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Directions: Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you sho...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 6
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 16
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhatisstatedinthelastparagraphismostprobably
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricitystoredinrechargeablebatteries—isseenascentraltotheplantocutthetransportsector’scarbonemissionsbothhereandacrosstheEuropeanUnion.Itispredictedthatwewillberunningatotalof800000EVsinBritainby2020andasaresulttheracetoinstallarecharginginfrastructureiswellunderway.TransportforLondonTfLrecentlyannounceditwillhave1300EVchargingpointsinLondonby2013—morethanthecurrentnumberofpetrolstationsinthecapital.TheLondonmayorBorisJohnsonisontherecordassayinghewantstomakethecitytheelectriccarcapitalofEurope. [B]Howeverthepowercompaniessensingagoodbusinessopportunityarenowvyingtosignupelectriccar-owninghouseholdswiththeofferofcheaperandfasteroff-peakhomechargingthatwillcutthetimeittakestorechargethevehicle—freeingittomakemorejourneysandmakingthemmoreattractivetobuyers.SofarEDFBritishGasandmostrecentlynpowerhavesaidtheywillbetargetingEVuserswithspecialhomeservicesaswellascheapertariffsforrechargingvehicles. [C]WhatwouldmakeyouconsiderbuyinganelectriccarTheyofferagreenwaytogetaroundwiththechancetobypasspetrolstations.AndtheyareexemptfromroadtaxandLondon’scongestioncharge.Energycompanynpower英国电力公司thisweekrevealedthat33%ofUKdriverswouldthinkaboutbuyinganelectricvehicleEVinthenextfiveyearsrisingto41%whenthebenefitswereexplained. [D]ButdespitetheintroductioninJanuaryofagenerous￡5000governmentpurchasegranttoencouragemorepeopletotaketheplungeit’sfairtosaythatsalesofelectricallypoweredcarsintheUKareyettoreallytakeoff.Justover500peopletookthegovernmentuponitsofferinthefirstquarterofthisyear.Theirhighprices—typicallyabout￡25000afterthegrant—plusalackofmodelsbymajorcarmakersandashortageofchargingpointshaveheldbacksales.Howeverthelasttwopointsareabouttochange. [E]SpeakinginBerlinlastweeknpower’sheadofe-mobilityPhilEvanstoldGuardianMoneythatthecompanyseesEVsasamajoropportunityandasaresultitisworkingonbuildingan"upgradable"charginginfrastructurethatwilldevelopasthecars’powersystemsbecomemoresophisticated. [F]PotentialbuyersnowhaveachoiceofsevenmodelsintheUKwith13moreonthewaywhileEDFEnergy英国电网BritishGasandnpowerhaverecentlyannouncedplanstostartofferingtoinstallfasterandcheaperchargingpointsincustomers’homesinamovetheyhopewillhelpkick-startsales.Thecompaniesarebankingonthefactthatbuyersofthelatestmoreconsumer-friendlyelectriccarssuchastheNissanLeafaregoingtoboostdemandforelectricity. [G]PlansarealsounderwaytoincreasethenumberofchargingpointsatavarietyoflocationsacrosstheUK—andsoonitwillbepossibleforhomeownerstoupgradetheirgaragestoallowfastersaferhomecharging.Untilrecentlymostownersofplug-in-to-rechargeelectriccarshavehadtorelyonthetraditionalthree-pointhouseholdplugandwaitabouteighthourstofullyrechargetheirvehicleathome. 42
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. 48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.
