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Text 3 Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and ...
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LastNovemberengineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGEunveiledsomethingcalledtheLight-SpeedVCTascannerthatcancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofabeatingheart.ThisspringStaplesanAmericanoffice-suppliesretailerwillstockitsshelveswithagadgetcalledawordlockapadlockthatuseswordsinsteadofnumbers.TheconnectionIneachcasethefirm’scustomershaveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct.HowdoesinnovationhappenThefamiliarstoryinvolvesscientistinacademicinstitutesandR&Dlabs.Butlatelycorporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold-fashionednotion.Open-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.LesssoisthefactthatBellanAmericanbicycle-helmetmakerhascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromitscustomersandisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Notonlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchheadR&Dchiefandproduct-developmentmanagertoo.Thisisnotallnew.Researchershavedemonstratedtheimportanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionofeverythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterialsandscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunitiestogetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-usedesigntoolsseemstobeboostingthephenomenonaswellasbringingittotheattentionofawideraudiencesaysEricVonHippelofMIT.Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaroundhesays.Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitishappening.HarnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethodssaysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofarepresentativesampleofcustomersfirmsmustidentifythefewspecialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE’shealthcaredivisioncallsthemluminaries.Theytendtobewell-publisheddoctorsandresearchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutionssaysGEwhichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedicaladvisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE’stechnology.GE’sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwiththesegroups.Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebeliefthatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hencetheneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectualproperty.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovationisthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativityfreelysaysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheironlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoftenprovideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluetheenhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealingtheirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.Eitherwaysomefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereallyissuchathingasafreelunch.ThewordluminariesLine3Paragraph4mostprobablyreferstopeoplewho
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Whyareweather-boardedhousespaintedwhiteaccordingtothepassage
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41 YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.42 Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.44 Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45 A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 43
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. Accordingtothepassageitcanbeinferredthat
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Thewriterseemstothinkthattoagreatextentyourchoiceofcolorwillbedeterminedby
Directions:YouandsomeofyourclassmatesdecidetogoforanoutingtotheSummerPalaceduringtheNationalDayholidays.Astheorganizeryouaretowriteanemailmessagetoremindtheothersof: 1whenandwheretomeet; 2whattobring; 3whytheyhavetotellyouinadvancewhethertheywillcome. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"WangLing"instead.10points
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Whichofthefollowingmaybeobservedwhenlookingatthebrickworkofahouse
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 11
LastNovemberengineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGEunveiledsomethingcalledtheLight-SpeedVCTascannerthatcancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofabeatingheart.ThisspringStaplesanAmericanoffice-suppliesretailerwillstockitsshelveswithagadgetcalledawordlockapadlockthatuseswordsinsteadofnumbers.TheconnectionIneachcasethefirm’scustomershaveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct.HowdoesinnovationhappenThefamiliarstoryinvolvesscientistinacademicinstitutesandR&Dlabs.Butlatelycorporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold-fashionednotion.Open-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.LesssoisthefactthatBellanAmericanbicycle-helmetmakerhascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromitscustomersandisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Notonlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchheadR&Dchiefandproduct-developmentmanagertoo.Thisisnotallnew.Researchershavedemonstratedtheimportanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionofeverythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterialsandscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunitiestogetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-usedesigntoolsseemstobeboostingthephenomenonaswellasbringingittotheattentionofawideraudiencesaysEricVonHippelofMIT.Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaroundhesays.Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitishappening.HarnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethodssaysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofarepresentativesampleofcustomersfirmsmustidentifythefewspecialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE’shealthcaredivisioncallsthemluminaries.Theytendtobewell-publisheddoctorsandresearchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutionssaysGEwhichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedicaladvisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE’stechnology.GE’sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwiththesegroups.Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebeliefthatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hencetheneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectualproperty.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovationisthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativityfreelysaysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheironlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoftenprovideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluetheenhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealingtheirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.Eitherwaysomefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereallyissuchathingasafreelunch.TheexamplesofGEandStaplesinthefirstparagrapharetoshowthatbothcompanies
