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Text 1 Until recently, the main villains of the piece had seemed to be the teachers’ unions, wh...
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Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’s’adefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroublesheartdiseaseandlungcancerthenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy..Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraisedthegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevilseenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedlyafewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.41______ 42______.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.IntaxrevenuealonethegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmayconceivablybeharmfulitdoesn’tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit. Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.43______Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether. Ofcoursewearenotreadyforsuchadrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoplesyou’dthinkthey’dconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinuptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.44______ 45______Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatrescinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--sayapictureofadeath’sheadshouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweakbutifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageouslytheycouldprotectusfromourselves. A.Forastartgovernmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown. B.Youdon’thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindings havebeensolukewarm. C.Ifsmokingisbannedinourlifesomeeconomistswouldworryaboutagreatlossincigaretteseconomy. D.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehanditispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother. E.Theadvertisementalwaysdepictsvirileclean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmokeevenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlifewithbeautifulgirlstrueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense! F.Smokingisdiscouragedamongthestudentsatailofourcollegesthesubjectofsmokingandhealthiswidelydiscussedthere. G.InBritainforinstancecigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeasedwhilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmokycancerousdeath. 41
Text4 Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjamsthecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlifebutmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywellagaintohaveatigerinthetrunkbuttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hogtherodeandinconsideratedriverbutnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherole.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora’BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaignotherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand. Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmannersbutgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationstorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhandalittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlyandorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateasatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit. Howevermisplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtrafficwhenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletoStopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies. Aveterandriverwhosemannersarefaultlesstoldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunatelymodemmotoristscanteven-learntodriveletalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethemessagetoheart. Accordingtothepassagetroublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Text3 Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople. DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability. Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences. Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honestykindnessandsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw--andultimatelynosociety. Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment. Fortunately’therearestillcommunities’smallertownsusually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaimInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!" yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnoneheconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehint. Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome. Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything. WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit. Themainideaofthepassageisthat
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points9
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. WhatdoesthewordineligibleinparA．1mean
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthesocietyaboutwhichDavidDonaldwrote
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points5
Text3 Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople. DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability. Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences. Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honestykindnessandsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw--andultimatelynosociety. Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment. Fortunately’therearestillcommunities’smallertownsusually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaimInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!" yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnoneheconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehint. Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome. Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything. WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit. Accordingtotheauthorifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points3
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points11
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points19
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. ApproximatelywhatpercentageofthepopulationinIndiamostprobablyobservesthecustomofarrangedmarriage
Text3 Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople. DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability. Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences. Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honestykindnessandsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw--andultimatelynosociety. Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment. Fortunately’therearestillcommunities’smallertownsusually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaimInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!" yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnoneheconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehint. Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome. Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything. WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit. Thewiseman'sremarkssuggestthat
1.whenandwheretoholdthedinner;2.whoyouwillinvite;3.showyoursincerewelcome.youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseMartininstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10pointsPartB
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points7
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthormentionedtheconference-goers’guessinggamehewantstoshow
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points13
Text4 Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjamsthecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlifebutmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywellagaintohaveatigerinthetrunkbuttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hogtherodeandinconsideratedriverbutnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherole.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora’BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaignotherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand. Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmannersbutgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationstorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhandalittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlyandorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateasatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit. Howevermisplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtrafficwhenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletoStopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies. Aveterandriverwhosemannersarefaultlesstoldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunatelymodemmotoristscanteven-learntodriveletalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethemessagetoheart. Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. WhichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasanexampleofthesocialchangesoccurringintheUnitedStatesafter1821
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points1
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’s’adefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroublesheartdiseaseandlungcancerthenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy..Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraisedthegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevilseenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedlyafewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.41______ 42______.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.IntaxrevenuealonethegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmayconceivablybeharmfulitdoesn’tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit. Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.43______Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether. Ofcoursewearenotreadyforsuchadrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoplesyou’dthinkthey’dconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinuptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.44______ 45______Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatrescinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--sayapictureofadeath’sheadshouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweakbutifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageouslytheycouldprotectusfromourselves. A.Forastartgovernmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown. B.Youdon’thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindings havebeensolukewarm. C.Ifsmokingisbannedinourlifesomeeconomistswouldworryaboutagreatlossincigaretteseconomy. D.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehanditispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother. E.Theadvertisementalwaysdepictsvirileclean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmokeevenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlifewithbeautifulgirlstrueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense! F.Smokingisdiscouragedamongthestudentsatailofourcollegesthesubjectofsmokingandhealthiswidelydiscussedthere. G.InBritainforinstancecigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeasedwhilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmokycancerousdeath. 45
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Whichofthefollowingstatementsislure
Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’s’adefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroublesheartdiseaseandlungcancerthenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy..Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraisedthegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevilseenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedlyafewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.41______ 42______.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.IntaxrevenuealonethegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmayconceivablybeharmfulitdoesn’tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit. Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.43______Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether. Ofcoursewearenotreadyforsuchadrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoplesyou’dthinkthey’dconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinuptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.44______ 45______Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatrescinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--sayapictureofadeath’sheadshouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweakbutifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageouslytheycouldprotectusfromourselves. A.Forastartgovernmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown. B.Youdon’thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindings havebeensolukewarm. C.Ifsmokingisbannedinourlifesomeeconomistswouldworryaboutagreatlossincigaretteseconomy. D.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehanditispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother. E.Theadvertisementalwaysdepictsvirileclean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmokeevenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlifewithbeautifulgirlstrueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense! F.Smokingisdiscouragedamongthestudentsatailofourcollegesthesubjectofsmokingandhealthiswidelydiscussedthere. G.InBritainforinstancecigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeasedwhilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmokycancerousdeath. 43
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