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A. Atmospheric Scientists ? ?B. The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop ? ?C. The Previous Calc...
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A.AtmosphericScientists??B.TheCalculationsMadeatth
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AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththata
a growth in water vapor concentration.
a drop in atmospheric absorption of solar radiation.
a decrease in other radiative forcings or feedbacks.
an increase in atmospheric cooling effect.
GlobalWarming??1?Smokeiscloudingourviewofglobalwar
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A.AtmosphericScientistsB.TheCalculationsMadeattheB
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??????????????????????GlobalWarming1?Smokeiscloudi
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OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves 51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.1Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelast"official"stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus-justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthelet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit. 64
ADesertBetweenPaulandClara PaulhadlongpromisedtomarryClara.ButatthirtytheehemetandmarriedAlice.Clarawasdrivenmad. Paulwastakentocourt.ThejudgeorderedhimtopayClara$600becauseofthebrokenpromise.Paulhadtoborrowthemoneyfromamoneylender.Heagreedtopayback$5amonth—fortwentyyears.Hiswagesatthetimewere$16amonth. PaulandAlicewerepoorbutnotunhappy.Theyhadlittleenoughfoodcertainlyevenbeforethechildrenbegantoarrive.EachmonthPaulpaid$5tothemoneylender.Heworkedhardnevertakingaholiday.Intimethereweresevenmouthstofeed. Illnesswasalwayswiththem.Itgrewseriouswhentheoldestchildwaseight.TheyearsofhungerweakenedthefamilybecauseeachmonthPaulpaid$5.ThedetailsofthesicknesswereuglybuttheresultwasthisaftertwelveyearsoffamilylifePaulwasaloneintheworld. Helivedalone.exceptformemories.Workwasnotnowagodforhimitwasapain-killer.Eachmonthhepaidandintimethetwentyyearsended.Fromthatmomenthiswageswerehisown. OnedayItwasaholidaywenttotheseaside.Hesatdownonaseatbythesea.Amiddle.agedwomancameandsatdownnearhim.Theyrecognizedeachotheratonce. Thewomansaid."The$600hasbeeninthebanksincethedayitwaspaidtome.Itisnow$6000andIhavekeptitforyou.Willyouletmeshareitwithyou” "No”saidPaulgently."Eachthousandisalostlifeinadesertbetweenus.Itcanneverbringanyhappiness.” AfterhiswifeandchildrendiedPaulturnedtohisworkto
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.?Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.{{*HTML*}}TheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogramhasbenefited______.A?lackoffundingB?manycancerpatientsC?morelivesbeingsavedD?morethanfiveyearsE?theultimateanswersF?morefunding
AboutonemillionAmericansarediagnosedannuallywithskincancer.
{{*HTML*}}???????????????????ForLoveorMoney??Sportsisoneoftheworld’slargestindustriesandmostathletesareprofessionalswhoarewellpaidfortheireffort.Becauseanathletesucceedsbyachievementonlynotbyeconomicbackgroundorfamilyconnections—sportscanberoutetowealthandmanyathletesplaymoreformoneythanforlove.???1?IntheancientOlympicsthewinnergotonlyawreath花冠ofoliveleaves.Eventhoughthewinnersbecamenationalheroesthegamesremainedamateurforcenturies.?2?Astimepassedhoweverthecontestsbecameincreasinglylessamateurandcitiesbegantohireathletestorepresentthem.?3???In1896theOlympicgameswerereceivedwiththesamegoalofpureamateurcompetition.Therulesbarathleteswhohaveeverreceiveda＄50prizeoranathleticscholarshiporwhohavespentfourweeksinatrainingcamp.?4?HewasSpiridonLoues.Hewonthemarathonrace.AftertheracearichAthenianofferedhimanythinghewanted.AtrueamateurLouesacceptedonlyacarandahorse.?5?ButLoueswasanexceptionandnowastheChairmanoftheGermanOlympicCommitteesaidNobodypaysanyattentiontotheserules.Manycountriespaytheirathletestotrainyear-roundandOlympiccontestantsareeagertoselltheirnamestocompaniesthatmakefromskiequipmenttobreakfastcereals.??A.Athleteswonfamebutnomoney.??B.Thishasnotalwaysbeentrue.??C.Thenhegaveuprunningforever.??D.Atleastonecompetitorinthe1896gamesmetallthesequalifications.??E.Olympicshasbecomethebiggestgamesintheworld.??F.BythefourthcenturyA.D.theOlympicswereminedandtheyweresoonended.
