroftheairnexttotheearthwhichextendsupwardforabouttenmilesisknownasthetroposphere对流层.Onthewholeitmakesupabout75percentofalltheweightoftheatmosphere.43_____________________________________________.Asteadydecreaseoftemperaturewithincreasing~elevationisamoststrikingcharacteristic.Theupperlayersarecolderbecauseoftheirgreaterdistancefromtheearth’ssurfaceandrapidradiationofheatintospace.Thetemperatureswithinthetropospheredecreaseabout3.5degreespert000feetincreaseinaltitude.’Withinthetropospherewindsandaircurrentsdistributeheatandmoisture.Strongwindscalledjetstreamsarelocatedattheupperlevelsofthetroposphere.Thesejetstreamsarebothcomplexandwidespreadinoccurrence.Theynormallyshowawaveshapedpatternandmovefromwesttoeastatvelocitiesof150mphbutvelocitiesashighas400mphhavebeennoted.Theinfluencesofchanginglocationsandstrengthsofjetstreamsuponweatherconditionsandpatternsarenodoubtconsiderable.Currentintensiveresearchmayeventuallyrevealtheirtruesignificance. 44_____________________________________________.Thestratosphereisseparatedfromthetropospherebyazoneofuniformtemperaturescalledthetropopause.Withinthelowerportionofthestratosphereisalayerofozone臭氧gaseswhichfiltersoutmostoftheultravioletraysfromthesun.Theozonelayervarieswithairpressure.Ifthiszonewerenottherethefullblastofthesun’sultravioletlightwouldburnourskinsblindoureyesandeventuallyresultinourdestruction.Withinthestratospherethetemperatureandatmosphericcompositionarerelativelyuniform. Thelayerupwardofabout50milesisthemostfascinatingbuttheleastknownofthethreestrata.45_____________________________________________.Thenorthernlightsauroraborealisoriginateswithinthishighlychargedportionoftheatmosphereaseffectuponweatherconditionsifanyisasyetunknown. A.Itisthewarmestpartoftheatmospherebecausemostofthesolarradiationisabsorbedbytheearth’ssurfacewhichwarmstheairimmediatelysurroundingit. B.Itishardtodefinethethreelayeroftheatmosphere. C.Severalothergasessuchasargoncarbondioxidehydrogenneonkryptonandxenoncomprisetheremainingonepercentofthevolumeofdryair D.Nowadaystheatmosphereispollutedbymankind. E.Itiscalledtheionospherebecauseitconsistsofelectricallychargedparticlescalledionsthrownfromthesun. F.Itwasalsoassumedthatupperairhadlittleinfluenceonweatherchanges. G.Abovethetropospheretoaheightofabout50milesisazonecalledthestratosphere. 43
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarterwe1howmanystonesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword"recession".2bellswereset3bythesharpjumpinthe"R-count"inthefirstquarterofthisyear.ataratethatinthepasthas4thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter.5.thenumberofarticles6bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors7aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenueshave8theR-word. TheEconomisthasfoundthat9thepasttwodecadestheR-wordindexhasbeengoodat10mining-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.11GDPfigureswhichappear12afteralagthenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany13therehavealsobeen14fearsofrecessionUsingourideaHypoVereinsbankhas15anR-wordindexforGermanycountingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession16inHandelsblatt. WorryinglyGermany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest17inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquartertheindexdroppedbyone-third18inAmerica19theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryaboutorjournalistsaremorewordedabouta20thanamererecession.AD-wordindex 1
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarterwe1howmanystonesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword"recession".2bellswereset3bythesharpjumpinthe"R-count"inthefirstquarterofthisyear.ataratethatinthepasthas4thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter.5.thenumberofarticles6bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors7aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenueshave8theR-word. TheEconomisthasfoundthat9thepasttwodecadestheR-wordindexhasbeengoodat10mining-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.11GDPfigureswhichappear12afteralagthenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany13therehavealsobeen14fearsofrecessionUsingourideaHypoVereinsbankhas15anR-wordindexforGermanycountingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession16inHandelsblatt. WorryinglyGermany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest17inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquartertheindexdroppedbyone-third18inAmerica19theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryaboutorjournalistsaremorewordedabouta20thanamererecession.AD-wordindex 3
