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Dataminingisan66researchfieldindatabaseandartif
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[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]Secret
下列哪些属于资料探勘DataMining常见的应用技术
资料丛集（Data Clustering）
类神经网络（Neural Network）
购物篮分析（Market BasketAnalyses）
资料分类（Data Classification）
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]Secret
Generallydataminingsometimescalleddataorknowledged
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[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]Secret
[A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]Secret
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]Se
程序段GOTOFMARKE1MARKE1..表示程序无条件向后跳转至MAREK1段 SIEMENS系
Generallydataminingsometimescalleddataorknowledged
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A.buffet B.indicate C.market D.product
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GOTOFMARKE1MARKE1是SIEMENS系统
赋值语句
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无条件跳转语句
N1IFR2〉10GOTOBMARKE3中〉表示大于SIEMENS系 统
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]Se
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Text4 TherecentapparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNifio—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica--hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknesspointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.NonethelessuntilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheotherashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearanceofthewarmElNifioandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNifio.Theansweralleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrectistobefoundintheocean. IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNiflotwoconditionsexist:1unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacificprincipallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruand2windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeepercoldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwaterthusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNifiowhichraisesealevelintheeastsimultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.AccordingtothemodelthatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywaveawaveofdepressedornegativesealevelthatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacificRossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasinwhichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchainssuchasthePhilippinesandIndonesia. WhenthewavesmeetthewesternboundarytheyarereflectedandthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.TheseeventuallyshoottowardtheequatorandthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacifictheirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevelandtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwindsonethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestwardwavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwavesbeginninganotherwarmingcycle. Thepassagefunctionsasan
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeoninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedinastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.FortheyearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundworkforastrongexpansion.InadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythePresidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyofcoursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyothertestthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointingtherearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedforthelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.WiththeeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallytheemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThreeprogram第三个阶段计划ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatthePhaseThreeprogramcontained
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeoninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedinastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.FortheyearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundworkforastrongexpansion.InadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythePresidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyofcoursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyothertestthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointingtherearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedforthelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.WiththeeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallytheemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThreeprogram第三个阶段计划Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthereductionoftheinternationalpaymentsdeficitseems
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 6
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法Thetwodirectlyoppositeidealsofphotographydifferprimarilyinthe
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 16
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 2