{{*HTML*}}???????????????????ForLoveorMoney??Sportsisoneoftheworld’slargestindustriesandmostathletesareprofessionalswhoarewellpaidfortheireffort.Becauseanathletesucceedsbyachievementonlynotbyeconomicbackgroundorfamilyconnections—sportscanberoutetowealthandmanyathletesplaymoreformoneythanforlove.???1?IntheancientOlympicsthewinnergotonlyawreath花冠ofoliveleaves.Eventhoughthewinnersbecamenationalheroesthegamesremainedamateurforcenturies.?2?Astimepassedhoweverthecontestsbecameincreasinglylessamateurandcitiesbegantohireathletestorepresentthem.?3???In1896theOlympicgameswerereceivedwiththesamegoalofpureamateurcompetition.Therulesbarathleteswhohaveeverreceiveda＄50prizeoranathleticscholarshiporwhohavespentfourweeksinatrainingcamp.?4?HewasSpiridonLoues.Hewonthemarathonrace.AftertheracearichAthenianofferedhimanythinghewanted.AtrueamateurLouesacceptedonlyacarandahorse.?5?ButLoueswasanexceptionandnowastheChairmanoftheGermanOlympicCommitteesaidNobodypaysanyattentiontotheserules.Manycountriespaytheirathletestotrainyear-roundandOlympiccontestantsareeagertoselltheirnamestocompaniesthatmakefromskiequipmenttobreakfastcereals.??A.Athleteswonfamebutnomoney.??B.Thishasnotalwaysbeentrue.??C.Thenhegaveuprunningforever.??D.Atleastonecompetitorinthe1896gamesmetallthesequalifications.??E.Olympicshasbecomethebiggestgamesintheworld.??F.BythefourthcenturyA.D.theOlympicswereminedandtheyweresoonended.
Bacteria Bacteriaareextremelysmalllivingthings.Whilewemeasureourownsizesininchesorcentimetersbacterialsizeismeasuredinmicrons.Onemicronisathousandofamillimeter:apinheadisaboutamillimeteracross. Rod-shapedbacteriaareusuallyfromtwotofourmicronslongwhileroundedonesaregenerallyonemicronindiameter.Thusifyouenlargedaroundedbacteriumathousandtimesitwouldbejustaboutthesizeofapinhead.Anadulthumanmagnifiedbythesameamountwouldbeoveramile1.6kilometerstall.Evenwithanordinarymicroscopeyoumustlookcloselytoseebacteria.Usingamagnificationof100timesonefindsthatbacteriaarebarelyvisibleastinyrodsordots.Onecannotmakeoutanythingoftheirstructure.Usingspecialstainsonecanseethatsomebacteriahaveattachedtothemwavy-looking"hairs"calledflagella.Othershaveonlyoneflagellum.Theflagellarotatepushingthebacteriathroughthewater.Manybacterialackflagellaandcannotmoveaboutbytheirownpowerwhileotherscanglidealongoversurfacesbysomelittle-understoodmechanism. Fromthebacterialpointofviewtheworldisaverydifferentplacefromwhatitistohumans.Toabacteriumwaterisasthickasmolassesistous.Bacteriaaresosmallthattheyareinfluencedbythemovementsofthechemicalmoleculesaroundthem.Bacteriaunderthemicroscopeeventhosewithnoflagellaoftenbounceaboutinthewater.Thisisbecausetheycollidewiththewatermoleculesandarepushedthiswayandthat.Moleculesmovesorapidlythatwithinatenthofasecondthemoleculesaroundabacteriumhaveallbeenreplacedbynewones;evenbacteriawithoutflagellaarethusconstantlyexposedtoachangingenvironment. Allthebacteriahavemorethanoneflagellum.