Itwoulddoagreatdealofgoodifwestartedusingtheterm"advisers"insteadof"teachers"forthosewhotrytohelppeopletolearnforeignlanguages.Itwouldemphasizethatwhatlearnersneedisindividualattention.Itwouldalsoremindeveryonethattheresponsibilityforlearningisbasicallythestudent’s.Whatthestudentsneedsissomebodywhocandotwothings:①showherorhimhowtolearnaforeignlanguage;②answerquestionsaboutthelanguage.Thosequestionsmustbethoughtofbythestudents.46Ifstudentsdonotfindquestionstoask--wholestreamsofquestions--itisasignthateithertheyarenotreallyinterestedenoughtodothethinkingforthemselvesthatiscrucialortheydonotknowhowto. Thespiritthatlanguagelearnsneedbeforeanythingelseiscuriosity.Iftheydonothavethattheyarewastingtheirtime.47Thismeansinturnthattheirguidesdonotneedtraininginlinguisticoreducationaltheoryorinpedagogyorinanytechniquesofstimulatinginterestkeepingstudentsentertained.Ifstudentsneedtohavetheirintereststimulatedsomethingisverywrong.48OneofthemainreasonfortheemphasisontheskillsofLeachingisdoubtlessthatteachersarefacedwiththeridiculoustaskoffindingthingstodowithgroupsofstudentswhoitispretendedallneedexactlythesameinstruction. Whatalanguageguidedoesneedthoughisathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhoethelanguageworksaconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.49Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguageandthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselvesnotbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinteresttheguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodesofthoughtofanyindividualstudent. Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"Structureslessons".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoidedeveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexibleandcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed--nevershould--spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreally"knowtheirstuff".50ThebestplacetodevelopthesortoftheabilityIhavejustoutlinedis"onthe.job"throughanpprenticeshipwithexperiencedsympatheticandencouragingcolleaguesingoodconditionsofwork. 47
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarterwe1howmanystonesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword"recession".2bellswereset3bythesharpjumpinthe"R-count"inthefirstquarterofthisyear.ataratethatinthepasthas4thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter.5.thenumberofarticles6bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors7aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenueshave8theR-word. TheEconomisthasfoundthat9thepasttwodecadestheR-wordindexhasbeengoodat10mining-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.11GDPfigureswhichappear12afteralagthenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany13therehavealsobeen14fearsofrecessionUsingourideaHypoVereinsbankhas15anR-wordindexforGermanycountingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession16inHandelsblatt. WorryinglyGermany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest17inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquartertheindexdroppedbyone-third18inAmerica19theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryaboutorjournalistsaremorewordedabouta20thanamererecession.AD-wordindex 5
Text3 HistorianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicethattookplaceineighteenthcenturyEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationsofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotives7Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries Ananswertotheflintofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfarclownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenthcentury. Englishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenthcenturyEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries. Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendriekfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionsstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The"middlingsort"boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition. FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMcKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector. Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenthcenturyEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld. AccordingtothepassageThompsonattributestolaboringpeopleineighteenthcenturyEnglandwhichofthefollowingattitudestowardcapitalistconsumerism
Theatmosphereisamixtureofseveralgases.ThereareabouttenchemicalelementswhichremainpermanentlyingaseousformintheatmosphereUnderallnaturalconditions.Ofthesepermanentgasesoxygenmakesupabout21percentandnitrogenabout78percent.41_____________________________________________.Theamountofwatervaporanditsvariationsinamountanddistributionisofextraordinaryimportanceinweatherchanges.Atmosphericgasesholdinsuspensiongreatquantitiesofdustpollensmokeandotherimpuritieswhicharealwayspresentinconsiderablebutvariableamounts. Theatmospherehasnodefiniteupperlimitsbutgraduallythinsuntilitbecomesimperceptible难以察觉的.Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthattheairabovethefirstfewmilesgraduallygrewthinnerandcolderataconstantrate.42_____________________________________________.Recentstudiesoftheupperatmospherecurrentlybeingconductedbyearthsatellitesandmissileprobing探查haveshowntheseassumptionstobeincorrect.Theatmospherehasthreewell-definedstrata层. Thelayeroftheairnexttotheearthwhichextendsupwardforabouttenmilesisknownasthetroposphere对流层.Onthewholeitmakesupabout75percentofalltheweightoftheatmosphere.43_____________________________________________.Asteadydecreaseoftemperaturewithincreasing~elevationisamoststrikingcharacteristic.Theupperlayersarecolderbecauseoftheirgreaterdistancefromtheearth’ssurfaceandrapidradiationofheatintospace.Thetemperatureswithinthetropospheredecreaseabout3.5degreespert000feetincreaseinaltitude.’Withinthetropospherewindsandaircurrentsdistributeheatandmoisture.Strongwindscalledjetstreamsarelocatedattheupperlevelsofthetroposphere.Thesejetstreamsarebothcomplexandwidespreadinoccurrence.Theynormallyshowawaveshapedpatternandmovefromwesttoeastatvelocitiesof150mphbutvelocitiesashighas400mphhavebeennoted.Theinfluencesofchanginglocationsandstrengthsofjetstreamsuponweatherconditionsandpatternsarenodoubtconsiderable.Currentintensiveresearchmayeventuallyrevealtheirtruesignificance. 44_____________________________________________.Thestratosphereisseparatedfromthetropospherebyazoneofuniformtemperaturescalledthetropopause.Withinthelowerportionofthestratosphereisalayerofozone臭氧gaseswhichfiltersoutmostoftheultravioletraysfromthesun.Theozonelayervarieswithairpressure.Ifthiszonewerenottherethefullblastofthesun’sultravioletlightwouldburnourskinsblindoureyesandeventuallyresultinourdestruction.Withinthestratospherethetemperatureandatmosphericcompositionarerelativelyuniform. Thelayerupwardofabout50milesisthemostfascinatingbuttheleastknownofthethreestrata.45_____________________________________________.Thenorthernlightsauroraborealisoriginateswithinthishighlychargedportionoftheatmosphereaseffectuponweatherconditionsifanyisasyetunknown. A.Itisthewarmestpartoftheatmospherebecausemostofthesolarradiationisabsorbedbytheearth’ssurfacewhichwarmstheairimmediatelysurroundingit. B.Itishardtodefinethethreelayeroftheatmosphere. C.Severalothergasessuchasargoncarbondioxidehydrogenneonkryptonandxenoncomprisetheremainingonepercentofthevolumeofdryair D.Nowadaystheatmosphereispollutedbymankind. E.Itiscalledtheionospherebecauseitconsistsofelectricallychargedparticlescalledionsthrownfromthesun. F.Itwasalsoassumedthatupperairhadlittleinfluenceonweatherchanges. G.Abovethetropospheretoaheightofabout50milesisazonecalledthestratosphere. 45
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarterwe1howmanystonesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword"recession".2bellswereset3bythesharpjumpinthe"R-count"inthefirstquarterofthisyear.ataratethatinthepasthas4thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter.5.thenumberofarticles6bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors7aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenueshave8theR-word. TheEconomisthasfoundthat9thepasttwodecadestheR-wordindexhasbeengoodat10mining-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.11GDPfigureswhichappear12afteralagthenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany13therehavealsobeen14fearsofrecessionUsingourideaHypoVereinsbankhas15anR-wordindexforGermanycountingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession16inHandelsblatt. WorryinglyGermany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest17inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquartertheindexdroppedbyone-third18inAmerica19theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryaboutorjournalistsaremorewordedabouta20thanamererecession.AD-wordindex 9
Text3 HistorianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicethattookplaceineighteenthcenturyEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationsofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotives7Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries Ananswertotheflintofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfarclownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenthcentury. Englishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenthcenturyEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries. Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendriekfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionsstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The"middlingsort"boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition. FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMcKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector. Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenthcenturyEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldmostprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherelationshipbetweentheIndustrialRevolutionandaboutthedemandforluxurygoodsandservicesineighteenthcenturyEngland