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter.Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement.Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgradeChiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurancesincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite.TheauthorusedtheexampleofatravelerPara.3toshowthat
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 5
46TheprospectofcloninghumanshascomeastepcloserasdoctorshavesuccessfullyreplicatedinhumaneggstechniquesusedtocreateDollytheclonedsheep. 47ThebreakthroughbyateamfromtheNewYorkUniversityMedicalCentermeansthatnearlyallthescientificworknecessarytocreategeneticallyidenticalcopiesofhumansiscomplete.Onlymoralandlegalquestionsnowpreventscientistsfromcreatingclones. DrRobertFormanoftheCenterforReproductiveMedicineinLondonsaidhumancloningwas"acoupleofscientifictweaks"awayandcouldsoontakeplaceinalesstightlyregulatedcountryoutsideEuropeortheUnitedStates. 48CampaignersopposedtoembryoresearchsaidtheyareappalledatthepaceofworkthatthreatenedtocreateclonedbabiesbeforetheendofthecenturypossiblyinatechnologicallyambitiouscountrysuchasChina.Doctorscouldthenoffertheirservicestowesternersseekingtoclonethemselvesorrelatives. TheNewYorkteamledbyDrJamesGrifoistryingtoimprovethechancesofolderwomenhavingtheirownbabies.Themajorityofwomenagedover40sufferchromosomedamageintheireggswhilethenucleusoftheeggisripening.Thisisduetoweaknessesinthecytoplasmicjellywhichnourishesthenucleusbeforeitisfertilizedbysperm. 49GrifousingthenucleustransfersystemdevelopedbyscientistsworkingonDollyhastransferredchromosomesfromanolderwomanintoayoungerwoman’sdiscardedeggwhichhadhaditschromosomesremoved.LastweekGrifowasreportedassayingthatunderAmericanandBritishlawhecouldnotmakethenextlogicalmovewithouttaking"unethical"steps--suchasexperimentingonaneggintendedforfertilization. ThenextmovesaidGrifowouldbetofertilizetheeggwithspermandturnitintoanembryo.50AlternativelyhecouldfusethenucleuswithothergeneticmaterialfromthemothersuchasapatchofskintocompletetheDNAbuildingblueprintandtransferitintoaneggchemicallyprimedtogrowasifithadbeenfertilized--astookplacewithDolly’smother.TheresultwouldbeAmerica’sfirsthumanclone. AgnetaSuttonoftheanti-cloningpressuregroupCOREsuspectsthefirsthumanclonehasalreadybeenborninaprivatelaboratory:"Responsibledoctorsmayhavemoralqualmsbutthescienceissoadvancedthatnolawappearsstrongenoughtostopit.TheBoysfromBrazilandallthoseothernightmaresceneriesconcerningclonedHiltersandothermonstersareabouttocometrue." 47ThebreakthroughbyateamfromtheNewYorkUniversityMedicalCentermeansthatnearlyallthescientificworknecessarytocreategeneticallyidenticalcopiesofhumansiscomplete.
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 13
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 7
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41 YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.42 Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.44 Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45 A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 45
Naturalismistheviewthatthenaturaluniversetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose.AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis.Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasafatalflawortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces.Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism.Inthelastparagraphtheauthortriestojustifyhisconclusionby
46TheprospectofcloninghumanshascomeastepcloserasdoctorshavesuccessfullyreplicatedinhumaneggstechniquesusedtocreateDollytheclonedsheep. 47ThebreakthroughbyateamfromtheNewYorkUniversityMedicalCentermeansthatnearlyallthescientificworknecessarytocreategeneticallyidenticalcopiesofhumansiscomplete.Onlymoralandlegalquestionsnowpreventscientistsfromcreatingclones. DrRobertFormanoftheCenterforReproductiveMedicineinLondonsaidhumancloningwas"acoupleofscientifictweaks"awayandcouldsoontakeplaceinalesstightlyregulatedcountryoutsideEuropeortheUnitedStates. 48CampaignersopposedtoembryoresearchsaidtheyareappalledatthepaceofworkthatthreatenedtocreateclonedbabiesbeforetheendofthecenturypossiblyinatechnologicallyambitiouscountrysuchasChina.Doctorscouldthenoffertheirservicestowesternersseekingtoclonethemselvesorrelatives. TheNewYorkteamledbyDrJamesGrifoistryingtoimprovethechancesofolderwomenhavingtheirownbabies.Themajorityofwomenagedover40sufferchromosomedamageintheireggswhilethenucleusoftheeggisripening.Thisisduetoweaknessesinthecytoplasmicjellywhichnourishesthenucleusbeforeitisfertilizedbysperm. 49GrifousingthenucleustransfersystemdevelopedbyscientistsworkingonDollyhastransferredchromosomesfromanolderwomanintoayoungerwoman’sdiscardedeggwhichhadhaditschromosomesremoved.LastweekGrifowasreportedassayingthatunderAmericanandBritishlawhecouldnotmakethenextlogicalmovewithouttaking"unethical"steps--suchasexperimentingonaneggintendedforfertilization. ThenextmovesaidGrifowouldbetofertilizetheeggwithspermandturnitintoanembryo.50AlternativelyhecouldfusethenucleuswithothergeneticmaterialfromthemothersuchasapatchofskintocompletetheDNAbuildingblueprintandtransferitintoaneggchemicallyprimedtogrowasifithadbeenfertilized--astookplacewithDolly’smother.TheresultwouldbeAmerica’sfirsthumanclone. AgnetaSuttonoftheanti-cloningpressuregroupCOREsuspectsthefirsthumanclonehasalreadybeenborninaprivatelaboratory:"Responsibledoctorsmayhavemoralqualmsbutthescienceissoadvancedthatnolawappearsstrongenoughtostopit.TheBoysfromBrazilandallthoseothernightmaresceneriesconcerningclonedHiltersandothermonstersareabouttocometrue." 49GrifousingthenucleustransfersystemdevelopedbyscientistsworkingonDollyhastransferredchromosomesfromanolderwomanintoayoungerwoman’sdiscardedeggwhichhadhaditschromosomesremoved
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 19
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 1
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41 YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound. 42 Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours. 44 Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45 A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 41