LookAfterYourVoice Oftenspeakersatameetingexperiencedrymouthsandaskforaglassofwater.Youcansolvetheproblembyactivatingthesalivainyoumouth.Firstgentlybitetheedgesofyourtonguewithyourteeth.Orpressyourentiretonguetothebottomofyourmouthandholditthereuntilthesalivaflow.Oryoucanimaginethatyouareslicingabigjuicylemonandsuckingthejuice. Beforeyoubeginyourtalkbekindtoyourvoice.Avoidmilkorcreamydrinkswhichcoatyourthroat.Keepyourthroatwetbydrinkingalittlesweetenedwarmteaordilutedfruitjuice. Ifyousensethatyourarelosingyourvoicestoptalkingcompletely.Saveyourvoiceforyourspeech.Youmayfeelfoolishusingpapertowritenotesbutthebestthingyoucandoistorestyourvoice.Ifyouneedtoseeadoctorperhapsyoucangetsomeadvicefromaprofessionalsinger.Inthemeantimedonoteventalkinalowvoice. WhataboutdrinkingalcoholtowetyourthroatIadviceyounottotouchalcoholbeforespeaking.Theproblemwithalcoholisthatonedrinkgivesyoualittleconfidence.Theseconddrinkgivesyouevenmoreconfidence.Finallyyouwillfeelall-powerfulandyouwillfeelyoucandoeverythingbutinfactyourbrainandyourmouthdonotworktogetherproperly.Savethealcoholuntilafteryoufinishspeaking. Perhapsyouwanttoaccepttheadvicebutyoumaywonderifyoucaneverchangethehabitsofalifetime.Ofcourseyoucan.Goethewholivedbeforeindoorskatingrinksorswimmingpoolssaid"Welearntoskateinthesummerandswiminthewinter."Takethismessagetoheartandgiveyourselftimetodevelopyournewhabits.Ifyouarewillingtochangeyouwillsoonbeabletosaythatyouwillneverforgetthesetechniquesbecausetheybecameapartofyourbody. AllthefollowingarementionedinthepassageabouthowtosolvetheproblemofdrymouthsEXCEPT.
NormanBlarneyisanartistofdeepconvictions.
Smokingisconsidereddangeroustothehealth.Ourtobacco--sellerMr.Johnsonthereforealwaysaskshiscustomersiftheyareveryyoungwhomthecigarettesarebought51.Onedayalittlegirlwhomhehadneverseenbeforewalked52intohisshopanddemandedtwentycigarettes.Shehadthe53amountofmoneyinherhandandseemedverysureofherself.Mr.Johnsonwasso54byherconfidentmannerthathe55toaskhisusualquestion.56heaskedherwhatkindofcigarettesshewanted.Thegirlreplied57andhandedhimthemoney.WhilehewasgivingherthechangeMr.Johnsonsaidlaughinglythat58shewassoyoungsheshould59thepacketinherpocketincaseapolicemansawit.60thelittlegirldidnotseemtofindthisveryfunny.Without61smilingshetookthe62andwalkedtowardsthedoor.Suddenlyshestoppedturned63andlookedsteadilyatMr.Johnson.Therewasamomentofsilenceandthetobacco-seller64whatwasgoingtosay.Allatonceinaclear65voicethegirldeclared"Mydadisapoliceman"andwiththatshewalkedquicklyoutoftheshop. 57
Smokingisconsidereddangeroustothehealth.Ourtobacco--sellerMr.Johnsonthereforealwaysaskshiscustomersiftheyareveryyoungwhomthecigarettesarebought51.Onedayalittlegirlwhomhehadneverseenbeforewalked52intohisshopanddemandedtwentycigarettes.Shehadthe53amountofmoneyinherhandandseemedverysureofherself.Mr.Johnsonwasso54byherconfidentmannerthathe55toaskhisusualquestion.56heaskedherwhatkindofcigarettesshewanted.Thegirlreplied57andhandedhimthemoney.WhilehewasgivingherthechangeMr.Johnsonsaidlaughinglythat58shewassoyoungsheshould59thepacketinherpocketincaseapolicemansawit.60thelittlegirldidnotseemtofindthisveryfunny.Without61smilingshetookthe62andwalkedtowardsthedoor.Suddenlyshestoppedturned63andlookedsteadilyatMr.Johnson.Therewasamomentofsilenceandthetobacco-seller64whatwasgoingtosay.Allatonceinaclear65voicethegirldeclared"Mydadisapoliceman"andwiththatshewalkedquicklyoutoftheshop. 55