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarterwe1howmanystonesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword"recession".2bellswereset3bythesharpjumpinthe"R-count"inthefirstquarterofthisyear.ataratethatinthepasthas4thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter.5.thenumberofarticles6bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors7aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenueshave8theR-word. TheEconomisthasfoundthat9thepasttwodecadestheR-wordindexhasbeengoodat10mining-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.11GDPfigureswhichappear12afteralagthenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany13therehavealsobeen14fearsofrecessionUsingourideaHypoVereinsbankhas15anR-wordindexforGermanycountingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession16inHandelsblatt. WorryinglyGermany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest17inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquartertheindexdroppedbyone-third18inAmerica19theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryaboutorjournalistsaremorewordedabouta20thanamererecession.AD-wordindex 11
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 11
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 13
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 15
Text4 Television--thatmostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmodemtechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblybythemarriageoftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theworld"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscanliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.Verysimplyputitworksinthisway:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapacityofconvertinganimagefocusedonaspecialphotoconductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireorcable.Theseimpulsewhenfedintoareceivertelevisionsetcanthenbeelectronicallyreconstitutedintothatsameimage. Televisionismorethanjustanelectronicsystemhowever.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasavehicleforcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwocategoriesdeterminedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevisionsignals.Secondthereisnonbroadcasttelevisionthroughwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsorspecificinterestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeenamediumofthemasses.Weare-mostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevisionbecauseithasbeenwithusforaboutforty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.DuringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworksABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthemajorpurveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsofbroadcastinghaveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometolookuponthepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingoutroleinthisdynamicmediumasthepassiveviewer. Whatfieldoftelevisionisintendedforspecificgroups
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseWangLinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text4 Television--thatmostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmodemtechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblybythemarriageoftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theworld"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscanliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.Verysimplyputitworksinthisway:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapacityofconvertinganimagefocusedonaspecialphotoconductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireorcable.Theseimpulsewhenfedintoareceivertelevisionsetcanthenbeelectronicallyreconstitutedintothatsameimage. Televisionismorethanjustanelectronicsystemhowever.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasavehicleforcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwocategoriesdeterminedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevisionsignals.Secondthereisnonbroadcasttelevisionthroughwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsorspecificinterestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeenamediumofthemasses.Weare-mostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevisionbecauseithasbeenwithusforaboutforty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.DuringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworksABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthemajorpurveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsofbroadcastinghaveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometolookuponthepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingoutroleinthisdynamicmediumasthepassiveviewer. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasafunctionofelectronicsintelevisiontransmissions
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 17
Stopworryingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarterwe1howmanystonesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword"recession".2bellswereset3bythesharpjumpinthe"R-count"inthefirstquarterofthisyear.ataratethatinthepasthas4thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter.5.thenumberofarticles6bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors7aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenueshave8theR-word. TheEconomisthasfoundthat9thepasttwodecadestheR-wordindexhasbeengoodat10mining-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.11GDPfigureswhichappear12afteralagthenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany13therehavealsobeen14fearsofrecessionUsingourideaHypoVereinsbankhas15anR-wordindexforGermanycountingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession16inHandelsblatt. WorryinglyGermany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest17inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquartertheindexdroppedbyone-third18inAmerica19theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryaboutorjournalistsaremorewordedabouta20thanamererecession.AD-wordindex 7
Text1 KarimNasserMiranlivesonabenchintheCharlesdeGaulleAirportontheoutskirtsofParis.Hehasbeenlivingtherefor11years.Amazinglythislittleseatbyabasementshoppingmallbetweenapizzeriaandafastfoodstandhasbeentheonlyplacehehasbeenallowedtostayforallthattime. Hispossessionsarecrammedintoanairporttrolleyswhichisalwaysbesidehim.Hehasasportsbagwhichholdshisfewclothesashoppingbagwithhiswashingsoapandotherbathroomgoodsandbooksandhisdiarieswhichhekeepsincardboardboxes. Foryearsthe54-year-oldMiranhasbeentryingtoleaveCharlesdeGaulleAirportbutauthoritieswillnotlethimoutoftheairport.Thisstrangesetofcircumstanceshascontinuedfor11years. MiranwasborninIranbutisstateless]becausehehasnodocumentstoprovehiscitizenry.Theyhavebeenlost.Forthisreasonhecannotgetapassport.MiransaysthathismotherisDanishorScottish.HisfatherdiedwhenMiranwasjustover20yearsoldsoheleftIranforBritainsearchingforhismother.HecouldnotfindherandreturnedtoIran.HelosthiscitizenshipandtriedtoreturntoBritain.WhentheBritishaskedhimaboutrelativeswhocouldguaranteehimajobhecouldnottelltheimmigrationofficialstheirnamesashewasstillsearchingfor.them. HetriedtoenterGermanyRussiaandHollandwithoutsuccess.HemanagedtogetintoBelgiumwherehewas’givenrefugeestatus.FiveyearslaterheleftforFrancebuthesaysthedocumentwhichgavehimrefugeestatusandtherighttotravelwasstolenfromhim.HecouldnotleavetheCharlesdeGaulleAirport.This;vasin1988.Elevenyearslaterhewasstillsearchingforthem. Tostartwithfriendlyairportworkersgavehimfreemealsandlethimusetheshowerandtoiletsthere.TheyevengavehimaccesstoaphoneandcalledtheairportdoctorwhenMirandidnotfeelwell. MiranbecamesuchapermanentfixtureofTerminalOnethatalltheworkersstartedtocallhimMonsieurAlfred.EachdaytheygreetedhimeachdayMiranwroteinhisdiaryinordertokeeptraceofhisownworldandeachdayhefailedtoreleasehimselffromhisgiantglass-and-concreteprison. Butin1999Miranbecameconfidentthathemightbeabletoleavetheairportterminalandstartanewlife.Officialstoldhimtheyfinallylocatedakeydocumentissuedin1981butlostin1988whichcouldbehistickettofreedom. EvenafterelevenyearsintheairportterminalMiransaidhehadnotlosthope.Hedidacorrespondencecoursetohelptoeducatehimself.Everydaytheairportpostofficecarefullysetaside’allthemailaddressedtohimwithhiswrittenlessonstobedone.Everydayhesetallalarmclocktoringat7a.m.andafterhisteaandfoodhewouldbeginstudying.TheambitionhebuiltupwastoreturntoBrusselstodoadegree. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 9
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 7
Text2 Asthemerchantclassexpandedintheeighteenth-centuryNorthAmericancoloniesthesilversmithandthecoppersmithbusinessesrosetoserveit.OnlyafewsilversmithswereavailableinNewYorkorBostoninthelateseventeenthcenturybutintheeighteenth-centurytheycouldbefoundinallmajorcolonialcities.Noothercolonialartisansrivaledthesilversmiths’prestige.Theyhandledthemostexpensivematerialandposseddirectconnectionstoprosperouscolonialmerchants.Theirproductsprimarilysilverplatesandbowlsreflectedtheirexaltedstatusandtestifiedtotheircustomers’prominence. Silverstoodasoneofthesurestwaystostorewealthatatimebeforeneighborhoodbanksexisted.Unlikethesilvercoinsfromwhichtheyweremadesilverarticleswerereadilyidentifiable.Oftenformedtoindividualspecificationstheyalwayscarriedthesilversmith’sdistinctivemarkingsandconsequentlycouldbetracedandretrieved. Customersgenerallysecuredthesilverforthesilverobjectstheyordered.Theysavedcoinstookthemtosmithsanddiscussedthetypeofpiecestheydesired.Silversmithscompliedwiththeserequestsbymeltingthemoneyinasmallfurnaceaddingabitofcoppertoformastrongeralloyandcastingthealloyinrectangularblocks.Theyhammeredtheseingotstotheappropriatethicknessbyhandshapedthemandpresseddesignsintothemforadornment.Engravingwasalsodonebyhand.Inadditiontoplatesandbowlssomecustomerssoughtmoreintricateproductssuchassilverteapots.Theseweremadebyshapingorcastingpansseparatelyandthensolderingthemtogether. Colonialcoppersmithingalsocameofageintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandprosperedinnortherncities.12opper’sabilitytoconductheatefficientlyandtoresistcorrosion’contributedtoitsattractiveness.ButbecauseitwasexpensiveincolonialAmericacoppersmithswereneververynumerous.Virtuallyallcopperworkedbysmithswasimportedassheetsorobtainedbyrecyclingoldcoppergoods.Copperwasusedforpracticalitemsbutitwasnotadmiredforitsbeauty.Coppersmithsemployedittofashionpotsandkettlesforthehome.Theyshapeditinmuchthesamemannerassilverormelteditinafoundrywithleadortin.Theyalsomixeditwithzinctomakebrassformaritimeandscientificinstruments. AccordingtothepassagesilversmithsandcoppersmithsincolonialAmericaweresimilarinwhichofthefollowingways
