首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Exercise, everyone advises! But immediately, when you try, you run into trouble. (46)There is so ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
PassageFourExerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediate
telling readers to exercise for five minutes a day
pointing out wrong ways in exercising
giving examples of beneficial exercise
comparing the results of beneficial exercise and too much exercise
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Myfather________me_______newspapersaftersupper.
advises; to read
advises; reading
advise; to read
advise; reading
Everyoneshouldexerciseeverydayandkeephealth.
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
-It’sveryimportantforeveryonetoexercisE.doyouexerc
How long
How far
How soon
How often
Mr.Greenoftenadvisesusmoreexercisetokeephealthy.
---Everyoneshouldstarttoacttogogreen.Thenwhichofth
do more exercise and watch less TV
drive to work or school as much as possible
reusing water if possible
take shorter showers
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Janeisgettingfattersoherfatheradvisesher______more
to take
not to take
how to take
why to take
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyo
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Doyouexerciseeveryday?Someofyou___1___butmanyofyou
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutr
Researcherssaycurrentexerciseguidelinesareunrealis
Mr.LioftenustodomoreexercisE.It’sgoodforhealth.
agrees
discusses
hates
advises
Climbingattractspeoplebecauseit’sgoodexerciseforal
热门试题
更多
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused. [G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 44
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.TheofficialcaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.Thewritersaysthattravelwasimportantinthepastbecauseit______.
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 10
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 16
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.
Willhumansalwaysbesuperiortomachines Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:1machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;2humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;and3itisbecausemachinesarehuman’toolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaimwhetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines"superiority"andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios. 41AfterallwouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventeditOfcoursenot.MoreoverIwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexampletoyrobotscarsandvideogamesandnoveltyitems—areinfacttoolswhichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement. 42AndtheclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitselfwithoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoeverisdubiousatbestsinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine. 43Asforthestatement’ssecondclaimincertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Howeverifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherwayshumanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthoughtformakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderationsorfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems. 44Upuntilnowthenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirownandtodevelopso-called"emotionalintelligence"hasbeenpurefiction.Besideseveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHatthecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Inotherwordsmachineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority. 45Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthoughtsubjectivejudgmentandemotionalresponseitalsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besidesshouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-beingthenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe"machines"anymore. [A]Recentadvancesinbiotechnologyparticularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearchsuggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirowntorepairandnurturethemselvestoexperienceVisceralsensationsandsoforth. [B]Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds. [C]Insumbecausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveusitisfairtocharacterizemachinesas"toolsofhumanminds." [D]It’shardlysurprisingthathuman-mademachinecandothemostworksthatbelongtohumanbefore. [E]Infactitisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem--asourtools—tobeginwith. [F]Whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine. 44
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 14
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N.WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims.ThenameUnitedNationsisaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay.TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends.NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates.WhatdidPresidentRoosevelthavetodowiththeUnitedNations
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 12
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 6
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.
Tounderstandhowastrologyworksweshouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormousdistancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinnersurfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfactliterallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearthspinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachdaypivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.ThisdailyturningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemtoriseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainsfixedpatternsonthespherejustasthecontinentofAustralianmaintainsitsshapeonaspinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars.Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelyareflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancientsbelievedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsowneastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebuttheancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandthesloweastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegreeseachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesoftheyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalsohasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitspositionrelativelyrapidly.Althoughitappearstoriseandseteachdayasdoesnearlyeverythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringasshortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearlyinthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseenveryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibletothenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundofstarsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMarsJupiterandtheSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplaneastheearthdoessotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic.Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveinacomplicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotions’onthecelestialspherereflectingboththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionaswell.Itisstatedinastrologythat______.