Whenolderpeoplecannolongerremembernamesatacocktailpartytheytendtothinkthattheirbrainpowerisdeclining.Butagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatthisassumptionisoftenwrong.Insteadtheresearchfindstheagingbrainissimplytakinginmoredataandtryingtosiftthroughaclutterofinformationoftentoitslong-termbenefit.Thestudiesareanalyzedinaneweditionofaneurologybook"ProgressinBrainResearch." Somebrainsdodeterioratewithage.Alzheimer’sdiseaseforexamplestrikes13percentofAmericans65andolder.Butformostagingadultstheauthorssaymuchofwhatoccursisagraduallywideningfocusofattentionthatmakesitmoredifficulttolatchontojustonefactlikeanameoratelephonenumber.Althoughthatcanbefrustratingitisoftenuseful."Itmaybethatdistractibilityisnotinfactabadthing"saidShelleyH.CarsonapsychologyresearcheratHarvardwhoseworkwascitedinthebook."Itmayincreasetheamountofinformationavailabletotheconsciousmind." Forexampleinstudieswheresubjectsareaskedtoreadpassagesthatareinterruptedwithunexpectedwordsorphrasesadults60andolderworkmuchmoreslowlythancollegestudents.Althoughthestudentsplowthroughthetextsataconsistentspeedregardlessofwhattheout-of-placewordsmeanolderpeopleslowdownevenmorewhenthewordsarerelatedtothetopicathand.Thatindicatesthattheyarenotjuststumblingovertheextrainformationbutaretakingitinandprocessingit.Whenbothgroupswerelateraskedquestionsforwhichtheout-of-placewordsmightbeanswerstheolderadultsrespondedmuchbetterthanthestudents. "Fortheyoungpeopleit’sasifthedistractionneverhappened"saidanauthorofthereviewLynnHasheraprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTorontoandaseniorscientistattheRotmanResearchInstitute."Butforolderadultsbecausethey’veretainedallthisextradatathey’renowsuddenlythebetterproblemsolvers.Theycantransfertheinformationthey’vesoakedupfromonesituationtoanother." Suchtendenciescanyieldbigadvantagesintherealworldwhereitisnotalwaysclearwhatinformationisimportantorwillbecomeimportant.Aseeminglyirrelevantpointorsuggestioninamemocantakeonnewmeaningiftheoriginalplanchanges.Orextradetailsthatstoleyourattentionlikeothers’yawningandfidgetingmayhelpyouassessthespeaker’srealimpact. ThestudiesmentionedinParagraph3suggestthat
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 10
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. 2
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. ThepassageimpliesthattheSQ3Rmethod
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricitystoredinrechargeablebatteries—isseenascentraltotheplantocutthetransportsector’scarbonemissionsbothhereandacrosstheEuropeanUnion.Itispredictedthatwewillberunningatotalof800000EVsinBritainby2020andasaresulttheracetoinstallarecharginginfrastructureiswellunderway.TransportforLondonTfLrecentlyannounceditwillhave1300EVchargingpointsinLondonby2013—morethanthecurrentnumberofpetrolstationsinthecapital.TheLondonmayorBorisJohnsonisontherecordassayinghewantstomakethecitytheelectriccarcapitalofEurope. [B]Howeverthepowercompaniessensingagoodbusinessopportunityarenowvyingtosignupelectriccar-owninghouseholdswiththeofferofcheaperandfasteroff-peakhomechargingthatwillcutthetimeittakestorechargethevehicle—freeingittomakemorejourneysandmakingthemmoreattractivetobuyers.SofarEDFBritishGasandmostrecentlynpowerhavesaidtheywillbetargetingEVuserswithspecialhomeservicesaswellascheapertariffsforrechargingvehicles. [C]WhatwouldmakeyouconsiderbuyinganelectriccarTheyofferagreenwaytogetaroundwiththechancetobypasspetrolstations.AndtheyareexemptfromroadtaxandLondon’scongestioncharge.Energycompanynpower英国电力公司thisweekrevealedthat33%ofUKdriverswouldthinkaboutbuyinganelectricvehicleEVinthenextfiveyearsrisingto41%whenthebenefitswereexplained. [D]ButdespitetheintroductioninJanuaryofagenerous￡5000governmentpurchasegranttoencouragemorepeopletotaketheplungeit’sfairtosaythatsalesofelectricallypoweredcarsintheUKareyettoreallytakeoff.Justover500peopletookthegovernmentuponitsofferinthefirstquarterofthisyear.Theirhighprices—typicallyabout￡25000afterthegrant—plusalackofmodelsbymajorcarmakersandashortageofchargingpointshaveheldbacksales.Howeverthelasttwopointsareabouttochange. [E]SpeakinginBerlinlastweeknpower’sheadofe-mobilityPhilEvanstoldGuardianMoneythatthecompanyseesEVsasamajoropportunityandasaresultitisworkingonbuildingan"upgradable"charginginfrastructurethatwilldevelopasthecars’powersystemsbecomemoresophisticated. [F]PotentialbuyersnowhaveachoiceofsevenmodelsintheUKwith13moreonthewaywhileEDFEnergy英国电网BritishGasandnpowerhaverecentlyannouncedplanstostartofferingtoinstallfasterandcheaperchargingpointsincustomers’homesinamovetheyhopewillhelpkick-startsales.Thecompaniesarebankingonthefactthatbuyersofthelatestmoreconsumer-friendlyelectriccarssuchastheNissanLeafaregoingtoboostdemandforelectricity. [G]PlansarealsounderwaytoincreasethenumberofchargingpointsatavarietyoflocationsacrosstheUK—andsoonitwillbepossibleforhomeownerstoupgradetheirgaragestoallowfastersaferhomecharging.Untilrecentlymostownersofplug-in-to-rechargeelectriccarshavehadtorelyonthetraditionalthree-pointhouseholdplugandwaitabouteighthourstofullyrechargetheirvehicleathome. 44
Whenolderpeoplecannolongerremembernamesatacocktailpartytheytendtothinkthattheirbrainpowerisdeclining.Butagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatthisassumptionisoftenwrong.Insteadtheresearchfindstheagingbrainissimplytakinginmoredataandtryingtosiftthroughaclutterofinformationoftentoitslong-termbenefit.Thestudiesareanalyzedinaneweditionofaneurologybook"ProgressinBrainResearch." Somebrainsdodeterioratewithage.Alzheimer’sdiseaseforexamplestrikes13percentofAmericans65andolder.Butformostagingadultstheauthorssaymuchofwhatoccursisagraduallywideningfocusofattentionthatmakesitmoredifficulttolatchontojustonefactlikeanameoratelephonenumber.Althoughthatcanbefrustratingitisoftenuseful."Itmaybethatdistractibilityisnotinfactabadthing"saidShelleyH.CarsonapsychologyresearcheratHarvardwhoseworkwascitedinthebook."Itmayincreasetheamountofinformationavailabletotheconsciousmind." Forexampleinstudieswheresubjectsareaskedtoreadpassagesthatareinterruptedwithunexpectedwordsorphrasesadults60andolderworkmuchmoreslowlythancollegestudents.Althoughthestudentsplowthroughthetextsataconsistentspeedregardlessofwhattheout-of-placewordsmeanolderpeopleslowdownevenmorewhenthewordsarerelatedtothetopicathand.Thatindicatesthattheyarenotjuststumblingovertheextrainformationbutaretakingitinandprocessingit.Whenbothgroupswerelateraskedquestionsforwhichtheout-of-placewordsmightbeanswerstheolderadultsrespondedmuchbetterthanthestudents. "Fortheyoungpeopleit’sasifthedistractionneverhappened"saidanauthorofthereviewLynnHasheraprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTorontoandaseniorscientistattheRotmanResearchInstitute."Butforolderadultsbecausethey’veretainedallthisextradatathey’renowsuddenlythebetterproblemsolvers.Theycantransfertheinformationthey’vesoakedupfromonesituationtoanother." Suchtendenciescanyieldbigadvantagesintherealworldwhereitisnotalwaysclearwhatinformationisimportantorwillbecomeimportant.Aseeminglyirrelevantpointorsuggestioninamemocantakeonnewmeaningiftheoriginalplanchanges.Orextradetailsthatstoleyourattentionlikeothers’yawningandfidgetingmayhelpyouassessthespeaker’srealimpact. Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthat
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 14
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. Accordingtothepassagethefirststephelpsthereaders
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 12
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. 48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 4
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea. 47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations. 49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives. 46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 8
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea. 47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations. 49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives. 50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.