Toresolveadisputemeanstoturnopposingpositionsintoasingleoutcome.Thetwopartiesmaychoosetofocustheirattentionononeormoreofthreebasicfactors.Theymayseekto1reconciletheirinterests2determinewhoisrightand/or3determinewhoismorepowerful. 41Disagreementofinterests Interestsareneedsdesiresconcernsfears--thethingsonecaresaboutorwants.Theypro-videthefoundationforaperson’soranorganisation’spositioninadispute.Inadisputenotonlydotheinterestsofonepartynotcoincidewiththoseoftheotherpartybuttheyareinconflict.ForexamplethedirectorofsalesforanelectronicscompanygetsintoadisputewiththedirectorofmanufacturingoverthenumberofTVmodelstoproduce. 42Methodsofsettlingconflictinginterests Reconcilingsuchinterestsisnoteasy.Itinvolvesprobingfordeeplyrootedconcernsdevisingcreativesolutionsandmakingtrade-offsandcompromiseswhereinterestsareopposed.Themostcommonprocedurefordoingthisisnegotiationtheactofcommunicationintendedtoreachagreement. 43Theuseofnegotiationfordifferentdisputetypes Bynomeansdoallnegotiationsormediationsfocusonreconcilinginterests.Somenegotiationsfocusondeterminingwhoisrightsuchaswhentwolawyersargueaboutwhosecasehasthegreatermerit. 44Handlingrights-baseddisputes Thereareoftendifferent---andsometimescontradictory--standardsthatapplytorights.Reachingagreementonrightswheretheoutcomewilldeterminewhogetswhatcanoftenbesodifficultthatthepartiesfrequentlyturntoathirdpartytodeterminewhoisright.Themosttypicalrightsprocedureisadjudicationinwhichdisputantspresentevidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthepowertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbybothdisputants.Inmediationbycontrastthethirdpartydoesnothavethepowertodecidethedispute.Publicadjudicationisprovidedbycourtsandadministrativeagencies.Privateadjudicationisprovidedbyarbitrators. 45Theroleofpowerinsettlingdisagreements Athirdwaytoresolveadisputeisonthebasisofpower.Wedefinepowersomewhatnarrowlyastheabilitytopressuresomeonetodosomethinghewouldnototherwisedo. Inrelationshipsofmutualdependencesuchasbetweenlaborandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamilythequestionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Ifacompanyneedstheemployees’workmorethanemployeesneedthecompany’spaythecompanyismoredependentandhencelesspowerful.Howdependentoneisturnsonhowsatisfactorythealternativesareforsatisfyingone’sinterests.Thebetterthealternativethelessdependentoneis.Ifitiseasierforthecompanytoreplacestrikingemployeesthanitisforstrikingemployeestofindnewjobsthecompanyislessdependentandtherebymorepowerful.Determiningwhoisthemorepowerfulpartywithoutadecisiveandpotentiallydestructivepowercontestisdifficultbecausepowerisultimatelyamatterofperceptions. [A]Anotherinterests-basedprocedureismediationinwhichathirdpartyassiststhedisputantsthetwosidesinthedisputeinreachingagreement. [B]Othernegotiationslocusondeterminingwhoismorepowerfulsuchaswhenquarrellingmeighboursornationsexchangethreatsandcounterthreats.Oftennegotiationsinvolveamixofallthree--someattemptstosatisfyinterestssomediscussionofrightsandsomereferencestorelativepower. [C]Weoftenencounterdisputes.Ifwedon’tdealwithitpropertyitwillbringunexpectedout-cometous. [D]ThedirectorofsaleswantstoproducemoremodelsbecauseherinterestisinsellingTVsets;moremodelsmeanmorechoiceforconsumersandhenceincreasedsales.Thedirectorofmanufacturinghoweverwantstoproducefewermodels.Hisinterestisindecreasingmanufacturingcostsandmoremodelsmeanhighercosts. [E]Exercisingpowertypicallymeansimposingcostsontheothersideorthreateningtodoso.Theexerciseofpowertakestwocommonforms:actsofaggressionsuchasphysicalattackandwithholdingthebenefitsthatderivefromarelationshipaswhenemployeesstopworkinginastrike. [F]Itisoftencomplicatedtoattempttodeterminewhoisrightinadispute.Althoughitisusuallystraightforwardwhererightsareformalizedinlawotherrightstaketheformofunwrittenbutsociallyacceptedstandardsofbehavioursuchasreciprocityprecedentequalityandseniority. 44
Thirty-fiveyearsaftercomputerscientistsatUCLAlinkedtwobulkycomputersusinga15-footgraycabletestinganewwayforexchangingdataovernetworkswhatwouldultimatelybecometheInternetremainsaworkinprogress. Universityresearchersareexperimentingwithwaystoincreaseitscapacityandspeed.ProgrammersaretryingtoimbueWebpageswithintelligence.Andworkisunderwaytore-engineerthenet-worktoreducespamandsecuritytroubles. 46Allthewhilethreatsloom:criticswarethatcommerciallegalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday. StephenCrockerandVintonCerfwereamongthegraduatestudentswhojoinedUCLAprofessorLenKleinrockinanengineeringlabonSept.21969asbitsofmeaninglesstestdataflowedsilentlybetweenthetwocomputers.ByJanuarythreeother"nodes"joinedthefledglingnetwork. 47Thencamee-mailafewyearslateracorecommunicationsagreementcalledTCP/IPinthelate70sthedomainnamesysteminthe80sandtheWorldWideWeb--nowthesecondmostpopularapplicationbehinde-mail--in1990.TheInternetexpandedbeyonditsinitialmilitaryandeducationaldomainintobusinessesandhomesaroundtheworld. TodayCrockercontinuesworkontheInternetdesigningbettertoolsforcollaboration.48AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet’skeyoversightbodyheistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats. HeacknowledgestheInternethehelpedbuildisfarfromfinishedandchangesareinstoretomeetgrowingdemandsformultimedia.49Networkprovidersnowmakeonly"bestefforts"atdeliveringdatapacketsandCrockersaidbetterguaranteesareneededtopreventtheskipsandunexpectedpausesnowcommonwithvideo. CerfnowatMCIInc.saidhewishedhecouldhavedesignedtheInternetwithsecuritybuilt-in.MicrosoftCorp.YahooInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.amongothersarecurrentlytryingtoretrofitthenetworksoe-mailsenderscanbeauthenticated--awaytocutclownonjunkmessagessentusingspoofedaddresses. 50Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn’thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipesorbandwidthCerfsaid. 48AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet’skeyoversightbodyheistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats.