InoneverylongsentencetheintroductiontotheU.N.CharterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeoplewhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoformtheU.N.WethepeopleoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwarwhichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankindandtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrightsinthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonintheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmallandtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbemaintainedandtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedomandfortheseendstopractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighboursandtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurityandtoensurebytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethodsthatarmedforceshallnotbeusedsaveinthecommoninterestandtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeopleshaveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims.ThenameUnitedNationsisaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberStatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear’sDayin1942.RepresentativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposalscompletedatDumbartonOaksin1944.TheseproposalsmodifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceonInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.PolandnotrepresentedattheconferencesignedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.ItwasnotuntilthatautumnhoweveraftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChinaFrancetheU.S.S.R.U.theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthattheU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24OctobernowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNationsDay.TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritytodevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationstocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomicsocialculturalandhumanproblemspromotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforco-ordinatingtheactionsofnationsonattainingthesecommonends.NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember’srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputeandmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates.WhichofthefollowingistrueastotheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 2
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused. [G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 42
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.TheofficialcaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.Thewriterthinksthatthegrowthofspecialistsocietiesandperiodicalshashelpedscholarsto______.
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 18
Tounderstandhowastrologyworksweshouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormousdistancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinnersurfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfactliterallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearthspinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachdaypivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.ThisdailyturningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemtoriseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainsfixedpatternsonthespherejustasthecontinentofAustralianmaintainsitsshapeonaspinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars.Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelyareflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancientsbelievedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsowneastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebuttheancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandthesloweastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegreeseachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesoftheyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalsohasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitspositionrelativelyrapidly.Althoughitappearstoriseandseteachdayasdoesnearlyeverythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringasshortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearlyinthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseenveryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibletothenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundofstarsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMarsJupiterandtheSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplaneastheearthdoessotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic.Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveinacomplicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotions’onthecelestialspherereflectingboththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionaswell.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 4
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 8
Tounderstandhowastrologyworksweshouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormousdistancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinnersurfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfactliterallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearthspinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachdaypivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.ThisdailyturningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemtoriseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainsfixedpatternsonthespherejustasthecontinentofAustralianmaintainsitsshapeonaspinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars.Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelyareflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancientsbelievedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsowneastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebuttheancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandthesloweastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegreeseachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesoftheyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalsohasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitspositionrelativelyrapidly.Althoughitappearstoriseandseteachdayasdoesnearlyeverythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringasshortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearlyinthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseenveryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibletothenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundofstarsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMarsJupiterandtheSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplaneastheearthdoessotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic.Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveinacomplicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotions’onthecelestialspherereflectingboththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionaswell.Theancientpeoplebelievedthat______.
Willhumansalwaysbesuperiortomachines Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:1machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;2humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;and3itisbecausemachinesarehuman’toolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaimwhetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines"superiority"andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios. 41AfterallwouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventeditOfcoursenot.MoreoverIwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexampletoyrobotscarsandvideogamesandnoveltyitems—areinfacttoolswhichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement. 42AndtheclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitselfwithoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoeverisdubiousatbestsinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine. 43Asforthestatement’ssecondclaimincertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Howeverifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherwayshumanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthoughtformakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderationsorfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems. 44Upuntilnowthenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirownandtodevelopso-called"emotionalintelligence"hasbeenpurefiction.Besideseveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHatthecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Inotherwordsmachineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority. 45Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthoughtsubjectivejudgmentandemotionalresponseitalsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besidesshouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-beingthenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe"machines"anymore. [A]Recentadvancesinbiotechnologyparticularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearchsuggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirowntorepairandnurturethemselvestoexperienceVisceralsensationsandsoforth. [B]Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds. [C]Insumbecausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveusitisfairtocharacterizemachinesas"toolsofhumanminds." [D]It’shardlysurprisingthathuman-mademachinecandothemostworksthatbelongtohumanbefore. [E]Infactitisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem--asourtools—tobeginwith. [F]Whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine. 42
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 20
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.
Directions: Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninthenewspaperontheissueofchoiceofwork.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/comment Youshouldneatlywrite160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.Accordingtotheauthordistinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby______.
Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulationhighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.Howevertheideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtotheartseventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience;Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciencesanewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdateservingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpowernorisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.What’highlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthat’transcendsestablishedlimitsbutratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvaluecomestomind.Moregenerallyhoweverwhetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.BecausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganizationsomemusicalworkssuchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataareofsignalhistoricalimportancebutfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.OntheotherhandMozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro费加罗的婚礼issurelyamongthemasterpieceofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.RatherhewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherulesformsandconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozartHandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat______.
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号