Peopletodayallovertheworldarebeginningtohearandlearnmoreandmoreabouttheproblemofpollution.46Pollutioniscausedbyeitherthereleasebymanofcompletelynewandoftenartificialsubstancesintotheenvironmentorbyreleasinggreatlyincreasedamountsofanaturalsubstancesuchasoilfromoiltankersintothesea. 47Thewholeindustrialprocesswhichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylivesisboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentalbalanceortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations. 49Whateveritsunderlyingreasonsthereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompaniesindividualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblembutalsoisagreatwasteofresourcesintermsofglassmetalsandpaper.Advertisinghelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneedbutalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.50Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuyingexcessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives. 48Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensiblybutclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplextherewillbenewdangerouswastestobedisposedofforexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. AccordingtoBrown’sstudywomen’searningscategoriesoccurinwhichofthefollowingordersfromhighestearningstolowestearnings
OnthefirstEarthDaytheU.S.wasapoisonednation.DenseairpollutionblanketedcitieslikeLosAngeleswheresmogalertswereafactoflife.DangerouspesticideslikeDDTwerestillinuseandwaterpollutionwasrampant—symbolizedbyragingfiresonCleveland’sCuyahogaRiver.ButthegreenmovementthatwasenergizedbyEarthDay—andthelandmarkfederalactionsthatfollowedit—changedmuchofthat.TodayairpollutionisdownsignificantlyinmosturbanareasthewateriscleanerandeventheCuyahogaishometofishagain. ButifthelandishealingAmericansmaybesickening.SinceWorldWarⅡproductionofindustrialchemicalshasrisenrapidlyandtheU.S.generatesorimportssome19billionkgofthemperday.Thesearen’tthesortsofchemicalsthatcometomindwhenwepicturepollution—hugeplantsspillingcontaminatedwastewaterintorivers.Ratherthey’rethemoleculesthatmakegoodontheold"betterlivingthroughchemistry"promiseappearinginitemslikeunbreakablebabybottlesandbig-screenTVs.Thosechemicalshaveahabitoffindingtheirwayoutofeverydayproductsandintotheenvironment—andultimatelyintolivingorganisms.Arecentbiomonitoringsurveyfoundtracesof212environmentalchemicalsinAmericans—includingtoxicmetalspesticidesetc."It’snottheenvironmentthat’scontaminatedsomuch"saysthedirectoroftheCincinnatiChildren’sEnvironmentalHealthCenter."It’sus." Asscientistsgetbetteratdetectingthechemicalsinourbodiesthey’rediscoveringthateventinyquantitiesoftoxinscanhaveapotentiallyseriousimpactonourhealth—andourchildren’sfuture.ChemicalslikebisphenolABPAandphthalates—keyingredientsinmodernplastics—maydisruptthedelicateendocrinesystem.Ahostofmodernillsthathavebeenrisinguncheckedforageneration—obesitydiabetesattention-deficitdisorder—couldhavechemicalconnections."Wedon’tgiveenvironmentalexposuretheattentionitdeserves"saysDr.PhilipLandrigan."Butthere’sanemergingunderstandingthatkidsareuniquelysusceptibletoenvironmentalhazards." Washingtonhasbeenslowtoarriveatthatconclusion.TheToxicSubstancesControlActTSCAthe34-year-oldvehicleforfederalchemicalregulationhasgenerallybeenafailure.Theburdenofprovingchemicalsdangerousfallsalmostentirelyonthegovernment.AndtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAhasbeenabletoissuerestrictionsononlyahandfulofchemicalsandhaslackedthepowertobanevensomedangerouscancer-causingsubstances. Butchangeiscoming.TheObamaAdministrationistakingacloserlookatchemicals.MoreimportantCongressmayfinallybereadytoact."Wecan’tpermitthisassaultonourchildren’shealth—andourownhealth—tocontinue"saysSenatorFrankLautenberg. AccordingtoSenatorFrankLautenberg
