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Winston Churchill, who fought on the Afghan border in 1897. warned of the dangers of peacekeeping...
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EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguageitwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.46IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariantsusedbylocalpeoples. Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguagesinsomeformandnotjustforreasonsofpracticality.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveit’snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguageIfearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.47Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthansaylearningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrulesandalsotocontext. Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.48Computersmayforinstancealleviatethedrudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.49Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo--inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer. 50AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportantbuttheymightbeperceivedtobe—andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing. IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariantsusedbylocalpeoples.
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoelJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtexts—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparticularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespareorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheFrencheffortsseemstobe
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoelJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtexts—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparticularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespareorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.PresidentJacquesChiracwantstosetupaFrenchsearchengineto
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmasttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Accordingtothetextthemaindifferencebetweenamultinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesin
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisationsButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisschemeItwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreviewIftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.WhichofthefollowingcontributestotheweakperformanceofEurope
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisationsButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisschemeItwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreviewIftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.AccordingtoERCsupportersscientistsarenotreachingtheirfullpotentialbecause
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguageitwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.46IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariantsusedbylocalpeoples. Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguagesinsomeformandnotjustforreasonsofpracticality.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveit’snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguageIfearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.47Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthansaylearningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrulesandalsotocontext. Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.48Computersmayforinstancealleviatethedrudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.49Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo--inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer. 50AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportantbuttheymightbeperceivedtobe—andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing. AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.
Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswillnotbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46ThatisoneofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewhichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissoberingreading. 47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03astudyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissuescontainsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactoffactorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereportreleasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsforreversingthedamage. Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinoneoffourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsideredsituationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarketsenvironmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebasedonattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulationlevelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance. Someofthesituationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48InaworlddominatedbyamarketmentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissueparticularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean. Butthesustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors."Thedelaysbetweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggestsurprisetotheregionalexperts"saysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteofPublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthereport’sauthors. 49Thereportfoundthatevenifenvironmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxideconcentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswouldcontinueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficultyinchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures. Originallyusedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedinanimprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCintheearly1990s."Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacrediblestoryabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiableformation."saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairoftheIPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworldintonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasusedjustfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchairenergyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailinfuturestrudies. 48
Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguageitwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.46IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariantsusedbylocalpeoples. Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguagesinsomeformandnotjustforreasonsofpracticality.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveit’snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguageIfearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.47Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoretaxingthansaylearningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrulesandalsotocontext. Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.48Computersmayforinstancealleviatethedrudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.49Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo--inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer. 50AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportantbuttheymightbeperceivedtobe—andthatwouldintheendbeaverybadthing. Computersmayforinstancealleviatethedrudgerythatavasttranslationrepresents.
Directions: A.Studythecartoongivenbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. B.Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationofthecartoonandmeetthefollowingrequirement: 1interpretthecartoon; 2causesofthephenomenon; 3yourmeasures.
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43______ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatWhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwo’stateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 42
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoelJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtexts—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparticularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespareorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.TherealconflictbehindFrenchresistancetoGoogleisactuallytheonebetween
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmasttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Whenopeningsmallbusinessesthemostimportantthingforsmall-businessownerstodois
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereintheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.AccordingtotheauthorthepresentpessimismintheUSismainlydueto
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereintheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositiveoutcomesinIraqif
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswillnotbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46ThatisoneofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewhichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissoberingreading. 47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03astudyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissuescontainsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactoffactorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereportreleasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsforreversingthedamage. Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinoneoffourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsideredsituationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarketsenvironmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebasedonattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulationlevelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance. Someofthesituationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48InaworlddominatedbyamarketmentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissueparticularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean. Butthesustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors."Thedelaysbetweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggestsurprisetotheregionalexperts"saysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteofPublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthereport’sauthors. 49Thereportfoundthatevenifenvironmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxideconcentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswouldcontinueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficultyinchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures. Originallyusedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedinanimprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCintheearly1990s."Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacrediblestoryabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiableformation."saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairoftheIPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworldintonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasusedjustfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchairenergyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailinfuturestrudies. 46
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41______ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42______ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention--theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43______ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44______ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatWhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45______ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwo’stateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 44
Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswillnotbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46ThatisoneofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewhichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissoberingreading. 47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03astudyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissuescontainsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactoffactorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereportreleasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsforreversingthedamage. Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinoneoffourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsideredsituationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarketsenvironmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebasedonattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulationlevelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance. Someofthesituationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48InaworlddominatedbyamarketmentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissueparticularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean. Butthesustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors."Thedelaysbetweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggestsurprisetotheregionalexperts"saysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteofPublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthereport’sauthors. 49Thereportfoundthatevenifenvironmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxideconcentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswouldcontinueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficultyinchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures. Originallyusedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedinanimprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCintheearly1990s."Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacrediblestoryabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiableformation."saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairoftheIPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworldintonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasusedjustfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchairenergyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailinfuturestrudies. 50
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
A.Title:RoleOfMassMediainShapingOurView B.TimeLimit:40minutes C.Wordlimit:about200words D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow: 1therolemassmedia; 2yourexplanation; 3youropinion.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmasttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesis
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