Thirty-fiveyearsaftercomputerscientistsatUCLAlinkedtwobulkycomputersusinga15-footgraycabletestinganewwayforexchangingdataovernetworkswhatwouldultimatelybecometheInternetremainsaworkinprogress. Universityresearchersareexperimentingwithwaystoincreaseitscapacityandspeed.ProgrammersaretryingtoimbueWebpageswithintelligence.Andworkisunderwaytore-engineerthenet-worktoreducespamandsecuritytroubles. 46Allthewhilethreatsloom:criticswarethatcommerciallegalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday. StephenCrockerandVintonCerfwereamongthegraduatestudentswhojoinedUCLAprofessorLenKleinrockinanengineeringlabonSept.21969asbitsofmeaninglesstestdataflowedsilentlybetweenthetwocomputers.ByJanuarythreeother"nodes"joinedthefledglingnetwork. 47Thencamee-mailafewyearslateracorecommunicationsagreementcalledTCP/IPinthelate70sthedomainnamesysteminthe80sandtheWorldWideWeb--nowthesecondmostpopularapplicationbehinde-mail--in1990.TheInternetexpandedbeyonditsinitialmilitaryandeducationaldomainintobusinessesandhomesaroundtheworld. TodayCrockercontinuesworkontheInternetdesigningbettertoolsforcollaboration.48AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet’skeyoversightbodyheistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats. HeacknowledgestheInternethehelpedbuildisfarfromfinishedandchangesareinstoretomeetgrowingdemandsformultimedia.49Networkprovidersnowmakeonly"bestefforts"atdeliveringdatapacketsandCrockersaidbetterguaranteesareneededtopreventtheskipsandunexpectedpausesnowcommonwithvideo. CerfnowatMCIInc.saidhewishedhecouldhavedesignedtheInternetwithsecuritybuilt-in.MicrosoftCorp.YahooInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.amongothersarecurrentlytryingtoretrofitthenetworksoe-mailsenderscanbeauthenticated--awaytocutclownonjunkmessagessentusingspoofedaddresses. 50Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn’thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipesorbandwidthCerfsaid. 46Allthewhilethreatsloom:criticswarethatcommerciallegalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday.