ReadingPoem Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor"analyzed"untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeoneteacherorstudent.Betterstillperhapsisthepracticeofreadingittwiceonceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheendsothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit. Alldiscussionsofpoetryareinfactpreparationsforreadingitaloudandthereadingofthepoemisfinallythemosttelling"interpretation"ofitsuggestingtonerhythmandmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadtheworkinhisorherownvoiceonrecordsoronfilmisobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitorbestofallrecitingit. Ihavecometothinkinfactthattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthan"analyzing"itifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryis"acriticismoflife""aheighteningoflifeenjoymentwithothers".Itis"anapproachtothetruthoffeeling"andit"cansaveyourlife".Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguagesandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies. IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelseButthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnatureaboutitssoundaswellasitssenseandtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit. Accordingtothepassagetohaveabetterunderstandingofapoemthebestwayis.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.?Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.Manyoutstandingapplicationsareturneddowneachyearfor______.
Bacteria Bacteriaareextremelysmalllivingthings.Whilewemeasureourownsizesininchesorcentimetersbacterialsizeismeasuredinmicrons.Onemicronisathousandofamillimeter:apinheadisaboutamillimeteracross. Rod-shapedbacteriaareusuallyfromtwotofourmicronslongwhileroundedonesaregenerallyonemicronindiameter.Thusifyouenlargedaroundedbacteriumathousandtimesitwouldbejustaboutthesizeofapinhead.Anadulthumanmagnifiedbythesameamountwouldbeoveramile1.6kilometerstall.Evenwithanordinarymicroscopeyoumustlookcloselytoseebacteria.Usingamagnificationof100timesonefindsthatbacteriaarebarelyvisibleastinyrodsordots.Onecannotmakeoutanythingoftheirstructure.Usingspecialstainsonecanseethatsomebacteriahaveattachedtothemwavy-looking"hairs"calledflagella.Othershaveonlyoneflagellum.Theflagellarotatepushingthebacteriathroughthewater.Manybacterialackflagellaandcannotmoveaboutbytheirownpowerwhileotherscanglidealongoversurfacesbysomelittle-understoodmechanism. Fromthebacterialpointofviewtheworldisaverydifferentplacefromwhatitistohumans.Toabacteriumwaterisasthickasmolassesistous.Bacteriaaresosmallthattheyareinfluencedbythemovementsofthechemicalmoleculesaroundthem.Bacteriaunderthemicroscopeeventhosewithnoflagellaoftenbounceaboutinthewater.Thisisbecausetheycollidewiththewatermoleculesandarepushedthiswayandthat.Moleculesmovesorapidlythatwithinatenthofasecondthemoleculesaroundabacteriumhaveallbeenreplacedbynewones;evenbacteriawithoutflagellaarethusconstantlyexposedtoachangingenvironment. Rod-shapedbacteriaaresmallerthantheroundedones.
ThepoetWilliamCarlosWilliamswasaNewJerseyphysician.