Whenolderpeoplecannolongerremembernamesatacocktailpartytheytendtothinkthattheirbrainpowerisdeclining.Butagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatthisassumptionisoftenwrong.Insteadtheresearchfindstheagingbrainissimplytakinginmoredataandtryingtosiftthroughaclutterofinformationoftentoitslong-termbenefit.Thestudiesareanalyzedinaneweditionofaneurologybook"ProgressinBrainResearch." Somebrainsdodeterioratewithage.Alzheimer’sdiseaseforexamplestrikes13percentofAmericans65andolder.Butformostagingadultstheauthorssaymuchofwhatoccursisagraduallywideningfocusofattentionthatmakesitmoredifficulttolatchontojustonefactlikeanameoratelephonenumber.Althoughthatcanbefrustratingitisoftenuseful."Itmaybethatdistractibilityisnotinfactabadthing"saidShelleyH.CarsonapsychologyresearcheratHarvardwhoseworkwascitedinthebook."Itmayincreasetheamountofinformationavailabletotheconsciousmind." Forexampleinstudieswheresubjectsareaskedtoreadpassagesthatareinterruptedwithunexpectedwordsorphrasesadults60andolderworkmuchmoreslowlythancollegestudents.Althoughthestudentsplowthroughthetextsataconsistentspeedregardlessofwhattheout-of-placewordsmeanolderpeopleslowdownevenmorewhenthewordsarerelatedtothetopicathand.Thatindicatesthattheyarenotjuststumblingovertheextrainformationbutaretakingitinandprocessingit.Whenbothgroupswerelateraskedquestionsforwhichtheout-of-placewordsmightbeanswerstheolderadultsrespondedmuchbetterthanthestudents. "Fortheyoungpeopleit’sasifthedistractionneverhappened"saidanauthorofthereviewLynnHasheraprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTorontoandaseniorscientistattheRotmanResearchInstitute."Butforolderadultsbecausethey’veretainedallthisextradatathey’renowsuddenlythebetterproblemsolvers.Theycantransfertheinformationthey’vesoakedupfromonesituationtoanother." Suchtendenciescanyieldbigadvantagesintherealworldwhereitisnotalwaysclearwhatinformationisimportantorwillbecomeimportant.Aseeminglyirrelevantpointorsuggestioninamemocantakeonnewmeaningiftheoriginalplanchanges.Orextradetailsthatstoleyourattentionlikeothers’yawningandfidgetingmayhelpyouassessthespeaker’srealimpact. Thetextintendstotellusthat
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 20
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 18
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. 2
OnthefirstEarthDaytheU.S.wasapoisonednation.DenseairpollutionblanketedcitieslikeLosAngeleswheresmogalertswereafactoflife.DangerouspesticideslikeDDTwerestillinuseandwaterpollutionwasrampant—symbolizedbyragingfiresonCleveland’sCuyahogaRiver.ButthegreenmovementthatwasenergizedbyEarthDay—andthelandmarkfederalactionsthatfollowedit—changedmuchofthat.TodayairpollutionisdownsignificantlyinmosturbanareasthewateriscleanerandeventheCuyahogaishometofishagain. ButifthelandishealingAmericansmaybesickening.SinceWorldWarⅡproductionofindustrialchemicalshasrisenrapidlyandtheU.S.generatesorimportssome19billionkgofthemperday.Thesearen’tthesortsofchemicalsthatcometomindwhenwepicturepollution—hugeplantsspillingcontaminatedwastewaterintorivers.Ratherthey’rethemoleculesthatmakegoodontheold"betterlivingthroughchemistry"promiseappearinginitemslikeunbreakablebabybottlesandbig-screenTVs.Thosechemicalshaveahabitoffindingtheirwayoutofeverydayproductsandintotheenvironment—andultimatelyintolivingorganisms.Arecentbiomonitoringsurveyfoundtracesof212environmentalchemicalsinAmericans—includingtoxicmetalspesticidesetc."It’snottheenvironmentthat’scontaminatedsomuch"saysthedirectoroftheCincinnatiChildren’sEnvironmentalHealthCenter."It’sus." Asscientistsgetbetteratdetectingthechemicalsinourbodiesthey’rediscoveringthateventinyquantitiesoftoxinscanhaveapotentiallyseriousimpactonourhealth—andourchildren’sfuture.ChemicalslikebisphenolABPAandphthalates—keyingredientsinmodernplastics—maydisruptthedelicateendocrinesystem.Ahostofmodernillsthathavebeenrisinguncheckedforageneration—obesitydiabetesattention-deficitdisorder—couldhavechemicalconnections."Wedon’tgiveenvironmentalexposuretheattentionitdeserves"saysDr.PhilipLandrigan."Butthere’sanemergingunderstandingthatkidsareuniquelysusceptibletoenvironmentalhazards." Washingtonhasbeenslowtoarriveatthatconclusion.TheToxicSubstancesControlActTSCAthe34-year-oldvehicleforfederalchemicalregulationhasgenerallybeenafailure.Theburdenofprovingchemicalsdangerousfallsalmostentirelyonthegovernment.AndtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAhasbeenabletoissuerestrictionsononlyahandfulofchemicalsandhaslackedthepowertobanevensomedangerouscancer-causingsubstances. Butchangeiscoming.TheObamaAdministrationistakingacloserlookatchemicals.MoreimportantCongressmayfinallybereadytoact."Wecan’tpermitthisassaultonourchildren’shealth—andourownhealth—tocontinue"saysSenatorFrankLautenberg. TheenvironmentalchemicalsintheU.S
Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollow-ingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit.
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