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 9
LastNovemberengineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGEunveiledsomethingcalledtheLight-SpeedVCTascannerthatcancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofabeatingheart.ThisspringStaplesanAmericanoffice-suppliesretailerwillstockitsshelveswithagadgetcalledawordlockapadlockthatuseswordsinsteadofnumbers.TheconnectionIneachcasethefirm’scustomershaveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct.HowdoesinnovationhappenThefamiliarstoryinvolvesscientistinacademicinstitutesandR&Dlabs.Butlatelycorporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold-fashionednotion.Open-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.LesssoisthefactthatBellanAmericanbicycle-helmetmakerhascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromitscustomersandisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Notonlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchheadR&Dchiefandproduct-developmentmanagertoo.Thisisnotallnew.Researchershavedemonstratedtheimportanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionofeverythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterialsandscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunitiestogetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-usedesigntoolsseemstobeboostingthephenomenonaswellasbringingittotheattentionofawideraudiencesaysEricVonHippelofMIT.Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaroundhesays.Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitishappening.HarnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethodssaysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofarepresentativesampleofcustomersfirmsmustidentifythefewspecialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE’shealthcaredivisioncallsthemluminaries.Theytendtobewell-publisheddoctorsandresearchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutionssaysGEwhichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedicaladvisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE’stechnology.GE’sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwiththesegroups.Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebeliefthatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hencetheneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectualproperty.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovationisthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativityfreelysaysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheironlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoftenprovideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluetheenhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealingtheirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.Eitherwaysomefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereallyissuchathingasafreelunch.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 3
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. Toadoptahandicapthewriterchoseto
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter.Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement.Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgradeChiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurancesincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite.AccordingtothepassageMicrosoft
Naturalismistheviewthatthenaturaluniversetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose.AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis.Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasafatalflawortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces.Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalists’attitudestowardsthecategorizingofnaturalistsmightbe
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 15
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter.Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement.Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgradeChiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurancesincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMicrosoft
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.Theco-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwasoneofthegodfathersofUnilever’sPathtoGrowthstrategyoffocusingonitsbrandswhichwaslaunchedfiveyearsago.Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.OnSeptember20thUnileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportitspromiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear.Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureonpricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets’ownbrands.Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthesameday.Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.EvensoUnileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesareself-inflicted.ThePathtoGrowthstrategyaimedtomakethefirmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro$4.9billionincostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreduceditsportfolioofbrandsfrom1600tosome450.Butitstillfailedtomeetitstargetsforprofitandsalesreportingasalesdeclineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear.AndrewWoodatSanfordBernsteinaninvestment-researchfirmthinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingandmarketinganinfatuationwithbrandsandunrealisticperformancetargets.UnilevercutitsadandmarketingexpenditureattheworstmomentsaysMr.Wood.Com-moditisedproductsareespecially:vulnerabletotheonslaughtofretailers’ownbrands.Inmargarineforinstanceretailers’ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.Unileveralsoover-extendedsomesuccessfulbrandsforinstanceBertolli’soliveoilsandpastasauces.AccordingtoMr.WoodUnilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%.Unilever’schieffinancialofficerCFOcountersthatconsumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrandsohisfirmneedstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupitsmarketingeffortsalthoughadspendingissupposedtoremainatcurrentlevels.AtpresentUnileverspends14.5%ofsalesonads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhasissuesofcompetitiveness.Aftersevenquartersofdisappointingperformanceitneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.Overthenextfewmonthsmanagementwillrethinkitsstrategyforthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescauaFrenchmanwhowilltakeoverfromMr.FitzGeraldisinheritingatrickylegacy.AccordingtothepassageNiallFitzGerald
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. 17
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