LookAfterYourVoice Oftenspeakersatameetingexperiencedrymouthsandaskforaglassofwater.Youcansolvetheproblembyactivatingthesalivainyoumouth.Firstgentlybitetheedgesofyourtonguewithyourteeth.Orpressyourentiretonguetothebottomofyourmouthandholditthereuntilthesalivaflow.Oryoucanimaginethatyouareslicingabigjuicylemonandsuckingthejuice. Beforeyoubeginyourtalkbekindtoyourvoice.Avoidmilkorcreamydrinkswhichcoatyourthroat.Keepyourthroatwetbydrinkingalittlesweetenedwarmteaordilutedfruitjuice. Ifyousensethatyourarelosingyourvoicestoptalkingcompletely.Saveyourvoiceforyourspeech.Youmayfeelfoolishusingpapertowritenotesbutthebestthingyoucandoistorestyourvoice.Ifyouneedtoseeadoctorperhapsyoucangetsomeadvicefromaprofessionalsinger.Inthemeantimedonoteventalkinalowvoice. WhataboutdrinkingalcoholtowetyourthroatIadviceyounottotouchalcoholbeforespeaking.Theproblemwithalcoholisthatonedrinkgivesyoualittleconfidence.Theseconddrinkgivesyouevenmoreconfidence.Finallyyouwillfeelall-powerfulandyouwillfeelyoucandoeverythingbutinfactyourbrainandyourmouthdonotworktogetherproperly.Savethealcoholuntilafteryoufinishspeaking. Perhapsyouwanttoaccepttheadvicebutyoumaywonderifyoucaneverchangethehabitsofalifetime.Ofcourseyoucan.Goethewholivedbeforeindoorskatingrinksorswimmingpoolssaid"Welearntoskateinthesummerandswiminthewinter."Takethismessagetoheartandgiveyourselftimetodevelopyournewhabits.Ifyouarewillingtochangeyouwillsoonbeabletosaythatyouwillneverforgetthesetechniquesbecausetheybecameapartofyourbody. WhydoesthewriterciteGoethe’sadvice
LookAfterYourVoice Oftenspeakersatameetingexperiencedrymouthsandaskforaglassofwater.Youcansolvetheproblembyactivatingthesalivainyoumouth.Firstgentlybitetheedgesofyourtonguewithyourteeth.Orpressyourentiretonguetothebottomofyourmouthandholditthereuntilthesalivaflow.Oryoucanimaginethatyouareslicingabigjuicylemonandsuckingthejuice. Beforeyoubeginyourtalkbekindtoyourvoice.Avoidmilkorcreamydrinkswhichcoatyourthroat.Keepyourthroatwetbydrinkingalittlesweetenedwarmteaordilutedfruitjuice. Ifyousensethatyourarelosingyourvoicestoptalkingcompletely.Saveyourvoiceforyourspeech.Youmayfeelfoolishusingpapertowritenotesbutthebestthingyoucandoistorestyourvoice.Ifyouneedtoseeadoctorperhapsyoucangetsomeadvicefromaprofessionalsinger.Inthemeantimedonoteventalkinalowvoice. WhataboutdrinkingalcoholtowetyourthroatIadviceyounottotouchalcoholbeforespeaking.Theproblemwithalcoholisthatonedrinkgivesyoualittleconfidence.Theseconddrinkgivesyouevenmoreconfidence.Finallyyouwillfeelall-powerfulandyouwillfeelyoucandoeverythingbutinfactyourbrainandyourmouthdonotworktogetherproperly.Savethealcoholuntilafteryoufinishspeaking. Perhapsyouwanttoaccepttheadvicebutyoumaywonderifyoucaneverchangethehabitsofalifetime.Ofcourseyoucan.Goethewholivedbeforeindoorskatingrinksorswimmingpoolssaid"Welearntoskateinthesummerandswiminthewinter."Takethismessagetoheartandgiveyourselftimetodevelopyournewhabits.Ifyouarewillingtochangeyouwillsoonbeabletosaythatyouwillneverforgetthesetechniquesbecausetheybecameapartofyourbody. Whatisthewriter’sadviceaboutalcoholbeforeyougiveaspeech
Hemadeagreatshowofreluctancebutfinallyacceptedmyoffer.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.?Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.{{*HTML*}}Paragraph2______A?WhatCouldBeDonewithMoreMoneyB?EstablishmentoftheAmericanCancerSocietyC?SignificanceofFundedResearchD?OtherSourcesofFundingforCancerResearchE?BenefitsAchievedThroughInvestmentF?HowYouCanOfferHelp
TheodereDreiserwasoneofthefirstAmericannoveliststoportrayimmoralcharacterswithoutcondemnation.