Text1 KarimNasserMiranlivesonabenchintheCharlesdeGaulleAirportontheoutskirtsofParis.Hehasbeenlivingtherefor11years.Amazinglythislittleseatbyabasementshoppingmallbetweenapizzeriaandafastfoodstandhasbeentheonlyplacehehasbeenallowedtostayforallthattime. Hispossessionsarecrammedintoanairporttrolleyswhichisalwaysbesidehim.Hehasasportsbagwhichholdshisfewclothesashoppingbagwithhiswashingsoapandotherbathroomgoodsandbooksandhisdiarieswhichhekeepsincardboardboxes. Foryearsthe54-year-oldMiranhasbeentryingtoleaveCharlesdeGaulleAirportbutauthoritieswillnotlethimoutoftheairport.Thisstrangesetofcircumstanceshascontinuedfor11years. MiranwasborninIranbutisstateless]becausehehasnodocumentstoprovehiscitizenry.Theyhavebeenlost.Forthisreasonhecannotgetapassport.MiransaysthathismotherisDanishorScottish.HisfatherdiedwhenMiranwasjustover20yearsoldsoheleftIranforBritainsearchingforhismother.HecouldnotfindherandreturnedtoIran.HelosthiscitizenshipandtriedtoreturntoBritain.WhentheBritishaskedhimaboutrelativeswhocouldguaranteehimajobhecouldnottelltheimmigrationofficialstheirnamesashewasstillsearchingfor.them. HetriedtoenterGermanyRussiaandHollandwithoutsuccess.HemanagedtogetintoBelgiumwherehewas’givenrefugeestatus.FiveyearslaterheleftforFrancebuthesaysthedocumentwhichgavehimrefugeestatusandtherighttotravelwasstolenfromhim.HecouldnotleavetheCharlesdeGaulleAirport.This;vasin1988.Elevenyearslaterhewasstillsearchingforthem. Tostartwithfriendlyairportworkersgavehimfreemealsandlethimusetheshowerandtoiletsthere.TheyevengavehimaccesstoaphoneandcalledtheairportdoctorwhenMirandidnotfeelwell. MiranbecamesuchapermanentfixtureofTerminalOnethatalltheworkersstartedtocallhimMonsieurAlfred.EachdaytheygreetedhimeachdayMiranwroteinhisdiaryinordertokeeptraceofhisownworldandeachdayhefailedtoreleasehimselffromhisgiantglass-and-concreteprison. Butin1999Miranbecameconfidentthathemightbeabletoleavetheairportterminalandstartanewlife.Officialstoldhimtheyfinallylocatedakeydocumentissuedin1981butlostin1988whichcouldbehistickettofreedom. EvenafterelevenyearsintheairportterminalMiransaidhehadnotlosthope.Hedidacorrespondencecoursetohelptoeducatehimself.Everydaytheairportpostofficecarefullysetaside’allthemailaddressedtohimwithhiswrittenlessonstobedone.Everydayhesetallalarmclocktoringat7a.m.andafterhisteaandfoodhewouldbeginstudying.TheambitionhebuiltupwastoreturntoBrusselstodoadegree. WhyMiranwasnotallowedtoleavetheCharlesdeGaulleAirport
Itwoulddoagreatdealofgoodifwestartedusingtheterm"advisers"insteadof"teachers"forthosewhotrytohelppeopletolearnforeignlanguages.Itwouldemphasizethatwhatlearnersneedisindividualattention.Itwouldalsoremindeveryonethattheresponsibilityforlearningisbasicallythestudent’s.Whatthestudentsneedsissomebodywhocandotwothings:①showherorhimhowtolearnaforeignlanguage;②answerquestionsaboutthelanguage.Thosequestionsmustbethoughtofbythestudents.46Ifstudentsdonotfindquestionstoask--wholestreamsofquestions--itisasignthateithertheyarenotreallyinterestedenoughtodothethinkingforthemselvesthatiscrucialortheydonotknowhowto. Thespiritthatlanguagelearnsneedbeforeanythingelseiscuriosity.Iftheydonothavethattheyarewastingtheirtime.47Thismeansinturnthattheirguidesdonotneedtraininginlinguisticoreducationaltheoryorinpedagogyorinanytechniquesofstimulatinginterestkeepingstudentsentertained.Ifstudentsneedtohavetheirintereststimulatedsomethingisverywrong.48OneofthemainreasonfortheemphasisontheskillsofLeachingisdoubtlessthatteachersarefacedwiththeridiculoustaskoffindingthingstodowithgroupsofstudentswhoitispretendedallneedexactlythesameinstruction. Whatalanguageguidedoesneedthoughisathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhoethelanguageworksaconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.49Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguageandthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselvesnotbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinteresttheguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodesofthoughtofanyindividualstudent. Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"Structureslessons".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoidedeveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexibleandcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed--nevershould--spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreally"knowtheirstuff".50ThebestplacetodevelopthesortoftheabilityIhavejustoutlinedis"onthe.job"throughanpprenticeshipwithexperiencedsympatheticandencouragingcolleaguesingoodconditionsofwork. 49
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 5
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 19
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