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.ThecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问Thesecondandthirdparagraphsarewritteninordertoillustrate
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 10
Text4 TherecentapparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNifio—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica--hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknesspointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.NonethelessuntilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheotherashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearanceofthewarmElNifioandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNifio.Theansweralleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrectistobefoundintheocean. IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNiflotwoconditionsexist:1unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacificprincipallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruand2windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeepercoldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwaterthusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNifiowhichraisesealevelintheeastsimultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.AccordingtothemodelthatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywaveawaveofdepressedornegativesealevelthatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacificRossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasinwhichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchainssuchasthePhilippinesandIndonesia. WhenthewavesmeetthewesternboundarytheyarereflectedandthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.TheseeventuallyshoottowardtheequatorandthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacifictheirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevelandtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwindsonethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestwardwavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwavesbeginninganotherwarmingcycle. OnecharacteristicoftheElNifiois
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 12
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 4
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.ThecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问Theexpressiondothetrickinthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 42
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 18
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法ThetextstatesallofthefollowingaboutphotographsEXCEPT:
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 14
Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatisscientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethoughttobebeyonddispute.WecansafelysaywithafewminorexceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthisperiodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnatureadeviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtotheplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthehome.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todothisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanontheotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkandtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforallwomenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离becaughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythingsunduly过度地不恰当地Fromparagraph1wecaninferthatitisnowpossibleforwomentoembarkonacareerbecause
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 20
Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatisscientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethoughttobebeyonddispute.WecansafelysaywithafewminorexceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthisperiodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnatureadeviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtotheplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthehome.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todothisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanontheotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkandtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforallwomenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离becaughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythingsunduly过度地不恰当地Accordingtothefourthparagraphtheauthorseemstothinkthat
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Toresolveadisputemeanstoturnopposingpositionsintoasingleoutcome.Thetwopartiesmaychoosetofocustheirattentionononeormoreofthreebasicfactors.Theymayseekto1reconciletheirinterests2determinewhoisrightand/or3determinewhoismorepowerful. 41Disagreementofinterests Interestsareneedsdesiresconcernsfears--thethingsonecaresaboutorwants.Theypro-videthefoundationforaperson’soranorganisation’spositioninadispute.Inadisputenotonlydotheinterestsofonepartynotcoincidewiththoseoftheotherpartybuttheyareinconflict.ForexamplethedirectorofsalesforanelectronicscompanygetsintoadisputewiththedirectorofmanufacturingoverthenumberofTVmodelstoproduce. 42Methodsofsettlingconflictinginterests Reconcilingsuchinterestsisnoteasy.Itinvolvesprobingfordeeplyrootedconcernsdevisingcreativesolutionsandmakingtrade-offsandcompromiseswhereinterestsareopposed.Themostcommonprocedurefordoingthisisnegotiationtheactofcommunicationintendedtoreachagreement. 43Theuseofnegotiationfordifferentdisputetypes Bynomeansdoallnegotiationsormediationsfocusonreconcilinginterests.Somenegotiationsfocusondeterminingwhoisrightsuchaswhentwolawyersargueaboutwhosecasehasthegreatermerit. 