Haveyoutalkedtoherlately
ReadingPoem Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor"analyzed"untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeoneteacherorstudent.Betterstillperhapsisthepracticeofreadingittwiceonceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheendsothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit. Alldiscussionsofpoetryareinfactpreparationsforreadingitaloudandthereadingofthepoemisfinallythemosttelling"interpretation"ofitsuggestingtonerhythmandmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadtheworkinhisorherownvoiceonrecordsoronfilmisobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitorbestofallrecitingit. Ihavecometothinkinfactthattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthan"analyzing"itifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryis"acriticismoflife""aheighteningoflifeenjoymentwithothers".Itis"anapproachtothetruthoffeeling"andit"cansaveyourlife".Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguagesandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies. IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelseButthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnatureaboutitssoundaswellasitssenseandtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit. AccordingtotheauthoroneofthepurposesofteachingEnglishisgettingstudents
Itisobviousthathewillwinthegame.
ReadingPoem Nopoemshouldeverbediscussedor"analyzed"untilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeoneteacherorstudent.Betterstillperhapsisthepracticeofreadingittwiceonceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheendsothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit. Alldiscussionsofpoetryareinfactpreparationsforreadingitaloudandthereadingofthepoemisfinallythemosttelling"interpretation"ofitsuggestingtonerhythmandmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadtheworkinhisorherownvoiceonrecordsoronfilmisobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitorbestofallrecitingit. Ihavecometothinkinfactthattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthan"analyzing"itifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryis"acriticismoflife""aheighteningoflifeenjoymentwithothers".Itis"anapproachtothetruthoffeeling"andit"cansaveyourlife".Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguagesandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies. IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelseButthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnatureaboutitssoundaswellasitssenseandtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit. Thephrasemakeroominthelastparagraphcanbebestreplacedby.
Smokingisconsidereddangeroustothehealth.Ourtobacco--sellerMr.Johnsonthereforealwaysaskshiscustomersiftheyareveryyoungwhomthecigarettesarebought51.Onedayalittlegirlwhomhehadneverseenbeforewalked52intohisshopanddemandedtwentycigarettes.Shehadthe53amountofmoneyinherhandandseemedverysureofherself.Mr.Johnsonwasso54byherconfidentmannerthathe55toaskhisusualquestion.56heaskedherwhatkindofcigarettesshewanted.Thegirlreplied57andhandedhimthemoney.WhilehewasgivingherthechangeMr.Johnsonsaidlaughinglythat58shewassoyoungsheshould59thepacketinherpocketincaseapolicemansawit.60thelittlegirldidnotseemtofindthisveryfunny.Without61smilingshetookthe62andwalkedtowardsthedoor.Suddenlyshestoppedturned63andlookedsteadilyatMr.Johnson.Therewasamomentofsilenceandthetobacco-seller64whatwasgoingtosay.Allatonceinaclear65voicethegirldeclared"Mydadisapoliceman"andwiththatshewalkedquicklyoutoftheshop. 51
Thereisnorisktopublichealth.