44Handlingrights-baseddisputes Thereareoftendifferent---andsometimescontradictory--standardsthatapplytorights.Reachingagreementonrightswheretheoutcomewilldeterminewhogetswhatcanoftenbesodifficultthatthepartiesfrequentlyturntoathirdpartytodeterminewhoisright.Themosttypicalrightsprocedureisadjudicationinwhichdisputantspresentevidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthepowertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbybothdisputants.Inmediationbycontrastthethirdpartydoesnothavethepowertodecidethedispute.Publicadjudicationisprovidedbycourtsandadministrativeagencies.Privateadjudicationisprovidedbyarbitrators. 45Theroleofpowerinsettlingdisagreements Athirdwaytoresolveadisputeisonthebasisofpower.Wedefinepowersomewhatnarrowlyastheabilitytopressuresomeonetodosomethinghewouldnototherwisedo. Inrelationshipsofmutualdependencesuchasbetweenlaborandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamilythequestionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Ifacompanyneedstheemployees’workmorethanemployeesneedthecompany’spaythecompanyismoredependentandhencelesspowerful.Howdependentoneisturnsonhowsatisfactorythealternativesareforsatisfyingone’sinterests.Thebetterthealternativethelessdependentoneis.Ifitiseasierforthecompanytoreplacestrikingemployeesthanitisforstrikingemployeestofindnewjobsthecompanyislessdependentandtherebymorepowerful.Determiningwhoisthemorepowerfulpartywithoutadecisiveandpotentiallydestructivepowercontestisdifficultbecausepowerisultimatelyamatterofperceptions. [A]Anotherinterests-basedprocedureismediationinwhichathirdpartyassiststhedisputantsthetwosidesinthedisputeinreachingagreement. [B]Othernegotiationslocusondeterminingwhoismorepowerfulsuchaswhenquarrellingmeighboursornationsexchangethreatsandcounterthreats.Oftennegotiationsinvolveamixofallthree--someattemptstosatisfyinterestssomediscussionofrightsandsomereferencestorelativepower. [C]Weoftenencounterdisputes.Ifwedon’tdealwithitpropertyitwillbringunexpectedout-cometous. [D]ThedirectorofsaleswantstoproducemoremodelsbecauseherinterestisinsellingTVsets;moremodelsmeanmorechoiceforconsumersandhenceincreasedsales.Thedirectorofmanufacturinghoweverwantstoproducefewermodels.Hisinterestisindecreasingmanufacturingcostsandmoremodelsmeanhighercosts. [E]Exercisingpowertypicallymeansimposingcostsontheothersideorthreateningtodoso.Theexerciseofpowertakestwocommonforms:actsofaggressionsuchasphysicalattackandwithholdingthebenefitsthatderivefromarelationshipaswhenemployeesstopworkinginastrike. [F]Itisoftencomplicatedtoattempttodeterminewhoisrightinadispute.Althoughitisusuallystraightforwardwhererightsareformalizedinlawotherrightstaketheformofunwrittenbutsociallyacceptedstandardsofbehavioursuchasreciprocityprecedentequalityandseniority. 42
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeoninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedinastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.FortheyearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundworkforastrongexpansion.InadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythePresidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyofcoursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyothertestthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointingtherearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedforthelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.WiththeeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallytheemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThreeprogram第三个阶段计划Theauthormentionsincreasedinstallmentdebtinthefirstparagraphinordertoshow
Thirty-fiveyearsaftercomputerscientistsatUCLAlinkedtwobulkycomputersusinga15-footgraycabletestinganewwayforexchangingdataovernetworkswhatwouldultimatelybecometheInternetremainsaworkinprogress. Universityresearchersareexperimentingwithwaystoincreaseitscapacityandspeed.ProgrammersaretryingtoimbueWebpageswithintelligence.Andworkisunderwaytore-engineerthenet-worktoreducespamandsecuritytroubles. 46Allthewhilethreatsloom:criticswarethatcommerciallegalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday. StephenCrockerandVintonCerfwereamongthegraduatestudentswhojoinedUCLAprofessorLenKleinrockinanengineeringlabonSept.21969asbitsofmeaninglesstestdataflowedsilentlybetweenthetwocomputers.ByJanuarythreeother"nodes"joinedthefledglingnetwork. 47Thencamee-mailafewyearslateracorecommunicationsagreementcalledTCP/IPinthelate70sthedomainnamesysteminthe80sandtheWorldWideWeb--nowthesecondmostpopularapplicationbehinde-mail--in1990.TheInternetexpandedbeyonditsinitialmilitaryandeducationaldomainintobusinessesandhomesaroundtheworld. TodayCrockercontinuesworkontheInternetdesigningbettertoolsforcollaboration.48AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet’skeyoversightbodyheistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats. HeacknowledgestheInternethehelpedbuildisfarfromfinishedandchangesareinstoretomeetgrowingdemandsformultimedia.49Networkprovidersnowmakeonly"bestefforts"atdeliveringdatapacketsandCrockersaidbetterguaranteesareneededtopreventtheskipsandunexpectedpausesnowcommonwithvideo. CerfnowatMCIInc.saidhewishedhecouldhavedesignedtheInternetwithsecuritybuilt-in.MicrosoftCorp.YahooInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.amongothersarecurrentlytryingtoretrofitthenetworksoe-mailsenderscanbeauthenticated--awaytocutclownonjunkmessagessentusingspoofedaddresses. 50Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn’thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipesorbandwidthCerfsaid. 50Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn’thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipesorbandwidthCerfsaid.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 44
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 8
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