Bacteria Bacteriaareextremelysmalllivingthings.Whilewemeasureourownsizesininchesorcentimetersbacterialsizeismeasuredinmicrons.Onemicronisathousandofamillimeter:apinheadisaboutamillimeteracross. Rod-shapedbacteriaareusuallyfromtwotofourmicronslongwhileroundedonesaregenerallyonemicronindiameter.Thusifyouenlargedaroundedbacteriumathousandtimesitwouldbejustaboutthesizeofapinhead.Anadulthumanmagnifiedbythesameamountwouldbeoveramile1.6kilometerstall.Evenwithanordinarymicroscopeyoumustlookcloselytoseebacteria.Usingamagnificationof100timesonefindsthatbacteriaarebarelyvisibleastinyrodsordots.Onecannotmakeoutanythingoftheirstructure.Usingspecialstainsonecanseethatsomebacteriahaveattachedtothemwavy-looking"hairs"calledflagella.Othershaveonlyoneflagellum.Theflagellarotatepushingthebacteriathroughthewater.Manybacterialackflagellaandcannotmoveaboutbytheirownpowerwhileotherscanglidealongoversurfacesbysomelittle-understoodmechanism. Fromthebacterialpointofviewtheworldisaverydifferentplacefromwhatitistohumans.Toabacteriumwaterisasthickasmolassesistous.Bacteriaaresosmallthattheyareinfluencedbythemovementsofthechemicalmoleculesaroundthem.Bacteriaunderthemicroscopeeventhosewithnoflagellaoftenbounceaboutinthewater.Thisisbecausetheycollidewiththewatermoleculesandarepushedthiswayandthat.Moleculesmovesorapidlythatwithinatenthofasecondthemoleculesaroundabacteriumhaveallbeenreplacedbynewones;evenbacteriawithoutflagellaarethusconstantlyexposedtoachangingenvironment. Bacteriabounceinthewaterbecausetheyclashwithwatermolecules.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.?Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.Paragraph4______
Smokingisconsidereddangeroustothehealth.Ourtobacco--sellerMr.Johnsonthereforealwaysaskshiscustomersiftheyareveryyoungwhomthecigarettesarebought51.Onedayalittlegirlwhomhehadneverseenbeforewalked52intohisshopanddemandedtwentycigarettes.Shehadthe53amountofmoneyinherhandandseemedverysureofherself.Mr.Johnsonwasso54byherconfidentmannerthathe55toaskhisusualquestion.56heaskedherwhatkindofcigarettesshewanted.Thegirlreplied57andhandedhimthemoney.WhilehewasgivingherthechangeMr.Johnsonsaidlaughinglythat58shewassoyoungsheshould59thepacketinherpocketincaseapolicemansawit.60thelittlegirldidnotseemtofindthisveryfunny.Without61smilingshetookthe62andwalkedtowardsthedoor.Suddenlyshestoppedturned63andlookedsteadilyatMr.Johnson.Therewasamomentofsilenceandthetobacco-seller64whatwasgoingtosay.Allatonceinaclear65voicethegirldeclared"Mydadisapoliceman"andwiththatshewalkedquicklyoutoftheshop. 53
ADesertBetweenPaulandClara PaulhadlongpromisedtomarryClara.ButatthirtytheehemetandmarriedAlice.Clarawasdrivenmad. Paulwastakentocourt.ThejudgeorderedhimtopayClara$600becauseofthebrokenpromise.Paulhadtoborrowthemoneyfromamoneylender.Heagreedtopayback$5amonth—fortwentyyears.Hiswagesatthetimewere$16amonth. PaulandAlicewerepoorbutnotunhappy.Theyhadlittleenoughfoodcertainlyevenbeforethechildrenbegantoarrive.EachmonthPaulpaid$5tothemoneylender.Heworkedhardnevertakingaholiday.Intimethereweresevenmouthstofeed. Illnesswasalwayswiththem.Itgrewseriouswhentheoldestchildwaseight.TheyearsofhungerweakenedthefamilybecauseeachmonthPaulpaid$5.ThedetailsofthesicknesswereuglybuttheresultwasthisaftertwelveyearsoffamilylifePaulwasaloneintheworld. Helivedalone.exceptformemories.Workwasnotnowagodforhimitwasapain-killer.Eachmonthhepaidandintimethetwentyyearsended.Fromthatmomenthiswageswerehisown. OnedayItwasaholidaywenttotheseaside.Hesatdownonaseatbythesea.Amiddle.agedwomancameandsatdownnearhim.Theyrecognizedeachotheratonce. Thewomansaid."The$600hasbeeninthebanksincethedayitwaspaidtome.Itisnow$6000andIhavekeptitforyou.Willyouletmeshareitwithyou” "No”saidPaulgently."Eachthousandisalostlifeinadesertbetweenus.Itcanneverbringanyhappiness.” HowmanychildrendidPaulandAlicehave
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